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Hollow Core Concrete Slabs Systems Bending, Strength and Thermal Effects
Graduation Project in partial fulﬁllment of the Degree of Bachelor of Science in
Civil Engineering
Research · July 2022

DOI: 10.13140/RG.2.2.24832.10240
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Structural Eng. Dept.
College of Engineering
Zagazig Universtiy
Hollow Core Concrete Slabs Systems

Bending, Strength and Thermal Effects
Graduation Project in partial fulfillment of the

Degree of Bachelor of Science in Civil Engineering
By
Hossam Mohamed Yousef Mohamed Doaa Hamed Mohamed Hassan

Mohamed Nabil Abd-Kader El Wahab Mostafa Ahmed Awad Awad
Ibrahim Mohamed Mohamed El Basuny Ahmed Ayman Abdo Mohamed

Mostafa Mohamed Ahmed Amin
Supervision
Prof. Dr. Louay Abdel-Razek Aboul-Nour

Professor Structural Eng. Department
College of Engineering, Zagazig University
July 2022
Acknowledgement
In the name of Allah the most merciful and beneficiate, we thank Him
giving us patience, perseverance and guidance throughout the years of our
college education and for making this senior project.
We would like to express our sincere gratitude to our families and in
particular our parents for their continuous support and guidance throughout our
studying years.
We would like to express our deepest appreciation and gratitude towards
Prof. Dr. Louay Abdel-Razek Aboul-Nour, Professor Structural Engineering
Department, College of Engineering, Zagazig University, for his patience and
valuable knowledge and professional academic support during the whole period
of this project, where he has exerted a great deal of effort in teaching us and
preparing us for the professional future life.
Finally we would like to gratitude to the Structure Engineering
Department, College of Engineering, Zagazig University for providing us the
privilege of studying and utilizing its library and laboratories.
Hoping that someday in the future we will be able to pay back our
precious country and its society a mere portion of what we received throughout
the years. May Allah Save Egypt
Graduating Students
Senior Project of 2022
[1]
Abstract
In this paper. We give the literature review study on hollow core concrete slabs.
Studies related to the behavior of hollow core concrete slabs are presented in this review
paper. A hollowcore concrete slab is a voided slab having continuous number of hollow
cores in the slabs both concentric and eccentric to the axis of slabs. The present study
aims to give the overview on the behavior of hollow coreconcrete slabs under certain
loading conditions.
The hollow core slab presents superior quality than cast in-situ structural elements, and
it is produced in specific environments with technological control and monitoring. In
general, a concrete topping is made for smooth and uniform finishing. Studies
addressing the structural behavior of steel-concrete composite beams with hollow core
slabs with concrete topping are scarce. The present workaims to investigate the
behavior of steel-concrete composite beams with hollow core slabs with concrete
topping, considering full and partial interaction.
Geometricnonlinear analyses are performed based on experimental tests. The steel-
concrete composite beams with hollow core slabs with concrete topping aresimply
supported and subjected to two points loads symmetrically spaced.
Utilizations of favorable diurnal temperature difference and ground thermal source for
air conditioning are among these low energy technologies. Utilization of the hollow
cores in the prefabricated slab for ventilation and the mass of the slab for thermal storage
is widely used in building systems in Europe by exploiting the low energy source of the
ambient air. These hollowcore slabs aim at enlarging the heat transfer surface between
the slab mass and the air in the core,which permits substantial heat flows even for
relatively small temperature differences. This, in turn, allows the use of low energy
cooling or heating sources,such as the ground, outside air or recovered process heat .
Simplified thermal network models are simple and easy to be developed, the
parameters of thesethermal network models were determined manually based onthe
geometry description of the slab which may deteriorate the modeling accuracy.
Simulation-based performance evaluations and in situ measurements show that
significant energy and operation cost could be saved, the peak coolingload or heat load
can also be reduced significantly when conventional air conditioning systems are used
as supplements.
Finally, this review shows that more works on the active slab are worthwhile for
further promoting these slabs to be used in low energy architecture for
improving energy efficiency andoccupant thermal comfortwherever the climate
is appropriate.
the resistance of steel-concrete composite beams with precast hollow coreslabs
may vary depending on the transverse reinforcement rate and interaction degree.
Ductile behavior was observed for all situations, considering partial interaction.
[2]
List of Contents
1 CHAPTER 1 INTRODUCTION ..................................................................... 9
1.1 Introduction ............................................................................................... 10
1.1.1 Definition of HCS ............................................................................... 10
1.1.2 deformation ......................................................................................... 10
1.2 Using GFRP in HC slabs: ......................................................................... 12
1.2.1 Objective of Hollow Core Slabs: ........................................................ 13
1.2.2 Efficiency & Sustainability: ............................................................... 13
1.2.3 New Administrative Capital Stadium:................................................ 14
1.3 Therefore, we will talk in this research about: .......................................... 14
2 Chapter 2 Literature Review ....................................................................... 15
2.1 Introduction ............................................................................................... 16
2.1.1 Systems ............................................................................................... 16
2.1.2 Shear compaction................................................................................ 17
2.1.3 Specific characteristics of hollow core slabs ...................................... 17
2.2 Historical developments............................................................................ 18
2.2.1 Wet cast............................................................................................... 18
2.2.2 Slip forming ........................................................................................ 23
2.2.3 Extrusion ............................................................................................. 27
2.2.4 Concluding remarks ............................................................................ 32
2.3 Prestressed concrete hollow-core slabs ..................................................... 33
2.3.1 Advantages of Precast prestressed Hollow core ................................. 33
2.3.2 Disadvantages of Precast prestressed Hollow core ............................ 34
2.4 Types of Precast prestressed Hollow core ................................................ 34
2.4.1 different thicknesses of Hollow core .................................................. 34
2.4.2 According to concrete topping precast concrete hollow-core slabs ... 35
3 Chapter 3 Experimental Work .................................................................... 36
3.1 Introduction ............................................................................................... 37
3.2 Material and their Characteristics ............................................................. 37
3.2.1 Concrete .............................................................................................. 37
[3]
3.2.2 Cement ................................................................................................ 38
3.2.3 Mixing and Curing Water ................................................................... 39
3.2.4 Prestressing steel ................................................................................. 39
3.2.5 Steel plates: ......................................................................................... 39
3.2.6 GFRP layers: ....................................................................................... 39
3.2.7 Concrete mixes with fibers ................................................................. 40
3.3 Material tests and results ........................................................................... 41
3.4 Experimental Method................................................................................ 42
3.4.1 Experimental program ........................................................................ 42
3.4.2 Bending test ........................................................................................ 42
3.4.3 Test specimens .................................................................................... 43
3.5 Test setup .................................................................................................. 45
3.5.1 Measuring Devices ............................................................................. 45
4 CHAPTER 4 EXPERIMENTAL RESULTS ............................................. 47
4.1 Introduction : ............................................................................................. 48
4.1.1 Objective of the test : .......................................................................... 48
4.2 Test results and discussions ...................................................................... 50
4.2.1 Test results .......................................................................................... 50
4.2.2 .Overall behavior of test slabs ............................................................ 50
4.3 Failure modes ............................................................................................ 51
4.4 The effect of fibers on shear strength of test specimens ........................... 52
4.4.1 Discussion on the effect of load on shear strength From Table 7, ..... 52
4.5 Discussion on the effect of steel fibers ..................................................... 56
4.5.1 Code predictions of shear strength of test specimens ......................... 56
4.6 Shear strength predictions of slabs without steel fibers ............................ 57
4.7 Increase in shear strength. ......................................................................... 58
4.7.1 The predictions of specimens ............................................................. 59
4.8 Shear strength prediction of hollow-core slabs with steel fibers .............. 59
4.9 Proposed shear strength formula for hollow-core slabs with steel fibers . 61
4.9.1 Proposed formula ................................................................................ 61
4.9.2 Shear tests used to verify the proposed formula. ................................ 64
[4]
4.9.3 Evaluation of proposed formula (Eq. (9)) .......................................... 64
4.10 Conclusions and recommendations........................................................... 66
4.11 Conclusion after taking the test................................................................. 76
Conclusions and Recommendations ................................................................... 78
‫ ملخص البحث‬........................................................................................................... 80
References ........................................................................................................... 82
Vision on Egyption companies ........................................................................... 86
[5]
List of Figures
Figure 1–1 .................................................................................................................................................10
Figure 1–2 .................................................................................................................................................11
Figure 1–3 .................................................................................................................................................12
Figure 1–4 .................................................................................................................................................13
Figure 1–5 .................................................................................................................................................14
Figure 2–1 .................................................................................................................................................16
Figure 2–2 .................................................................................................................................................19
Figure 2–3 .................................................................................................................................................21
Figure 2–4 .................................................................................................................................................21
Figure 2–5 .................................................................................................................................................22
Figure 2–6 .................................................................................................................................................24
Figure 2–7 .................................................................................................................................................24
Figure 2–8 .................................................................................................................................................25
Figure 2–9 .................................................................................................................................................26
Figure 2–10 ...............................................................................................................................................27
Figure 2–11 ...............................................................................................................................................28
Figure 2–12 ...............................................................................................................................................28
Figure 2–13 ...............................................................................................................................................30
Figure 2–14 ...............................................................................................................................................31
Figure 2–15 ...............................................................................................................................................32
Figure 2–16 sizes ......................................................................................................................................35
Figure 3–1 cement ....................................................................................................................................38
Figure 3–2 .................................................................................................................................................40
Figure 3–3 .................................................................................................................................................41
Figure 3–4 .................................................................................................................................................43
Figure 3–5 .................................................................................................................................................44
Figure 3–6 .................................................................................................................................................44
Figure 3–7 .................................................................................................................................................44
Figure 3–8 .................................................................................................................................................45
Figure 3–9 .................................................................................................................................................46
Figure 4–1shapes ......................................................................................................................................49
Figure 4–2 .................................................................................................................................................50
Figure 4–3 .................................................................................................................................................52
Figure 4–4 .................................................................................................................................................53
Figure 4–5 .................................................................................................................................................53
Figure 4–6 .................................................................................................................................................53
Figure 4–7 .................................................................................................................................................54
Figure 4–8 .................................................................................................................................................54
Figure 4–9 .................................................................................................................................................54
Figure 4–10 ...............................................................................................................................................55
Figure 4–11 ...............................................................................................................................................55
Figure 4–12 failure shear ..........................................................................................................................57
Figure 4–13 poor concrete ........................................................................................................................58
Figure 4–14 fiber content..........................................................................................................................59
Figure 4–15Shear-strength comparison: Experiment vs. 2010 fib model code. .......................................60
Figure 4–16 fiber pullout ..........................................................................................................................63
Figure 4–17shear resistance ......................................................................................................................63
Figure 4–18 ...............................................................................................................................................70
Figure 4–19 ...............................................................................................................................................70
Figure 4–20 ...............................................................................................................................................71
Figure 4–21 ...............................................................................................................................................72
[6]
Figure 4–22 ...............................................................................................................................................72
Figure 4–23 ...............................................................................................................................................75
Figure 0–1 .................................................................................................................................................86
Figure 0–2 .................................................................................................................................................87
Figure 0–3 .................................................................................................................................................87
[7]
List of tables
Table 2-1 ................................................................................................................ 20
Table 2-2 ................................................................................................................ 20
2-3 .......................................................................................................................... 24
Table 3-1 cement ................................................................................................... 38
Table 3-2 fiber ....................................................................................................... 40
3-3 .......................................................................................................................... 41
Table 3-4 ................................................................................................................ 41
3-5 .......................................................................................................................... 41
Table 3-6 ................................................................................................................ 41
Table 3-7 ................................................................................................................ 43
3-8 .......................................................................................................................... 45
Table 3-9 ................................................................................................................ 44
3-10 ........................................................................................................................ 45
Table 4-1 dimensions............................................................................................. 49
4-2 .......................................................................................................................... 50
Table 4-3 ................................................................................................................ 51
4-4 .......................................................................................................................... 52
4-5 .......................................................................................................................... 57
4-6 .......................................................................................................................... 58
4-7 .......................................................................................................................... 59
Table 4-8 ................................................................................................................ 60
Table 4-9 failure mode .......................................................................................... 66
Table 4-10 preston study ....................................................................................... 66
Table 4-11evaluation formula ............................................................................... 67
Table 4-12 caption code ........................................................................................ 69
Table 4-13 .............................................................................................................. 71
Table 4-14 .............................................................................................................. 75
0-1 .......................................................................................................................... 86
0-2 .......................................................................................................................... 87
0-3 .......................................................................................................................... 87
0-4 .......................................................................................................................... 87
0-5 .......................................................................................................................... 87
0-6 .......................................................................................................................... 87
0-7 .......................................................................................................................... 87
0-8 .......................................................................................................................... 87
0-9 .......................................................................................................................... 87
0-10 ........................................................................................................................ 87
0-11 ........................................................................................................................ 87
0-12 ........................................................................................................................ 87
[8]
1 CHAPTER 1 INTRODUCTION
[9]
1.1 Introduction
Precast, prestressed hollow-core slabs are usually used as part of a simple span
system. However,in a multi span floor slab system, designing for continuity over
supports leads to increased span capacity, improved structural integrity and savings
in materials.
1.1.1 Definition of HCS

The HCS are efficient. Slabs are made using dry casting or extrusion molding
systems where the concrete is required very low through a machine. The
concrete is compressed around the cores formed with role or pipes. The slab
with continuous holes is being as heating/cooling ducts and as channels for
electrical wiring. Hollow core slabs minimize thetransmission of sound and
vibrations between building floors and eliminate floor squeals.
The precast–prestressed HCS are usually used in covering structures with large
spans, such ashospitals, office buildings, schools, industrial buildings, shopping
areas, etc.
1.1.2 deformation
The precast HCS has longitudinal voids extending the full slab length which makes
the slab lighter than a considerable solid slab of equal depth or strength. The
lower weight is veryimportant issue because it reduced the costs of transportation
and construction costs. Usual precast hollow core concrete slabs are shown in
Figure-1.
1
Figure 1–1
[10]
Figure-1 Precast prestressed hollow core concrete slabs
The precast concrete slab has the same voids with full length of the slab,
commonly with a diameter equal to the 0.67–0.75 thickness of the slab. This
makes the slab lighter than a solid concrete slab with the same thickness. The
reduced weight is important, because it decreases thecosts of transportation and
concrete costs. In addition, they are economical, sound insulation properties, have
good fire resistance, and are capable of long span distances with relatively small
depths (Pachalla and Prakash 2017; ElArab 2016, 2017).
Hollow core prefabricated tiles are cast inside a150m factory, Then it is cut to
lengths and sizesaccording to the requirements.
1.1.2.1 Properties of HC members
Floors and roofs in concrete buildings are often made of prefabricated, hollow
core members. These systems are quick to set up and are cost competitive. This
will reduce thedepth of the structural members to a minimum. The introduction
of longitudinal cores reduces the dead load and results in an effective
structural system.
1.1.2.2 Hollow core slabs dimensions
All the test slabs are with 4000 mm span, 100 mm cantilever, 1200 mm width, and
200 mm thickness and they were reinforced with nine strands with 9.3 mm
diameter. Numerical models were employed based on the FE method using
ANSYS version 12.0 to investigate the behaviorof the tested slabs up to failure.
Comparing the results of the numerical models with experimental test results was
presented and discussed as shown in Figure-2
Figure-2 HCS models
Figure 1–2
[11]
1.1.2.3 The efficiency of the hollow core slab production:
• It is the most efficient precast element production system.
• The system can be highly automatized, resulting in
o Compact precast plant layouts.
o Relatively low labor requirement High efficiency of production.
1.2 Using GFRP in HC slabs:

the axial load–axial deformation behavior of glass fiber-reinforced polymer (GFRP)
bar- and helix-reinforced hollow-core circular concrete columns. Four specimens of
214-mm outer diameter and 56-mm circular inner hole diameter with a height of 850
mm were tested under axial compression. One specimen was reinforced with steel
bars and steel helices, and the remaining three specimens were reinforced with
GFRP bars and GFRP helices. It was found that, for a similar amount of longitudinal
and transverse reinforcements, the GFRP bar-reinforced specimen achieved 15% and
4% higher effectiveness of confinement reinforcement and ductility, respectively,
than the steel bar-reinforced specimen. The effectiveness of confinement
reinforcement and ductility of the GFRP bar-reinforced specimen was higher for the
smaller pitch of GFRP helices. The GFRP bar-reinforced specimen with helices of
30 mm pitch achieved 46% and 66% higher effectiveness of confinement
reinforcement and ductility, respectively, than the GFRP bar-reinforced specimen
with helices of 90 mm pitch.
Figure 1–3
Figure-3
[12]
1.2.1 Objective of Hollow Core Slabs:
Hollowcore slabs derive their name from the voids or cores which run through the
units. The cores can function as service ducts and significantly reduce the self-
weight of the slabs, maximising structural efficiency. The cores also have a benefit
in sustainability terms in reducing the volume of material used. Units are generally
available in standard 1200mm widths and in depths from 110mm to 400mm. There
is total freedom in length of units, and splays and notches can readily be
accommodated.
Hollowcore slabs have excellent span capabilities, achieving a capacity of 2.5 kN/m2
over a 16m span. The long-span capability is ideal for offices, retail or car park
developments. Units are installed with or without a structural screed, depending on
requirements. Slabs arrive on-site with a smooth pre-finished soffit. In car parks and
other open structures, pre-finished soffits offer a maintenance-free solution.
Prestressed units will have an upward camber dependent upon the span, level of
prestress, etc. This will be reduced when screeds/toppings or other dead loads are
applied.
Figure- 4
Figure 1–4
1.2.2 Efficiency & Sustainability:

Prestressed concrete, and hollowcore slabs in particular, offer exceptional structural
efficiency. Long spans and shallow units allow for low material usage, and better use
of space within buildings.
Hollowcore is extremely durable, retaining its structural capacity for a lifespan of
100 years or more. Production of elements in a controlled factory environment
reduces waste, noise and emissions.
Concrete has a large part to play in the heating and cooling of buildings, which
consumes large amounts of energy. Hollowcore slabs contribute to the thermal mass
of a building, and innovations such as TermoDeck enable reductions in the energy
used for air conditioning.
[13]
1.2.3 New Administrative Capital Stadium:
It is supervised by the Engineering Authority of the Armed Forces at the level of the
Republic. Hollow concrete slabs were used to implement the stadium project, which
was supervised by elite construction professors from the American University. This
is due to its durability and span as it extends to great distances and varies in its
forms, which led to its flexibility during construction.
Figure-5
Figure 1–5
1.3 Therefore, we will talk in this research about:

• The types and forms of hollow core slabs.
• Historical overview of its beginning outside and inside Egypt.
• The advantages and disadvantages of using HCS.
• The method of manufacturing HCS in factories and arming it.
• Knowing how to implement and perform it in the long run.
In the coming chapters, we will talk in detail about each element of the hollow
core in thefields of advnced engineering study.
[14]
2 Chapter 2 Literature Review
[15]
2.1 Introduction
The idea to reduce the self-weight of concrete slabs by putting voids in the
centre of the cross-section, dates to the beginning of the previous century.
Several inventors from different countries applied for patents on various
systems. The present article is mainly based on an analysis of patents
published during the first half of the 20th century, and personal
experiences from 1960 on. Patents usually offer a complex description of
inventions (claims). Reconstructing the history of hollow core slabs based
on these patents is a laborious but fascinating exercise. This article aims to
give a general overview and is not meant to be exhaustive.
It is not always clear how to make a distinction between ‘real’ hollow core
elements and similar types of decks such as box decks, bubbledecks,
I-shaped small beams placed side by side, etc. The European Product
Standard EN 1168 [1] defines a hollow core slab as a monolithic
prestressed or reinforced element with a constant overall depth divided into
an upper and a lower flange, linked by vertical webs, so constituting cores
as longitudinal voids the cross-section of which is constant and presents
one vertical symmetrical axis (Fig. 1). The present article deals with
hollow core slabs according to the definition of EN 1168 only.
Figure 2–1
2.1.1 Systems
Based on the patent applications, we can distinguish 3 main
systems of hollow core slab manufacturing. For each category
subcategories can be defined:
• Wet cast
• Permanent void formers
[16]
• Temporary void formers
• Slip forming
• Tamping
• Vibrating
• Extrusion
• Compaction by high frequency vibration
2.1.2 Shear compaction

In general, these manufacturing methods can be used for the production
of reinforced slabs as well as for the production of pre-stressed slabs. They
are mostly in normal dense con crete, but there are also examples of
structural light weight concrete.
In the early days, hollow core slabs were manufactured either in a plant,
or on site. Often individual moulds were used and sometimes even long
line beds, but in a discontinuous way.
The compaction of the concrete was mostly carried out by tamping the
fresh concrete. Here also a patent study could bring more insight, but it is
not the main subject of the present article.
2.1.3 Specific characteristics of hollow core slabs
The most characteristic feature in the development of hollow
core slabs was that they deviated strongly from the at that time existing
design principles of reinforced and prestressed concrete, by which
compression is taken up by concrete and tension by reinforcement. Indeed,
in most cases, the developed manufacturing technique was only possible
under the following conditions:
• No vertical web reinforcement;
• No transversal reinforcement at the bottom side
of the units;
• Only longitudinal reinforcing bars or prestressing
tendons;
• No protruding reinforcement for connections, etc.
As a consequence, the tensile capacity of the concrete had to
be taken into account in the design and new techniques for
[17]
connections had to be developed. This was new especially
with regard to transfer of forces at the support, shear capacity
of the units, diaphragm action of the floors, transversal load
distribution among adjacent units, non-rigid supports, floor
openings, fire resistance, etc.
With regard to prestressed hollow core slabs, the fib Com mission on
Prefabrication played a crucial role in the devel opment of the design.
Extensive research and intensive field experience gathered from all over
the world, learned that hollow core floors are perfectly able to fulfil all
the needed structural functions, on condition that some elementary design
principles are met. In 1988 the FIP Commission on Prefabrication
published Recommendations for the design of prestressed hollow core
floors. They have been used as a basis for national and international
standards, for example the Eurocode 2 and the European CEN Product
Standard EN 1168. An updated version of the FIB Recommendations 1988
will be published this year.
2.2 Historical developments
Today’s prestressed and reinforced hollow core floor slabs are the result
of a long period of development and testing. New variants of the hollow
core slab are still finding their way to the market (see for example the
transversely curved hollow
core slabs for the tunnel vault on the Italian A4 autostrada at the entrance
of the trade fair area in Milan). Even more than the hollow core slab
itself, the production methods are subject to permanent optimization.
In the following, the historical developments are classified according to
the above mentioned three production systems.
2.2.1 Wet cast

The wet cast technique is using preformed cores (void formers) to realize
the longitudinal voids. They are positioned in the mould prior to the
casting of the slab.
[18]
2.2.1.1 Wet cast with permanent void formers
Wilhelm Siegler (Germany, 1906) can probably claim the first application
of longitudinal void formers in concrete slabs [3]. His system to realize
cores was based on prefabricated short moulding tubes in hardened
mortar or another material, which were positioned on a scaffolding (Fig.
2). The length of the slabs was arbitrary. The tubes had lateral lugs at the
bottom, serving as mould for the webs. They were placed either
continuously in the longitudinal direction, or with short inter-distances at
certain places to form transversal ribs. The longitudinal and transversal
webs were reinforced in the classical way.
During the following two decades several solutions to form longitudinal
voids in flat floor slabs were developed. An overview is presented in
Table 1.
Figure 2–2
[19]
Table 2-1
Table 2-2
2.2.1.2 Wet cast with temporary void formers
In 1930, a patent is granted to the Belgian inventor Jules Heyneman for a

precast floor slab with longitudinal voids [10]. These voids are formed by
means of elastic moulds made of e.g. steel and held in place by wedges.
When these wedges are removed, the cross-section of this mould is
reduced, and the mould can be removed from the hollows in the beam
without difficulty. Unfortunately, the drawings of the patent contain no
details about these void formers. The number of voids in the cross-section
could be modified. The floor units were in reinforced concrete. The
patent describes mainly the product itself, without any detail about the
manufacturing. The longitudinal joints between the units are indented and
provided with transversal reinforcing stirrups. They were filled on site
with mortar.
[20]
Figure 2–3
The inconvenience of the solution was of course the weakness of the

flexible steel pipes. In 1939 a solution with pneumatic expansible and
collapsible rubber core forms was patented by Walter H. Cobi (US) [11].
Fig. 4 shows alongitudinaland transversal section of the system.
Figure 2–4
Afterwards several variant solutions were patented with respect to both

the shape and the number of cores and the profile of the longitudinal
joints.
Charles Lethbridge (GB) [12] presented in 1940 an improved method
with removable steel tubes of uniform cross-section extending
longitudinally through the whole mould and conforming in shape to the
cross-sectional form of the hollow core unit. After positioning of the
[21]
desired reinforcement bars, the concrete was cast, and the mould vibrated
as a whole. At the same time the core tubes were slightly moved
relatively to the mould. When the concrete was sufficiently compacted to
maintain its shape, the tubes were withdrawn via the end of the mould
and the concrete was left to harden. By the employment of metal core
members with a smooth surface and maintaining them in motion, the
concrete was prevented from adhering to the tubes and the latter could be
removed without difficulty. Preferably and for simplicity the core tubes
were of circular cross-section which allowed for a rotary motion during
casting.
In France in 1952, STUP Freyssinet [13] applied for a patent for the
manufacture of prestressed hollow core elements on long steel beds. The
invention was meant for floors of buildings. The units were in prestressed
concrete, with a length equal to the floor span without intermediate
supports, and a variable width in function of the needed slab thickness
and the possibilities of handling. The elements had longitudinal voids
over the whole length, with a circular shape. The vertical edges were
profiled and filled with mortar after erection, to enable the transmission
of vertical loads from one element to the others. The elements were cast
on long line steel moulds. Transversal mould plates could be placed at
any place to realise the length of the units. The longitudinal voids were
moulded with long tubes in reinforced rubber, inflated with a liquid under
pressure before and during casting. After compaction of the concrete, the
pressure was released, and the tubes removed.
Figure 2–5
[22]
2.2.2 Slip forming
The slip form technique is characterized by a moving profiled mould
(form) into which the concrete is poured and compacted. In general, a
higher slump concrete is used.
2.2.2.1 Slip forming (tamping)
In March 1931, the German Wilhelm Schäfer [14] applied for a patent to
make precast reinforced and prestressed hollow core slabs on long line
beds in stacks one line above the other. His purpose was to improve an
already at that time existing production system (patent not available)
based on a kind of slip form technique with movable cores and side
plates, in which the different production steps were executed one after the
other. His patent describes how to make the production in an automatic
continuous way. We could consider it as a precursor of the slip form
system. Patents were granted in Germany, in UK, in the USA and in
Switzerland, all in 1933.
The casting machine was hanging in a movable frame and comprised
short follower tubes for the realization of the voids plus edge moulds. All
operations (e.g., filling the mould, tamping the concrete, producing the
voids, and removing the lateral plate edges) were done for the entire bed
length automatically and without interruption. The machine comprised
also a device to smoothen the top surface of the slab. Then a sheet of
paper was put on the finished line, the machine lifted to a higher position
and the casting operation repeated for the next line on top of the previous
one.
The concrete is compacted in these machines by means of fingers that
forming ‘tamping’.
tamp the concrete. Consequently, we call this we this method of slip
[23]
Figure
2 2–6
-
3
The American company Spancrete purchased the Schäfer patent and
started around 1950 the production technique of prestressed hollow core
elements, in which a series of long lines were cast in stacks, each line on
top of each other. Once the upper slab of a pile had hardened, a diamond
disk sawing machine was mounted on that pile of slabs, and hollow core
units were cut and removed.
Wilhelm Schäfer got in 1951 a patent for long span prestressed hollow
core floors [15]. The elements had a particular longitudinal edge profile
containing a dovetail groove and could be manufactured with a thermal
insulation layer at the soffit. The manufacturing technique is not
mentioned in the patent, but we presume that it concerns the same slip
form technique as described above.
F
[24]
Figure 2–8
2.2.2.2 Slip forming (vibrating)

The most common way to compact concrete during slip forming is by
means of vibrations.
In 1952, a patent was granted to the Wacker Brothers (GE) [16]. Inspired
by a patent from 1938, describing a method and apparatus for
manufacturing pipelines, this company developed a method to shape and
compact concrete in moving moulds. The compaction is realised by
vibrating the concrete. In 1953, Max Gessner of Locham (Munich, GE)
applied for a patent [17] dealing with compaction equipment to produce
prestressed beams or structural elements made of reinforced concrete.
This patent, granted in 1957, presents the use of a vibrating slip form
machine on a single casting bed which is the most common configuration
these days.
Gessner’s ideas were further developed by the West German companies
Max Roth KG and Weiler KG.
In 1957, Weiler GmbH (GE) applied for a patent for a slip form moulding
machine invented by Hans Geiger [18]. Geiger was also inspired by the
Wacker Brothers and developed a manufacturing method for prestressed
single and double-T beams. The method was also applicable for hollow
core elements.
The machine comprised two parts connected to each other, each having a
hopper, vibrating plates and levelling plates. The casting was done in two
steps: in the first step, the lower part of the unit was cast, compacted and
levelled;
[25]
in the second step the upper part was cast in a similar way. The machine
presented by Geiger is very similar to slipform machines existing today.
Weiler developed the machine further for their production of prestressed
hollow core slabs and commercialised the complete manufacture
including machinery and casting beds. Weiler GmbH is these days known
as Maxtruder GmbH.
Also Max Roth from Germany developed around that period a slip form
machine for prestressed hollow core slabs. In 1962 the company applied
for a patent [19] (granted in 1965). The company already developed a slip
former in the mid 50’s for the manufacturing of T- and L-beams. This
patent documents a slip former in which the concrete is poured and
compacted in three layers. Later, other companies (Spiroll Corp Ltd,
SpanDeck inc., VBI Development, Elematic Oy AB,..) would also refer
to this patent in their patent applications.
Figure 2–9
The company Echo in Belgium started in 1963 the production of

prestressed hollow core slabs with a Roth machine. After a short period
of experimentation, Echo developed its own production machinery. In
1990 this activity led to an independent subsidiary Echo Engineering.
Echo Engineering now belongs to the Progress Group and is called Echo
Precast Engineering.
In 1965 David Dodd got a US patent for a slip form machine with only
one hopper, in which the entire slab was cast in one step [20]. He
described it as a self-propelled extrusion type slip forming machine,
suitable for use with relatively dry concrete mixes.
[26]
Figure 2–10
Another variant method of the classical slip form machine concerns the
Tensyland flow former machine with only one hopper [21]. The flow
former uses only the self-weight of a concrete column inside the casting
machine in combination with the vibration required to settle the
aggregates so that the concrete flows through a static mould.
Slip formers have been used to cast hollow core slabs with depths far
beyond the scope of the standard EN 1168. The Italian company
Nordimpianti, specialized in the construction of slip form machinery
since 1974, commercialises machines capable of producing elements with
a height of 1 metre.
2.2.3 Extrusion
With the extrusion technique, a very low slump concrete is pressed by
means of screws (augers) into a moulding compartment that shapes the
concrete into the required cross-section. The concrete is compacted by
vibration in combination with pressure. The pressure caused by the
augers results in the forward movement of the extruder.
In 1912 already, the Italian inventor Achille Gaiba introduced a patent for
his machine to produce continuous reinforced products, in which the
shaping and compaction of the product was realised only by pressure of a
plastic concrete mix into a moulding compartment, without further
vibration [22]. He refers clearly to the manufacture of water pipes, but the
patent is not limited to pipes alone.
[27]
Figure 2–11
The fresh concrete introduced by the hopper was pushed by a multi-

bladed propeller towards the opening and further to the moulding
compartment. In this way the concrete was subjected to a high pressure
and filled the mould without further vibration.
Another application of concrete compaction by pressure without vibration
was by John Murray US in 1928 [23]. The method and apparatus could be
used for forming continuous conduits, in which plastic concrete was
forced by pressure into a progressively movable mould. His invention
was specifically aiming at the realisation of underground conduits, having
a plurality of ducts for carrying electric cables. 40 years later, Glenn
Booth from Spiroll Corporation was referring to this document in his
patent of 1966 [25].
Figure 2–12
[28]
2.2.3.1 Extrusion with high frequency vibrators
In July 1961, a patent was granted in Canada to Ellis and Thorsteinson,

for a Machine for extruding hollow cored concrete sections [24]. The
patent describes an extruder. The extruder was presented as an
improvement of the most used
processes at that time, being moulds with inflatable cores.
The method specifies the forming of longitudinally cored concrete slabs
upon an extending pallet by squeezing the concrete trough a moulding
section by means of an auger. The concrete is compacted by means of a
vibrator on top of the moulding section.
Around the same period, another Canadian company Dy-Core developed
also an extrusion machine.
In his patent of 1965 [25], Glen Booth, Spiroll Corporation Canada,
applies for several improvements of the devices described in the patent of
1961 [24]. Specifically, it concerns the inclusion of a separate vibrating
assembly in each auger which improves the flow characteristics of the
concrete during the forming of the product, reduces cavitation, and
ensures a smooth uninterrupted outer face to the formed product. Another
improvement was the incorporation of a novel shield assembly which
partially surrounds the lower segment of each of the auger assemblies for
a portion of the length thereof, thus assisting in the forming of the walls
of the product, particularly the upper and side walls.
[29]
Figure 2–13
The first extruded units had a thickness of 200 and 265 mm and a width
of 1200 mm. The cores were circular, and the slabs were in normal
concrete with a density up to about 2500 kg/m³ and a compressive cube
strength up to 60 N/mm².
Some precasters also used structural light weight concrete for prestressed
hollow core. In Belgium about half of the production of Ergon was in
light weight concrete with a density of 1800 kg/m³ and a compressive
strength of 45 N/mm². In Italy Vibrosud worked also with a lightweight
concrete, density 1800 kg/m³ and a concrete cube strength up to 50
N/mm².
Initially the Spiroll machines were sold on the basis of a regional
manufacture exclusivity for which a yearly fee per square meter produced
slab had to be paid.
[30]
Figure 2–14
In 1969 the Variax version of extrusion machines for prestressed hollow

core elements was developed in Finland by TTV, a private construction
company. After several mergers and acquisitions, Elematic Engineering
Ltd became the global Finnish market leader in the marketing and design
of the Variax technology. Later on, other companies were founded in
Finland producing extrusion machines.
At the end of the 1960-ies, the extruded hollow core slab was introduced
on the Swedish market, and followed in the next decades by several
European manufacturers, e.g. in Finland, Norway, Denmark, Belgium,
Holland, France, Italy, Spain, etc. In 1984 Elematic acquired the
company Dy-Core and in 1996 the company Roth..
[31]
Figure 2–15
2.2.3.2 Extrusion with shear compaction

The first extrusion machines were very noisy (85 dB in the vicinity of the
machine). In 1984 Elematic developed the so-called shear compaction
technique, in which instead of using high frequency vibrators inside the
augers, the concrete is compacted by a tamping movement of augers and
side formers. The machines are considerably quieter and roduce a good
product profile. Fig. 14 illustrates types of cross-sections of prestressed
hollow core slabs used in Sweden in 1984.
2.2.4 Concluding remarks
Precast hollow core slab floors are intensively used in many countries.
They offer considerable scope for new demands in the domain of future
building construction: structural efficiency, long spans up to more than 20
m in combination with shallower construction depths, reduced use of
materials, energy and waste at production, semi-automatic manufacture,
etc.
The challenges for the construction sector in the highly industrialised
West European countries for the coming decades will be scarcity of
labour force and raw materials, economy of energy both for production
and heating/cooling of buildings, structural efficiency, and environmental
friendlier way of building. Competition and social environment are
forcing the industry to continuously strive for improvement of efficiency
and working conditions through development and innovation of products,
systems, and processes. Precast hollow core suits very well in this
context. It is expected that the system will evolve further in more
complex incorporations of building techniques and applications in civil
engineering projects.
[32]
2.3 Prestressed concrete hollow-core slabs
Prestressed concrete hollow-core slabs have been widely used throughout
the world in concrete and steel structures They were developed in the 1950s
when long-line prestressing techniques evolved with the extrusion method,
which allow production of inexpensive and easy-to-handle PPHC slabs.
PPHC slabs can be defined as precast.
2.3.1 Advantages of Precast prestressed Hollow core
In recent years, many studies have been conducted for the design
of concrete structures, most of which are related to style
Roof construction has led to the presentation of roofs that, in addition to
.maintaining high strength, have a significantly lower dead load
Compared to traditional roofs. Reducing the dead load of the roof has
great benefits for the whole structure, the most important of which is to
reduce the strength
An earthquake falls on the structure, which, in turn, reduces the partitions
and reduces the dead load of the structure
1- This system, because it is hollow compared to traditional solid surfaces,
and with the same load capacity, it is reduced by 35%
in concrete consumption and dead load, resulting in a reduction of the
vertical load-bearing members (columns)
2- Reducing the dead load and being the double-sided slab results in
smaller deformations of the slab, which is of particular importance.
3-Increased floor height due to beam removal
4- After reducing the weight and reducing the number of columns, it
.creates an ideal space for architects to design the interior space
5-In the case of seismic force in such systems, the collective acceleration
.of these members is reduced due to the large reduction in dead load
As a result, the strength of the earthquake also decreases
6- As a result of reducing the consumption of concrete in this system by
about 35% considering that the consumption of each ton of cement causes
emissions
The emission of this gas, which has an environmental aspect, is largely
prevented. in 700 kg of gas co2
it is 300 Each cubic meter of concrete consumes about 300 kg of cement
which emits about 200 kg of gas
7-The outstanding resistance to fire and sound insulation are other
features of Hollow core slab
8-Easy to install and requires less labor
[33]
2.3.2 Disadvantages of Precast prestressed Hollow core
1- Not economical for small spans

2- If not handled properly, hollow slab units may break or become
damaged
3- It is necessary to arrange special equipment for lifting and transporting
precast units
2.4 Types of Precast prestressed Hollow core

The types of Hollow core slabs differ according to size
Hollow core slabs are pre-stressed members produced
using extruders. The Hollow core slabs are produced
in standard width of 1200 mm, service openings and
.special widths can be accommodated
The units may be manufactured with a thermal insulation
layer on the under-side for example, for floors at ground
2.4.1 different thicknesses of Hollow core
:product range is as follows

• Hollow core slab 150 mm
• Hollow core slab 500 mm.
[34]
Figure 2–16 sizes
2.4.2 According to concrete topping precast concrete hollow-core slabs

.Flexural response of precast hollow-core units with composite topping
slab is studied.
.Major composite action is valid in uncracked state of the cross section.
.Topping slab improved cracking moment and initial stiffness of hollow-

core unit.
.Composite action is lost prior to reaching the ultimate moment capacity.
.Interface shear strength values in specimens are lower than those

specified by ACI and AASHTO Specifications.
[35]
3 Chapter 3 Experimental Work
[36]
3.1 Introduction
This chapter includes the test program of the study and experimental
methods performed in the present project. The experimental program had
been planned to investigate and produce precast concrete systems .
Hollow Core Slabs are prestressed concrete elements that are cast with
advanced extrusion technique to be used as floor and roof deck system,
partitions walls, as well as boundary wall panels.
The primary purpose of the cores/voids running through the slabs
continuously is to decrease the weight and materials within the floor, yet
maintaining the maximal strength. These voids also offer the possibility to be
used as service ducts for concealed services such as plumbing and electrical
works. They can even be used as ducts for air conditioning. Building systems
using hollow core slabs have proven to be effective and efficient in residential
buildings, schools, bridges, car parks, multi-story buildings and multi-purpose
centers.
Precast prestressed hollow core (PPHC) slabs are widely used in concrete or
composite floor structures in buildings. Because of their excellent structural
performance at room temperature, advanced manufacturing methods, and
low-cost installation, PPHC slabs have an important market presence in many
countries. Prestressed reinforcement improves the serviceability performance
of PPHC slabs compared to plain slabs (those without voids), increasing the
cracking moment as well as the load bearing capacity. Span lengths of up to
16 m and high load levels can be achieved with PPHC slab floor systems.
3.2 Material and their Characteristics
Several different materials have been adopted throughout the project. This
section outlines the physical and chemical properties of material used in the
different concrete mixes adopted.
3.2.1 Concrete
All the prestressed precast PPHC slabs were manufactured in the precast
factory (Modern Concrete for Precast and Prestressed Members) at Sadat city.
[37]
3.2.2 Cement
The cement used for all mixes considered in the project was Ordinary
Portland Cement type I a product of Suez Cement Factory (Figure 3.1).
Figure 3–1 cement
Figure 3.1: Ordinary Portland Cement type I a product of Suez Cement

Factory
The properties of the Ordinary Portland cement type I used are presented
(Table 3.1), which complies with the Egyptian standards of specifications for
cement.
Table 3.1: Properties of Ordinary Portland Cement Type I
Ordinary Portland Cement Type I
Type of test
performed on Cement Test Results ESS Limits
No. 373-91
Setting Time Initial 2 hr 15 min More than 45 min
( hr min ) Final 3 hr 40 min Less than 10 hr
Mortar Compressive 3-Days 236 > 180
Strength (Kg/cm²) 7-Days 317 > 270
Fineness Modulus %
( Retaining on Sieve No 170 ) 4% < 10 %
Soundness (mm) 1.5 < 10
Table 3-1 cement
[38]
Cement content of the mixture 400 kg/m3, w/c ratio equal to 0.25. Low w/c
was achieved by using sikament-163M. The average 28-day cube
compressive strength of the used concrete was 50 MPa. The unit weight was
about 24.0 kN/m3.
3.2.3 Mixing and Curing Water
The mixing and curing water used for the light weight concrete
specimens was potable tap water which complies with the Egyptian standards
of specifications for concrete construction.
3.2.4 Prestressing steel
The hollow-core specimens were prestressed with seven-wire,
low relaxation, Grade 1860 MPa strands. Two strand diameters of 9.6 mm
and 12.9 mm with respective nominal cross-sectional areas of 55 mm2
and 99 mm2 were used (Fig. 1). Before the concrete was cast, these
strands were pre-stressed to 1150 MPa, corresponding to 62% of their
ultimate capacity. Prestressing loss of strands consisting of losses from
elastic shortening of concrete specimens, relaxation of strands, creep
and shrinkage of concrete, was calculated following Eurocode 2 [3],
resulting in an approximate value of 12.5% of total prestressing force.
This amount of loss will be incorporated in theoretical predictions of
shear strength in Section 4.
Each slab has nine longitudinal prestressed strands (One strand per web).
Uncoated bright steel 7-wire P.C. strand (9.3 mm nominal diameter) low-
relaxation strands were used. Coupon tests were conducted and the average
ultimate tensile strength and modulus of elasticity were found to be 1,860
MPa and 200 GPa; respectively.
3.2.5 Steel plates:
Yield stress, tensile strength, and modulus of elasticity were 240 MPa, 350
MPa, and 2x105 MPa respectively.
3.2.6 GFRP layers.

Glass fiber reinforced polymer wraps were used for strengthening. The tensile
strength and modulus of elasticity were found to be 300 MPa, and 21000 MPa;
respectively.
[39]
Table
Figure3-2
3–2fiber
3.2.7 Concrete mixes with fibers

As mentioned in Section 2, three types of fiber were incorporated in
the concrete mixes to produce fiber-reinforced concrete hollow-core
slabs. Fig. 2 shows the three types of fiber used in this study while their
properties are given in Table 2.
It is noteworthy that fresh concrete used in the extrusion method
must be very dry (zero- or nearly-zero-slump concrete).
This requirement posed challenges in adding fibers into fresh concrete PCHC
slabs.
The inclusion of fibers introduces new surface area to react with water into the fresh
concrete and the amount of water should be increased to obtain similar workability.
However, to achieve a target compressive strength, water-to-cement ratio must remain
unchanged. A number of trial mixes were proposed and operated at a precast-yard lab
and final mixes (shown in Table 3) that achieved all requirements of concrete to be
used in the extrusion process were adopted for casing the specimens.It is shown that
by changing the dosage of admixture, it was feasible to add fibers into nearly-zero-
slump concrete in the extrusion process without compromising on target concrete
strength of 48 MPa (cylinder strength) table 3
[40]
3
Table 3-4
3.3 Material tests and results

Three types of material test including flexural tensile strength (for
steel-fiber-reinforced concrete), compressive and tensile splitting tests
were conducted. The first type of material tests was carried out at the
factory 2 months after the specimens were cast. It was performed on a
notched beam with a size of 150 × 150 × 750 mm, following Fig. 3 shows a
flexural tensile strength test; the test results
table 3
Table 3-6
3 Figure 3–3
-
5 [41]
3.4 Experimental Method
The following sections present the experimental procedures that were taken to
manufacture and produce the reference and concrete systems considered. This
includes details of samples, mold preparation, mixing, pouring, compaction,
leveling and curing of various concretes. The section also includes high
temperature heat treatment of samples and finally testing of both untreated
and heat treated samples.
3.4.1 Experimental program
The experimental program was developed in the precast industry and in the
laboratory, where the slabs and slab segments make up by slipformer machine
were tested. Thirty-nine slab segments, distributed in seven series, and one
hollow core slab were tested.
The slab chosen for the test was 210 mm deep and the current cross- sectional
area of the HC slabs were measured in the laboratory. Fig. 3 presents the real
dimensions of the slabs, which resulted from the effective geometrical
properties of the tested slabs presented in Table 1. Table 2 presents the
properties of the strands used for pre-tensioning the HC slabs and the initial
pre-stress force by the strands applied in the industry.
Segments without pre-stressing were made by greasing the prestressing
strands before concreting the slab (Fig. 4). The slab segments were obtained
from the longitudinal cut of the hollow core slab, so that each web of the slab
represented a segment. Fig. 5 shows the nomenclature of the tested segments.
The term ‘TR’ means pre-stressed segments and ‘SP’ means no-pre-stressed
segments.
The average effective geometrical properties of the slab’s segments are
presented in Appendix A.
The transfer length (lx) and crack angle (β) in the segments were measured at
the end of the test, as shown in Fig. 6.
3.4.2 Bending test
The first series tested, called series I, was a bending test .From this test, the
flexural tensile strength of the concrete was determined from the segments,
whose value was compared with the result obtained from specimens. The
flexural tensile strength of concrete from the segments was determined using
[42]
Eq.
Table 3-7
3.4.3 Test specimens

Full-scale load test was conducted on nine precast prestressed hollow-core
slabs obtained from a local precast manufacturer factory (Modern Concrete
for Precast and Prestressed Members) at Sadat city; Table 1 shows details of
the Tested Specimens. All specimens have a total length of 4100 mm and
clear span of 4000 mm, a depth of 160 mm and a width of 1200 mm. The first
group contains two specimens CO1 and CO2. They are considered as control
specimens. Fig. 1 shows the cross section of the control specimen. The second
group contains three specimens strengthened using GFRP warps; S4G2L,
S4G4L, and S2G4L. S4G2L is strengthened by using four strips of 100 mm
width; each strip consists of two layers as shown in Fig. 2 and S4G4L is
strengthened by using four strips of 100 mm width, each strip consists of four
layers. S2G4L strengthened by using four layers of GFRP wraps (two strips
200 mm width) as shown in Fig. 3. The third group contains four specimens
S4ST2, S4ST3, S2ST2, and S2ST3. S4ST2 strengthened by using steel plates
2.0 mm thickness (four strips, each 100 mm width), as shown in Fig. 4
Figure 3–4
[43]
Figure 3–5
Figure 3–7
Figure 3–6
Table 3-8
[44]
Test setup
The specimens were tested as simply supported slab under two lines loads at
middle third of span as illustrated in Fig.6. A 500 kN hydraulic jack was
used to apply the load which was transferred to the slab using a rigid
longitudinal spreader beam. Two transverse I beams were used for applying
uniformly distributed line loads along the width of slabs. The supports and
the loading system were sufficiently stiffened to avoid any local buckling.
The load was applied gradually for the tested specimens in the experimental
program with a constant value equal to 5.00 kN per increment. At the end of
each increment, deflections were measured and crack patterns were marked.
Cracking and ultimate failure loads were defined. The instrumentation and
the test set up is shown in Fig.7.
3
-
9
Figure 3–8 3
3.4.4 Measuring Devices

Three mechanical dial gauges with accuracy 50mm and 25mm were installed
to measure the deflections at different points of the tested slab. One dial gauge
was placed at midspan, and two dial gauges were placed under line loads to
measure deflection. The testing equipment and the test setup are shown in
Fig.7.
[45]
Figure 3–9
[46]
4 CHAPTER 4 EXPERIMENTAL RESULTS
[47]
Compression And bending test
4.1 Introduction :
Precast/prestressed concrete hollow core (PCHC) slabs have been the favorite
products for wall or floor systems since the 1970s.
Notwith standing this, there are still some concerns regarding the web-shear capacity
of PCHC slabs. The reason for this lies in the fact that the extrusion method, which is
the most popular method to fabricate PCHC slabs, does not allow any stirrups or shear
reinforcement to be placed in the slabs. Therefore, the web-shear capacity of PCHC
slabs solely relies on tensile strength of concrete webs which usually consist of thin
sections. With a reduction in cross section due to presence of longitudinal hollow
cores, relatively low tensile strength of concrete, and most importantly, the absence of
stirrups, PCHC slabs are naturally vulnerable to web-shear failure. This concern
becomes more critical for the so called deep PCHC slabs, which have non-circular
voids and with flat webs and depths exceeding 300 mm.
These slabs could fail in web-shear mode at loads smaller than those predicted by
design codes such as ACI
4.1.1 Objective of the test :
knowing the strength of the hollow core slab with the changes of
several factors
Variables
1- The area of the empty core

2- Reinforcement ratio
3- Empty core shape
Comparing the Tests results with a solid beam with the same
dimensions (1.5*.45*.20*)
[48]
Figure 4–1shapes
Sample Dimensions Upper Lower

Reinforcment Reinforcment
1 1.5*.45*.2 3Ø12 3Ø8
2 1.5*.45*.2 3Ø16 3Ø8
3 1.5*.45*.2 3Ø12 3Ø8
4 1.5*.45*.2 3Ø12 3Ø8
5 1.5*.45*.2 3Ø12 3Ø8
6 1.5*.45*.2 3Ø12 3Ø8
7 1.5*.45*.2 3Ø12 3Ø8
8 1.5*.45*.2 3Ø10 3Ø8
9 1.5*.45*.2 3Ø12 3Ø8
Table 4-1 dimensions
[49]
4.2 Test results and discussions
4.2.1 Test results
. It should be noted that ultimate shear strength, Vu, as reported in Table 6, was calculated from
the peak load (Pu) using the formula in Fig. 5. In addition, the deflections shown in Table 6
were the ultimate deflections (under the loading point) at which the specimens were unable to
resist the imposed load P from the jack. As a result, load resistance dropped significantly.
4.2.2 .Overall behavior of test slabs
We see the setup of test Fig. 4. The curves of specimens with comparable span lengths are
plotted in a single figure for comparison purpose. As can be seen from Figures 5 to 13, with the
same shear span of 1500 mm corresponding to a shear-span-to-effective-depth ratio ranging
from 2.74 to 2.82, behavior of the specimens can be shown in table 6 , whereas the slabs failed
in a much less ductile manner.
Fig 4 Test configuration
4-2
Figure 4–2
In the coming table we can express slabs behavior and the max load can slab effort without an
addition in them.
[50]
Table 2
Test results.
Test ID. Cracking Peak Ultimate Ultimate Ultimate Failure
load (N) load,Pu shear shear deflection mode**
(N) strength, stress (mm)
Vu (N) (Vu/bwd)
* (MPa)
HC1 8735 8735 5914 2.76 1.55 WS
HC2 74215 74215 5382 2.85 .7 WS
HC3 69326 69326 5752 3.73 2.48 WS
HC4.standard 124209 124209 68046 3.32 1.9 WS&A
SLAB
HC5 97481 97481 90122 3.44 .9 FS
HC7 72286 72286 65824 3.71 1.69 WS
HC8.Bad 50442 50442 29990 4.04 .9 FS
standard
HC9 79684 79684 19852 5.54 3.89 WS
Table 4-3
after cracking (Table 6)), all the slabs failed gradually at much larger deformations. Thus, slabs
with steel fibers could absorb a greater amount of energy compared to those with pp fibers or
without any fibers. Clearly, post-cracking behavior of hollow-core units with steel fibers was
significantly improved.
4.3 Failure modes

Failure modes of specimens are listed in Table 6 and typically shown .Three types of failure
were observed:
web-shear (WS);
a combination of web-shear and anchorage (WS & A);
a combination of flexural and shear (FS),
the so-called flexural-shear failure. In the first mode of failure, cracks initiated in concrete webs
near the support and immediately propagated towards the bearing and loading locations,
resulting in a sudden failure without warning with the formation of diagonal web-shear cracks
as shown in Fig. 7(a). In the second mode of failure, web-shear failure was combined with
anchorage failure and the web-shear cracks occurred almost
[51]
concurrently with cracks along longitudinal strands (Fig. 7(b)). Loss of bond between the
concrete and the prestressing strands due to splitting resulted in longitudinal cracks at the slab
edge regions. In the last mode of failure, flexural cracks first occurred at the bottom of the slabs
and then propagated diagonally towards the applied-load location, forming shear cracks as
illustrated in Fig. 7(c). The slabs failed due to interaction between flexure and shear modes.
As shown in Table 6, all the specimens without steel fibers failed in web-shear or a
combination of web-shear and anchorage modes. However, when steel fibers were included, in
some instances, failure mode changed from web-shear to flexural-shear failure, as shown in
HC5and HC6.This was because when the tensile strength of concrete in the webs was
considerably strengthened by steel fibers, web-shear cracks could not emanate; instead, flexural
cracks at the bottom of slabs occurred first and then propagated vertically and diagonally
towards the applied load location, resulting in flexural-shear failure. For slabs that failed in
flexural-shear mode, shear strengths calculated from the applied loads (Table 6) were not equal
to their webshear strength; instead, they were just lower bounds of the web-shear strength.
4.4 The effect of fibers on shear strength of test specimens

The effectiveness of pp and steel fibers on ultimate shear strength of hollow-core slabs is
summarized in . In general, adding fibers brought positive effect on ultimate shear strength of
PCHC slabs compared to the control specimens (HC1.) without any fibers.
4
Figure 4–3
4.4.1 Discussion on the effect of load on shear strength From Table 7,

without any aggregate we can see deflection for every slab from 1 to 9 and its thickness about
2.5cm
First slab shows an acceptable range for slab with curve
[52]
Figure 4–4
Its range of cracking 39 kn and broke down in 89kn After this slab break down .
Second slab its range is between cracking and deflection loaded 79kn
Figure 4–5
Third slab its range is between cracking and deflection loaded 69 kn
Figure 4–6
[53]
Fourth slab its range is between cracking and deflection loaded the maximum load and describe
what happens in solid slabs.
Figure 4–7
As shown load reaches to 124kn then broke down

Fifth slab its range is between cracking and deflection loaded reaches 99kn that consider the
good one slab
Figure 4–8
Seven slab its range is between cracking and deflection loaded 72kn
Figure 4–9
[54]
Eight slab its range is between cracking and deflection loaded the bad .load can only reaches
50kn
and deflection ,9
4
Figure 4–10
Nine slab its range is between cracking and deflection loaded 80kn with deflection 3.9
4Figure 4–11
respective shear strength of the slabs increased by 29 and 14% compared to that of HC1(the
control specimen without fibers). The increase in ultimate shear strength of HC2 and HC3 was
due to an increase in concrete strength in both compression and tension tests. However, it
should be noted that the shear capacity of HC3was expected to be at least similar to or higher
than that of HC2.. Furthermore, results from the material tests showed that the two slabs had
comparable concrete strengths in compression and tension. However, results from the structural
tests showed the opposite trend. This could possibly be due to scatter which is a common issue
in shear tests. In general, for the better results
.Adding 0.11 and 0.22% volume fractions of polypropylene fiber increased the web-shear
strength of PCHC slabs by between 14% and 29%
[55]
4.5 Discussion on the effect of steel fibers
Fig. 8 shows distributions over large crack widths of approximately 10 to 15 mm in the three
slabs. As can be seen, more the cracks, and therefore, were mobilized to resist tensile stresses
in HC5 and HC6 compared to those in HC4.This observation agrees well
with previous studies on the compaction process of extruded hollow-core slabs tends to
orientate steel fibers in the vertical direction in the thin webs.
To evaluate the effectiveness of hooked steel fibers versus highstrength/straight steel fibers on
shear capacity, test showing a superior performance in shear resistance when using high-
strength/straight fibers. This was not initially expected since it is generally accepted that slabs
with hooked steel fibers would resist higher shear forces when compared to those with straight
fibers. This is due to the fact that fiber matrix bond strength mostly comes from the friction
between the concrete and the fibers [13].
Therefore, hooked steel fibers with deformed ends and higher aspect ratios could produce
stronger bonds and promote a higher shear resistance compared to straight fibers.
However, it is worth mentioning that the straight fibers used in this study were high- strength
fibers with a tensile strength of 2750 MPa, twice that of the hooked steel fibers. In addition, it
was observed that concrete workability of HC5 using hooked steel fibers with a volume
fraction of 0.89%, a fiber length of 60 mm and aspect ratio of 80 significantly reduced
compared to that of HC6. of which straight fibers with the same fiber content (0.89%) but a
shorter fiber length of 13 mm and a lower aspect ratio of 62 were used. A decrease in
workability reduced consistency and compactness of fresh concrete of HC5.
Moreover, due to non-uniform fiber dispersion, congestion of fiber at several locations in HC5
was observed. At these locations, the hooked steel fibers huddled together and due to aggregate
size, concrete mix could not totally fill in the voids inside the fiber clusters. As a result, poor
concrete compaction as shown in Fig. 9 occurred, reducing shear strength of HC5. However,
the use of straight steel fibers up to 0.89% in volume fraction could increase shear strength by
as much as 143% compared to that of the companion slab without steel fibers (HC1.0).
4.5.1 Code predictions of shear strength of test specimens
As shear behavior of the four specimens with pp fibers was similar to that of the control
specimens (HC1.0.a&b) as shown in Section 3, shear capacity of the six slabs with pp fibers
and without any fibers (the control specimens) were computed using ACI 318-14 [1] and EN
1168:2005 + A3:2001 [15], of which the latter is an extension of Eurocode 2 solely for hollow-
core slabs. In the calculations, the contribution of pp fibers was taken into account through an
increase in concrete compressive and tensile strengths as shown in Table 5 (4 th and 5th
columns). As ACI 318-14 and EN 1168 do not provide a guideline to calculate shear strength
[56]
of SFRC members, shear strength predictions of the six steel-fiber-reinforced slabs
were calculated using the 2010 fib model code [19], considering the contribution
of steel fibers. It is noteworthy that in these calculations, the mean value of concrete strength in
Tables 4 and 5 instead of characteristic strength was used. In addition, partial safety factors
consisting of material safety and strength reduction factors were taken as unity.
4.6 Shear strength predictions of slabs without steel fibers

The web-shear capacity of prestressed concrete members given by ACI 318-14 (Eq.22.5.8.3.2)
is as follows:
Vcw = (3.5 f + 0.3fpc)b dw p + Vp ACI 3 fc is specified concrete compressive
strength (psi); fpcis compressive stress in concrete at centroid of cross section due
to prestress (psi); bw is the total net web width (in.), dp is the effective depth (in.);
Vp is the vertical component of effective prestress force at section (lb.).
It is worth mentioning that a factor of 0.5 will be applied to ACI 318-14, Eq. 22.5.8.3.2
when calculating the web-shear capacity of 1814 (Eq.22.5. 8.3. 2) where modification
factor reflecting the reduced mechanical properties of lightweight concrete
4-5
Figure 4–12 failure shear
c) Flexural-shear failure (HC

2,3,1,8,9HC5and HC7)
Fig. 7.Failure modes in test slabs.
[57]
4.7 Increase in shear strength.
slabs without stirrups and with depths greater than 12.5 in. (318 mm), the so-called deep
PCHC slabs. Such a factor has been implemented to account for the “size effect” as deep
hollow-core slabs are more susceptible to web-shear failure compared to shallow units as
shown in previous studies [1,4,6,7]. On the other hand, the web-shear capacity following
EN 1168:2005 + A3:2001 shall be calculated as follows:
IbSw(fctd)2 + l cpfctd
VRd c, =
EN 1168: 2005 + A3: 2011 (Sec. 4.3. 3.2. 2.3) where
* COV = coefficient of variation.
Distribution of steel
fibers over cracks.
4-6
Figure 4–13 poor concrete
I is the second moment area of cross section (mm4);

S is the first moment of area above and about the centroidal axis (mm3); fctd is the design
value of tensile strength of concrete (MPa);l is the degree of prestressing level within
transmission length(≤1); cp is the full concrete compressive strength due to prestress at
thecentroid axis(MPa).
[58]
4.7.1 The predictions of specimens
The web-shear strength predictions of the six specimens without steel fibers were
calculated using the two codes. They were compared with the experimental data in Section
3 and are shown in Fig. 10. As can be seen, the ACI 318-14 formula (with a factor of 0.5 for
the “size effect”) provided conservative predictions for the slabs. However, without the
size-effect factor, the code overestimated shear strength for four out of the six slabs.
Similarly, EN 1168 provided unsafe predictions for shear strength of all the six specimens.
This finding agrees well with previous studies [5,6,20] on shear behavior of deep hollow-
core slabs, which showed that the Eurocode 2 approach is not conservative for web-shear
strength predictions of deep PCHC slabs.
4.8 Shear strength prediction of hollow-core slabs with steel fibers
According to the 2010 fib model code (Sec.7.7.3.2.2), shear strength (in N) of steel-fiber-
reinforced concrete members without shear reinforcement can be computed as follows:
Figure 4–14 fiber content
4 10. Web-shear strength comparisons: experimental results vs. design codes.

Fig.
-
7
f1/3
VRd F, =1(1 + 7.5 fFtukctk )fck+ 0.15b dw
with a minimum value of

[59]
VRd F, = ( min + 0.15. cp)b dw (Eq.7.7 6) where
min = 0.035k3/2fck1/2
c is a partial safety factor for concrete without fibers;

200d
k= +1 is a factor taking into account the size effect; d is the effective depth
(mm);
1is the longitudinal reinforcement ratio; fFtuk is the characteristic value of the ultimate
residual tensile
strength for fiber-reinforced concrete (MPa); fckis the characteristic value of cylindrical
compressive strength (MPa); cp is the average stress acting on the concrete cross-section
due to loading or prestressing actions (MPa); bw is the smallest width of the cross section
in thetensile area (mm).
800
693
604 700
Experimental
results 600
Predicted by 500
fib 2010 444
400
556
272.1 300
272.1
406 200
372
296.9 100
0 304.1 296.9
304.1
Figure 4–15Shear-strength comparison: Ta

Experiment vs. 2010 fib model code.
Calculated shear strengths of the slabs with steel fibers using the 2010 fib model code are
compared with experimental results and are shown in Fig. 11. The figure indicates that the
[60]
code provides safe predictions of shear capacity for hollow-core slabs with steel fibers. In
addition, the conservatism increases with fiber content. Moreover, with a mean factor of
Vtest/Vpredict equal to 1.78, the formula exhibits an overconservatism for shear-strength
calculations for hollow-core slabs. This could be due to the fact that the formula was
developed and calibrated using steel-fiber-reinforced concrete beams. However, previous
studies [9–11] have shown that the effectiveness of steel fibers is even more pronounced
when they are applied in hollow-core slabs than in beams. The over-conservatism may be
due to geometry of hollow-core slabs containing thin webs and compacting process
(rotation of augers) of extrusion that tend to orientate steel fibers vertically in the thin
webs.
4.9 Proposed shear strength formula for hollow-core slabs with steel fibers
As the 2010 fib model code is overly conservative for shear-strength prediction of hollow-
core slabs, a new formula was proposed considering the respective contributions of
concrete in compression zone, prestress, steel fibers, and arching action to shear
resistance. The formula was then verified using a database of 45 shear tests (6 slabs with
steel fibers from this investigation and another 39 steel-fiber-reinforced concrete hollow-
core slabs from the literature [9,11,12]).
4.9.1 Proposed formula
It is commonly accepted that shear strength of reinforced concrete beams or slabs without
stirrups is provided by longitudinal reinforcement through dowel action (Vd), aggregate
interlock (Va), and the concrete in compression region (Vc). When steel fibers are added,
their contributions (Vfib) must be included. Total shear resistance of a steelfiber-reinforced
concrete (SFRC) member (VSFRC) as shown in Fig. 12(b) can be expressed as follows:
VSFRC = + + +V V Vc afib Vd (1)
Of the four components, the contribution of dowel action by longitudinal reinforcement is
considered trivial compared to contributions of the other three, especially in concrete slabs
with very low reinforcement ratios such as hollow-core slabs (typically, the ratio is within
the range of 0.5–1.5%). In addition, due to thin webs of PCHC slabs, it is believed that
aggregate interlock only has very minor effect on shear resistance.
Therefore, in this proposed equation, contributions of dowel action and aggregate

interlock are ignored. Thisassumption was also adopted in previous studies [21–23] and
will result in safe predictions.Thus, the shear resistance of SFRC hollow-core slabs can be
further simplified as follows:
[61]
VSFRC = +V Vc fib(2)
The contribution of concrete in the presence of prestressing force in the
proposed/simplified formula can be computed using Eq. (3). In Eq. (3), the term of (fspfc
eda)b d waccounts for the contribution of concrete to shear resistance, proposed based on a
study of shear formulas for reinforced concrete beams which were developed by previous
researchers [18,24].
It should be noted that in the original formulas, some constant values determined by
regression analysis were included. However, in the proposed equation, all the constant
values were set to unity.
On the other hand, the term of (0.15 cp)b dw in Eq. (3)accounts for the contribution of
prestressing steel to shear strength, taken as recommendation of Eurocode 2 (Eq. 6.2a) [3].
Eq. (3) takes into account combined effects of tensile strength of steel-fiber-reinforced
concrete, arching action, and prestressing forceon shear resistance.
d
Vc = (fspfc e + 0.15 cp)b dw
a (3)
where fspfcis calculated value of split-cylinder strength of fiber concrete
using a formula proposed by Narayanan and Darwish [25]: fspfc = fcuf /(20 F) + +0.7
1.0 F (MPa)
F = (Lf/Df)Vfdf is fiber factor; Lf is fiber length (mm);
Df is fiber diameter (mm); Vf is volume fraction of steel fiber;
df is bond factor (0.5 for round fibers, 0.75 for crimped fibers, and
1.0 for intended and hooked fibers); e = 1.0 if a/d > 2.8, and = 2.8(d/a) if a/d ≤ 2.8 is arch
action factor;
[62]
a is shear span (mm); d is effective depth of slab (mm);
cp is axial stress at the centroid axis due to effective prestress (MPa);

bw is the smallest web width (mm).
Fiber contribution to shear strength can be calculated using a model partly adapted from
Hassan Aoude and Denis [16] developed for SFRC beams as shown in Fig. 12(a). According
to Hassan Aoude and Denis, the contribution of steel fibers to shear resistance of hollow-
Figure 4–16 fiber pullout Figure 4–17shear resistance
a) fiber-pullout resisting shear modelb) Components of shear

resistance
Fig. 12. Shear resistance model of SFRC slabs (partly adapted
from Hassan Aoude and Denis [16]).
core slabs is based on the force needed to pull out effective fibers. It can be calculated as
follows:
Vfib =Fpullout cos (4) where θ is the angle between the crack plane with the longitudinal
axis (shown in Fig. 12), taken as 45° as observed in the tests and used in the design codes
[1,3]. The term Fpullout is the total pullout force and can be calculated using Eq. (5)
Lf
Fpullout =Nfib bond Df 2 (5) where bond is the bond stress between concrete matrix
and fibers, taken as 4.15 MPa as recommended by Swamy, Mangat [26] and Nfib is the
effective number of steel fibers across the crack plane, which can be computed using Eq.
(6) as follows:
Vf 0.9dbw
Nfib = (Afl) sin (6)
Af is cross-sectional area of the fiber; is an orientation factor accounting for the random
[63]
orientation of fibers in an arbitrary cracking plane. It is taken as 3/8 in SFRC beams [16].
However, as mentioned in Section 3.4, due to thin webs and the compacting process of the
extrusion method, steel fibers are prone to lie vertically in concrete webs. Therefore, in the
proposed equation, the orientation factor is taken as 0.5; lis a length factor considering the
embedment length of steel fibers when pulled out and is assumed to be 0.5 [16,25]. The
term inside the bracket in Eq. (6) stands for the effective number of steel fibers per unit
area, following Hannant [27], while the term outside is the area of the inclined crack.
Substituting Eqs. (5) and (6) into Eq. (4), shear resistance due to steel fibers in SFRC hollow-
core slabs embodies the form of:
Vfib = (VAfl) 0.9sindbw bond Df L2f cos (7)

f
Assuming the cross section of steel fibers is round, Eq. (7) becomes
Lf
Vfib = (0.45 bond V b df ) w
Df (8)
Substituting Eqs. (3) and (8) into Eq. (2), shear strength of SFRC hollow-core slabs can be
calculated as follows:
d Lf
VSFRC = (fspfc ea + 0.15 cp + 0.45 bond Df V b df ) w (9)
4.9.2 Shear tests used to verify the proposed formula.

As can be seen, Eq. (9) accounts for the contribution of steel fibers to the tensile strength
of concrete, and therefore to shear strength of PCHC slabs. In addition, it takes into
account effects of arching action, prestressing force, fiber content and fiber aspect ratio on
shear resistance.
4.9.3 Evaluation of proposed formula (Eq. (9))
To verify the proposed model, additional data including shear tests on SFRC hollow-core
slabs were compiled from the literature and are summarized in Table 8, while detailed
information of such tests is given in Table A1 in the Appendix.
It should be noted that onlytests with a/d ratio ranging from 2 to 5 were included in the
database. In addition, only tests with sufficient information to calibrate the expression
[64]
were selected. Moreover, shear tests carried out on SFRC hollow-core slabs from
Simasathien and Chao [10] were
excluded as these hollow-core slabs were cast using conventional normal-slump

concrete instead of zero-slump concrete and the extrusion method. Therefore, they may not
necessarily reflect actual characteristics of hollow-core slabs in this study. In the end, the
database only included a total of 45 slabs with a fiber content varying from 0.5 to 1 percent
that failed in shear mode as listed in Table 8.
Fig. 13 plots shear-strength results from the tests versus the predictions from Eq. (9) while
evaluation of the proposed formula is shown in Fig. 14. Fig. 13 shows that predicted shear
strengths correlate well with test data except for the two slabs using high-strength/straight
fibers (tested in this study).
It should be noted that for the other 43 slabs in the database, hooked steel fibers were
used. Thus, it is recommended to limit the use of Eq. (9) for shear-strength predictions of
hooked-steelfiber-reinforced concrete hollow-core slabs only.
On the other hand, Fig. 14 shows that the proposed equation provided a mean of 1.12 for
the ratio of experimental shear strength to predicted shear strength with a coefficient of
variation (CoV) of 0.21 (Appendix, Table A1).
When the two slabs with high- strength/straight fibers were eliminated from the database,
the corresponding mean and CoV were 1.09 and 0.18, respectively. The improvement in
shear-strength predictions of the proposed equation was confirmed when the two values
are compared to 1.41 and 0.25, i.e.
the respective mean and CoV yielded from the fib predictions (as shown in the Appendix,
Table A2). The verification illustrates that the proposed formula (Eq. (9)) was capable of
estimating shear strength of hooked-steel-fiber-reinforced hollow-core slabs with
reasonable accuracy.
[65]
4.10 Conclusions and recommendations
Six hollow-core slabs using different types of fiber and fiber content were cast using the
extrusion method. Twelve shear tests were conducted on the six panels, resulting in two
sets of data for each type of fibers used. Based on the experimental and theoretical
investigations discussed in this paper, the following conclusions are drawn:
* WS = Web-shear; FS = Flexural-shear.
Test series No. of tests Steel fiber type Fiber content Failure
(%) mode*
This investigation 6 Hooked & 0.51 to 0.89 WS &

straight FS
Peaston and Paine 12 Hooked 0.5 to 1 WS

[9]
Cuenca and Serna 15 Hooked 0.64 to 0.89 WS
[12] &
FS
Dud (2015) 10 Hooked 0.75 WS
Dudnik,
Milliman [11]
Total 45 Hooked 0.5 to 1 WS
& &
straight FS
Table 4-9 failure mode
1..By varying admixture dosage, it was feasible to add polypropylene(pp) (up to 0.22% by
volume) and steel fibers (up to 0.89% by
700
This study
600
Peaston et al. (1999)
500 Cuenca and Serna (2012)
400 Dudnik et al. (2017)
300
200 Two specimens with

high-strength/straight
100 fibers
( HC6.S.70.a&b)
0
0 100 200 300 400 500 600 700
V experime(ntkN)
Table 4-10 preston study [66]

Fig. 13. Shear strength from experiment vs. predicted shear strength using the proposed
equation (Eq. (9)).
volume) in very dry (nearly zero-slump) concrete to be used in the extrusion process. No
noticeable problems were encountered during casting of concrete. However, as hooked
steel fibers with a length of 60 mm, an aspect ratio of 80, and a volume fraction of 0.89%
were used in HC5.H.70, at some locations, poor concrete compaction was observed,
causing a reduction in shear resistance. Therefore, it is recommended not to use a
combination of hooked steel fibers with length of 60 mm and a volume fraction up to
0.89% in concrete in the extrusion method.
Shear strength of slabs with pp fiber content of 0.11 and 0.22% byvolume increased by as
much as 29% with a lower bound of 14%, compared to the companion slab without
fibers. However, post-peak behavior of pp-fiber-reinforced-concrete slabs was not
improved. In addition, brittle failure could not be avoided with the use of pp fibers in
hollow-core slabs.
Table 4-11evaluation formula
Fig. 14. Evaluation of the proposed formula (Eq. (9)).
2. Substantial increases in shear strength (up to 143%) and toughnesswere observed when
steel fibers with a volume fraction up to 0.89% were used. In addition, shear strength
[67]
increased with steel fiber content.
3. Web-shear failure was observed in HC4, of which a lower steelfiber fraction (0.51% by
volume) was used. However, as steel fiber content was increased up to 0.89%, in some
instances, failure mode changed from web-shear to flexural-shear.
4. As the hollow-core slab with high-strength/straight steel fibers(HC6.S.70) exhibited
enhanced shear resistance compared to HC5.H.70 (using hooked steel fibers with the
same fiber content), there was a compelling reason to use high-strength/straight steel
fibers in hollow-core slabs. Shorter fiber length and finer fiber diameter could help to
overcome compaction problems in the extrusion method.
5. It is shown by the authors and other researchers [9,10] that the effectiveness of steel
fibers is greater when they are used in hollowcore slabs than in beams. This is due to the
thin webs of hollow-core slabs and compacting process of the extrusion method that
tend to orientate fibers vertically in the concrete webs. Therefore, fiber content between
0.5 and 0.89% will be sufficient to enhance shear resistance of hollow-core slabs.
6. The fib 2010 model code formula for shear strength of SFRC members exhibits an over-
conservatism for shear-capacity predictions of hollow-core slabs.

7. A formula to calculate shear strength of steel-fiber-reinforced concrete hollow-core slabs
was proposed and verified. The verification showed that the equation was capable of
predicting shear strength of hollow-core slabs incorporating steel fibers with reasonable
accuracy. However, as the majority of the database (43 out of 45 tests) were conducted
on hollow-core slabs using hooked steel fibers, it is recommended to limit the use of the
formula for only hooked-steelfiber-reinforced concrete hollow-core slabs.
[68]
Peaston et al. F1A 86.5 0.50 30 0.5 1.57 271 153 2.80 180.0 144.9 1.24
(1999)
F4A 79.5 0.50 30 0.5 1.76 252 147 2.80 164.0 124.7 1.32
F4B 79.5 0.50 30 0.5 1.76 252 147 2.80 161.0 124.7 1.29
F6A 79.5 0.50 30 0.5 1.75 253 147 2.80 183.0 125.2 1.46
F6B 79.5 0.50 30 0.5 1.75 253 147 2.80 174.0 125.2 1.39
F1B 86.5 0.50 30 0.5 1.57 271 153 2.00 200.0 225.8 0.89
F2A 86.5 0.50 30 0.5 1.59 269 152 2.00 219.0 222.7 0.98
F2B 86.5 0.50 30 0.5 1.59 269 152 2.00 194.0 222.7 0.87
F3A 79.5 0.50 30 0.5 1.44 293 154 2.00 159.0 234.4 0.68
F3B 79.5 0.50 30 0.5 1.44 293 154 2.00 170.0 234.4 0.73
F5A 91.2 1.00 30 0.5 1.75 250 149 2.00 232.0 237.4 0.98
F5B 91.2 1.00 30 0.5 1.75 250 149 2.00 202.0 237.4 0.85
Cuenca and I-50-3.1 63 0.64 40 0.62 0.50 315 230 3.10 160.2 194.2 0.82
Serna (2012)
I-50-3.9a 63 0.64 40 0.62 0.50 315 230 3.90 162.1 172.2 0.94
I-50-3.9b 63 0.64 40 0.62 0.50 315 230 3.90 162.1 172.2 0.94
I-50-4.3 63 0.64 40 0.62 0.50 315 230 4.30 152.6 164.2 0.93
I-50-4.4 63 0.64 40 0.62 0.50 315 230 4.40 158.6 162.5 0.98
I-50-3.0a 63 0.64 40 0.62 0.50 315 230 3.00 173.0 197.8 0.87
I-50-3.0b 63 0.64 40 0.62 0.50 315 230 3.00 200.6 197.8 1.01
I-50-3.1c 63 0.64 40 0.62 0.50 315 230 3.10 189.4 194.2 0.98
II-50-2.3 48 0.64 40 0.62 1.00 315 226 2.30 410.0 259.4 1.58
II-50- 48 0.64 40 0.62 1.00 315 226 3.40 236.7 195.5 1.21
3.4a
II-50- 48 0.64 40 0.62 1.00 315 226 3.40 202.0 195.5 1.03
3.4b
II-70- 45 0.89 40 0.62 1.00 315 226 2.30 310.7 280.7 1.11
2.3a
II-70- 45 0.89 40 0.62 1.00 315 226 2.30 310.7 280.7 1.11
2.3b
II-70- 45 0.89 40 0.62 1.00 315 226 3.40 266.7 217.1 1.23
3.4a
II-70- 45 0.89 40 0.62 1.00 315 226 3.40 251.4 217.1 1.16
3.4b
Dudnik et al. 12-B1-E- 78.1 0.38 30 0.56 0.92 336.55 254 3.50 233.5 210.2 1.11
(2017) 3.5d
12-B1- 78.1 0.38 30 0.56 0.92 336.55 254 3.50 248.2 210.2 1.18
W-3.5d
12-B2-E- 78.1 0.38 30 0.56 0.92 336.55 254 3.00 295.3 231.1 1.28
3.0d
12-B2- 78.1 0.38 30 0.56 0.92 336.55 254 3.00 327.8 231.1 1.42
W-3.0d
12-C1-E- 92.1 0.50 30 0.56 0.92 336.55 254 3.50 277.1 240.0 1.15
3.5d
Table 4-12 caption code
[69]
12-C1- 92.1 0.50 30 0.56 0.92 336.55 254 3.50 289.6 240.0 1.21
W-3.5d
12-C2-E- 92.1 0.50 30 0.56 0.92 336.55 254 3.00 320.3 264.2 1.21
3.0d
12-C2- 92.1 0.50 30 0.56 0.92 336.55 254 3.00 271.3 264.2 1.03
W-3.0d
12-D1- 65.8 0.76 30 0.56 0.92 336.55 254 3.50 245.1 232.6 1.05
W-3.5d
12-D2-E- 65.8 0.76 30 0.56 0.92 336.55 254 3.00 226.4 251.9 0.90
3.0d
Mean 1.12
CoV 0.21
4.11 Thermal effects in hollow core slabs
Figure 4–18
Figure 4–19
4.11.1 Fire resistance of the PCHC slabs under ISO-834 fire curve
The verified FE models were employed to numerically obtain fire resistance of
identical four specimens in the structural tests .if they are subjected to ISO 834
fire. The actual geometric and material properties, as well as the loading schemes
of F.HC1.320, F.HC2.400, and F.HC3.500, and F.HC4.500 were simulated. FE
results showed that behavior of web-shear failure mode in which the slabs lost
[70]
their bearing capacity due to formation of web-shear cracks could be observed in
all.
Figure 4–20
Table 4-13
[71]
Figure 4–21
Figure 4–22
four of the slabs as shown in Fig. The furnace temperature at failure and the fire resistance of
the four slabs are summarized in Table 8. It is noteworthy that the axis distances of all the
strands in the four slabs were greater than 40 mm. Therefore, based on the prescriptive method
in Eurocode 2 [15], the hollow-core specimens should sustain at least 2 h FR. However,
[72]
numerical predictions from Table 8 show that all the slabs subjected to a load level of 40% of
ambient capacity would fail within 90 min of the standard fire curve, displaying premature
failure. These numerical findings are in good agreement with experimental results from
Fellinger [7] who conducted 25 fire shear tests on PCHC units, of which only four were carried
out on 400 mm deep hollow core specimens. Comparing the furnace temperature at failure
between the tests using a non-ISO fire curve and the FE models using the ISO-834 fire curve
(Table 8), it is suggested that fire tests using non-ISO curves can be used to estimate the web-
shear resistance of PCHC slabs exposed to fire, since regardless of the difference in the fire
curves, the slabs still failed at very comparable furnace temperatures as shown in Table 8.
Moreover, considering the results of F.HC1.320, F.HC2.400 and F.HC3.500, which were
loaded at the same level of 40% of their ambient capacities, it is evident that fire resistance
decreased as overall slab thickness increased. This behavior was expected, since under fire
conditions nonlinear
thermal gradient existed across the slab section; thermal gradient was even more pronounced
for deeper units, producing greater tensile stresses at the concrete webs. Consequently, the
web-shear resistance of PCHC slabs decreased as the slab depth increased. The effect of load
level on web-shear resistance of PCHC slabs was evaluated by comparing the fire resistance
between F.HC3.500 and F. HC4.500. Although the load level was decreased from 40 to 25%,
the 500 mm thick slab could only resist the imposed load for additional 16 min but still failed
within 60 min, as shown in Table 8. Numerical investigations were extended with two
additional cases, i.e. the same 500 mm thick slab was subjected to load levels of 20% and 10%.
The results showed that the 500 mm thick slab could achieve 106 and 159 min of fire exposure
with these loads, respectively. However, in general, slabs were not subjected to such a low load
ratio. Therefore, it is advised to enhance the web-shear capacity of PCHC slabs through using
steel fibers. However, more research is needed to quantify this approach.
4.11.2 Shear strengths of the PCHC slabs according to EN 1168:2005 þ A3:2011
With regard to shear and anchorage failures, EN 1168:2005 + A3:2011 provides an
empirical equation to determine the shear strength of PCHC slabs subjected to fire. It
should be noted that EN 1168 is a harmonized European standard, specifically drafted for
the design of PCHC slabs. The shear capacity of fire-exposed PCHC slabs according to
EN 1168 is given as follows: VRd,c,fi = [Cθ,1 + αk × Cθ,2] × bw × d (Sec.G.1.3) where
Cθ,1 = 0.15min(kp(θp)σcp,20oC; FR,a,fi,p Ac ) is a coefficient which accounts for
concrete stress under fire conditions; αk is a size factor = 1 + 200 d √ ⩽2 where d is in
mm; Cθ,2 = 0.58 × FR,a,fi fyk×bw×dfc,fi,m 3 √ is a coefficient that accounts for the
anchored longitudinal reinforcement; bw is the total web thickness (mm); d is the
effective depth of the hollow core slab (mm).
To apply this formula, the strand and concrete temperatures at the web mid-height must
be known. However, strand-temperature data were not available in the tests since
thermocouples were embedded into the specimens through drilled holes as mentioned in
Section
[73]
4.11.3 During installation,
to prevent potential damage, the drill bit used should not come into contact with the
strands. Therefore, these temperatures were determined using the verified FE heat transfer
model. Concrete temperature at the web mid-height, on the other hand, was defined using
the experimental data. The strand and concrete temperatures with their respective strength
reduction factors according to Eurocode 2 Part 1–2 [15] are presented in Table 9, whereas
shear strength comparisons between the tests and the EN 1168 predictions are shown in
Table 10. It should be noted that concrete cylinder mean strength (including both the
compressive and tensile strengths) was used in the calculations instead of characteristic
strength. In addition, all safety factors were taken as unity.
• With Vtest/Vpredict > 1 in all the cases (Table 10), it is clearly shown that the
shear formula in EN 1168 gives conservative predictions for shear strength of
PCHC slabs similar to the ones tested in the experimental program. However, it is
worth mentioning that currently, design of fire resistance of deep PCHC slabs is
mostly based on the prescriptive method specified in Table 5.8 - Eurocode 2 Part
1-2 [15]; the method has been shown in Section 4.3 to be unsafe for deep PCHC
slabs. Additionally, it is shown that the two 500 mm thick specimens failed at an
early stage when the strand and the concrete temperatures had not even reached
140 ◦C (Table 9). Below this temperature, based on Eurocode 2, concrete and
strand strengths were almost the same as those at ambient condition, suggesting
that under fire conditions, temperatureinduced stresses in concrete due to
nonlinear thermal gradient instead of temperature-induced degradation in strength
governed the web-shear resistance of deep hollow-core slabs. This observation is
supported by FE results shown in Fig. 26. The figure compares principal-stress
distribution inside F.HC3.500 at two different times: at t = 0 (before heating) vs.
• t at failure. It is shown that at t = 0, F.HC3.500 was in compression due to

prestressing force and there were some locations where the slab was in tension
due to the applied load (Fig. 26(a)). However, when heat was applied, the entire
web of F.HC3.500 was subjected to tensile stresses (Fig. 26(b)), making the slab
more susceptible to shear failure under load-cum-heating effect. Failure occurred
when the maximum principal tensile stress in the concrete web reached concrete
tensile strength.
[74]
Figure 4–23
Table 4-14
[75]
• The proposed FE models were capable of tracing temperature development and
predicting web-shear behavior of PCHC slabs under fire conditions. The numerical
analyses show that shear behavior of PCHC slabs subjected to fire was sensitive to
dilation angle. In addition, thermal, longitudinal and web-shear cracks were well
predicted by the FE models. However, the models assumed perfect bonding
between the concrete and the strand. Therefore, splitting cracks and anchorage
failure could not be simulated. These are limitations of the developed FE models.
• Results from verified numerical models showed that being subjected to ISO 834 fire,
F.HC1.320 failed at 83 min of fire exposure while the other three slabs with depth equal
or exceeding 400 failed within 60 min of fire exposure, displaying premature failure. This
finding agrees well with the test results from Fellinger [7] on 400 mm-thick hollow-core
slabs exposed to the standard fire.
• With the same load level of 40%, a clear trend of deeper slabs having lower web-shear
resistance was observed. Besides, it is evident that temperature-induced thermal stress,
instead of temperature-induced degradation in strength, governed the web-shear behavior
of deep PCHC slabs.
4.12 Conclusion after taking the test
1-Crack and fracture load varies with chan dfge the shape of the core,the reinforcement ratio and
the core area compared to solid slab
*2-When changing the core area and stability of the reinforcement ratio we find that: the smaller
area of the core the greater the strengthwhich leads to cracking and fracture and vice verse
Example
Sample. 1
Max load =87350

Core area=12.56
Sample 3
Max load=69326
Core area=50.24
[76]
*3-The higher the reinforcement ratio the greater the load leading to cracking and
fracture Sample _2
Max load=74215
Reinforcement ratio 3Q16
Sample _8
Max load=50442
Reinforcement ratio 3Q10
*4-When changing the shape of the core and the stability of the core area and the
reinforcement ratio we find that: the secular shape is more durable than the
rectangular shape.
[77]
Conclusions and Recommendations
1- The precast–prestressed HCS are usually used in covering structures
with large spans, such ashospitals, office buildings, schools, industrial
buildings, shopping areas, etc.
2- Hollow core prefabricated tiles are cast inside a150m factory, Then it
is cut to lengths and sizesaccording to the requirements.
3- Hollowcore is extremely durable, retaining its structural capacity for a

lifespan of 100 years or more. Production of elements in a controlled
factory environment reduces waste, noise and emissions.
4- There are 3 main systems of hollow core slab manufacturing.
. Wet cast
. Slip forming
. Extrusion
5- The challenges for the construction sector in the highly industrialised

West European countries for the coming decades will be scarcity of
labour force and raw materials, economy of energy both for production
and heating/cooling of buildings, structural efficiency, and
environmental friendlier way of building.
6- Prestressed concrete hollow-core slabs have been widely used

throughout the world in concrete and steel structures They were
developed in the 1950s when long-line prestressing techniques evolved
with the extrusion method.
7- Reducing the dead load of the roof has great benefits for the whole
structure, the most important of which is to reduce the strength of
slabs.
8- The outstanding resistance to fire and sound insulation are other features
of Hollow core slab 9- It is necessary to arrange special equipment for
lifting and transporting precast units.
10- The Hollow core slabs are produced in standard width of 1200 mm,
[78]
service openings and special widths can be accommodated.
11- Hollow core has many different thickness starts from 150 mm to 500 mm.
12- Flexural response of precast hollow-core units with composite topping slab is
studied.
13- Hollow Core Slabs are prestressed concrete elements that are cast with
advanced extrusion technique to be used as floor and roof deck system,
partitions walls, as well as boundary wall panels.
14- Concrete should has special admixture like fiber ,GFRP and curing water
15- Each slab has nine longitudinal prestressed strands (One strand per web).
Uncoated bright steel 7-wire P.C. strand (9.3 mm nominal diameter) low
relaxation strands were used. Coupon tests were conducted and the
average ultimate tensile strength and modulus of elasticity were found to
be 1,860 MPa and 200 GPa; respectively.
16- Three types of material test including flexural tensile strength (for
steel-fiber-reinforced concrete), compressive and tensile splitting
tests were conducted.
17- The experimental program was developed in the precast industry and in
the laboratory, where the slabs and slab segments make up by slipformer
machine were tested.
18- Full-scale load test was conducted on nine precast prestressed hollow-
core slabs obtained from a local precast manufacturer factory (Modern
Concrete for Precast and Prestressed Members) at Sadat city
19- Load – deflection curves of all PPHC slabs at different locations were
linear till first cracking load. After cracking, deflections increased rapidly
as the load increased.
20- Using four strips 100 mm width to strengthen the PPHC slabs gave
better than using two strips 200 mm width for the same technique.
21- Strengthening process using both GFRP and steel strips reduces the
presence of cracks and decreases in crack width.
22- When we used 2,5 cm thickness load which slab can effort before
breaking down was low about 69 kn.
[79]
‫ملخص البحث‬
‫‪ -1‬إن هولو كور متين للغاية ‪ ،‬حيث يحتفظ بقدرته الهيكلية لعمر يصل إلى ‪ 100‬عام أو أكثر‪ .‬يقلل إنتاج العناصر في‬
‫بيئة مصنع خاضعة للرقابة من النفايات والضوضاء واالنبعاثات‪.‬‬
‫‪ -2‬يتم صب البالطات الجاهزة ذات القلب المجوف داخل مصنع ‪ 150‬م ‪ ،‬ثم يتم تقطيعها إلى أطوال وأحجام حسب‬
‫المتطلبات‪.‬‬
‫‪ -3‬عادة ما تستخدم بالطات الهولو كور مسبقة الصنع مسبقة اإلجهاد في تغطية الهياكل ذات االمتدادات الكبيرة ‪ ،‬مثل‬
‫المستشفيات ومباني المكاتب والمدارس والمباني الصناعية ومناطق التسوق ‪ ،‬إلخ‪.‬‬
‫‪ -4‬هناك ‪ 3‬أنظمة رئيسية لتصنيع األلواح الجوفاء‪.‬‬
‫التكوين بالرطوبة‬ ‫•‬
‫تشكيل باالنزالق‬ ‫•‬
‫النتوء‬ ‫•‬
‫‪ -5‬ستتمثل التحديات التي يواجهها قطاع البناء في دول أوروبا الغربية الصناعية خالل العقود القادمة في ندرة القوى‬
‫العاملة والمواد الخام ‪ ،‬واقتصاد الطاقة لكل من اإلنتاج والتدفئة ‪ /‬التبريد للمباني ‪ ،‬والكفاءة الهيكلية ‪ ،‬وطريقة للبناء‬
‫صديقة للبيئة‪.‬‬
‫‪ -6‬تم استخدام األلواح الخرسانية المجوفة سابقة اإلجهاد على نطاق واسع في جميع أنحاء العالم في الهياكل الخرسانية‬
‫والفوالذية وقد تم تطويرها في الخمسينيات من القرن الماضي عندما تطورت تقنيات اإلجهاد المسبق للخطوط‬
‫الطويلة باستخدام طريقة البثق‪.‬‬
‫‪ -7‬إن تقليل الحمل الميت للسقف له فوائد كبيرة للهيكل بأكمله ‪ ،‬وأهمها تقليل قوة األلواح‪.‬‬
‫‪ -8‬تعتبر المقاومة البارزة للحريق وعزل الصوت من السمات األخرى للبالطة األساسية المجوفة‬
‫‪ -9‬من الضروري ترتيب معدات خاصة لرفع ونقل الوحدات مسبقة الصب‪.‬‬
‫يتم إنتاج األلواح األساسية المجوفة بعرض قياسي يبلغ ‪ 1200‬مم ‪ ،‬ويمكن استيعاب فتحات الخدمة‬ ‫‪-10‬‬
‫والعروض الخاصة‪.‬‬
‫التجويف له سماكات مختلفة تبدأ من ‪ 150‬مم إلى ‪ 500‬مم‪.‬‬ ‫‪-11‬‬
‫تمت دراسة استجابة االنحناء للوحدات المجوفة سابقة الصب مع لوح االضافات المركبة‬ ‫‪-12‬‬
‫األلواح األساسية المجوفة عبارة عن عناصر خرسانية مسبقة اإلجهاد يتم صبها بتقنية البثق المتقدمة‬ ‫‪-13‬‬
‫الستخدامها كنظام أرضي وسقف وجدران فاصلة وكذلك ألواح الجدران الحدودية‪.‬‬
‫يجب أن تحتوي الخرسانة على مواد مضافة خاصة مثل األلياف و ‪ GFRP‬وماء المعالجة‬ ‫‪-14‬‬
‫]‪[80‬‬
‫تم إجراء ثالثة أنواع من اختبارات المواد بما في ذلك مقاومة الشد (للخرسانة المسلحة بألياف الصلب)‬ ‫‪-15‬‬
‫واختبار االنضغاط والشد‪.‬‬
‫تم تطوير البرنامج التجريبي في صناعة الخرسانة سابقة الصب وفي المختبر ‪ ،‬حيث تم اختبار األلواح‬ ‫‪-16‬‬
‫وأجزاء األلواح المكونة بواسطة آلة تشكيل االنزالق‪.‬‬
‫تم إجراء اختبار الحمل على نطاق كامل على تسعة بالطات مجوفة سابقة الصب سابقة الصب تم الحصول‬ ‫‪-17‬‬
‫عليها من مصنع محلي مسبق الصنع في مدينة السادات‬
‫استخدام أربعة شرائط بعرض ‪ 100‬مم لتقوية ألواح ‪ PPHC‬أعطت نتائج أفضل من استخدام شريطين‬ ‫‪-18‬‬
‫بعرض ‪ 200‬مم لنفس التقنية‪.‬‬
‫عملية تقوية البالطات باستخدام كل من ‪ GFRP‬والشرائط الفوالذية يقلل من وجود التشققات ويقلل من‬ ‫‪-19‬‬
‫عرض الشقوق‪.‬‬
‫عندما استخدمنا حمولة بسماكة ‪ 2.5‬سم ‪ ،‬كان قدرة تحمل الذي يمكن أن تتحملها البالطة قبل االنهيار‬ ‫‪-20‬‬
‫ضا حوالي ‪69‬‬‫منخف ً‬
‫]‪[81‬‬
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[33] Yang L. 1994. Design of Pre-stressed Hollow Core Slabs with Reference to Web Shear
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[34] PajariMatti. 2004. Pure Torsion Tests on Single Hollow Core Slabs. Espoo VTT
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[35] Hoogenboom P.C.J. 2005. Analysis of Hollow-Core Slab Floors. Heron. 50(3): 173- 185.
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[39] Allawi N. 2014. Behavior and Strength of One Way Voided Reinforced Concrete Slabs.
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performance of a precast concrete slab with steel fiber concrete topping.Construction and
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[41] Foubert S., Mahmoud K. and El-Salakawy E. 2016. Behavior of Prestressed Hollow-
Core Slabs Strengthened in Flexure with Near-Surface Mounted Carbon Fiber-
Reinforced Polymer Reinforcement. ASCE, Journal of Composites for Construction.
20(6).
[42] Ibrahim I.S., K.S. Elliott, b.,Abdullah, R.,KuehA.B.H., SarbiniN.N. 2016. Experimental
Study on the Shear Behaviour of Precast Concrete HollowcoreSlabs with Concrete
Topping. Engineering Structures. 125: 80-90.
[43] Abed S. A. 2016. Flexural Behavior of One way Reinforced Concrete Hollow- Core Slabs
under Monotonic Loading. MSc. Thesis, Al-Nahrain University/Civil Engineering
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[44] PrakashanL.V., George, J., Edayadiyil, J. B., George, J. M. 2017. Experimental Study
on the Flexural Behavior of Hollow Core Concrete Slabs. Applied Mechanics and
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[45] Wariyatno N. G., and Haryanto Y. and Sudiboyo G. H. 2017. Flexural behavior of
precast how core slab using PVC pipe and Styrofoam with different reinforcement.
procedia engineering. 171: 909-916.
[46] Abdul Al-Aziz B. M. 2017.Behavior of Reinforced Lightweight Aggregate Concrete
Hollow Core Slabs. MSc. Thesis, Al-Nahrain University/Civil Engineering Department.
[47] Dotreppe J-C, Franssen J-M. Precast hollow core slabs in fire: numerical simulations and
experimental tests. Proceedings of SiF’04: Third International Structures in Fire
workshop. IRC; 2004.
[48] Fellinger J. Shear and anchorage behavior of fire exposed hollow core slabs. Heron
2005;Vol. 50(No 4):279–301.
[49] Chang JJ, Moss PJ, Dhakal RP, Buchanan AH. Effect of aspect ratio on fire resistance
of hollow core concrete floors. Fire Technol 2010;46(1):201–16.
[50] Ellobody E. Advanced analysis of prestressed hollow core concrete slabs exposed to
different fires. Adv Struct Eng 2014;17(9):1281–98.
[84]
[51] Kodur VKR, Shakya AM. Factors governing the shear response of prestressed concrete
hollowcore slabs under fire conditions. Fire Saf J 2017;88:67–88.
[52] Nguyen TNH, Tan K-H, Kanda T. Investigations on web-shear behavior of deep
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[53] EN-1992-1-2. Eurocode 2: Design of concrete structures, in Part 1-2: General rules
[85]
Vision on Egyption companies
[86]
[87]
[88]
Hollow Core Slabs
0-6
Double T Slabs
0-7
Beams
0-8
0-9
Columnes
0-10
Walls
0-11
Foundations
0-12
[89]
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Research · July 2022

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Hollow Core Concrete Slabs Systems

Graduation Project in partial fulfillment of the

Hossam Mohamed Yousef Mohamed Doaa Hamed Mohamed Hassan

Ibrahim Mohamed Mohamed El Basuny Ahmed Ayman Abdo Mohamed

Prof. Dr. Louay Abdel-Razek Aboul-Nour

1.1.1 Definition of HCS

1.2 Using GFRP in HC slabs:

1.2.2 Efficiency & Sustainability:

1.3 Therefore, we will talk in this research about:

2.1.2 Shear compaction

2.2.1 Wet cast

2.2.1.2 Wet cast with temporary void formers

In 1930, a patent is granted to the Belgian inventor Jules Heyneman for a

The inconvenience of the solution was of course the weakness of the

Afterwards several variant solutions were patented with respect to both

2.2.2.2 Slip forming (vibrating)

The company Echo in Belgium started in 1963 the production of

The fresh concrete introduced by the hopper was pushed by a multi-

In July 1961, a patent was granted in Canada to Ellis and Thorsteinson,

In 1969 the Variax version of extrusion machines for prestressed hollow

2.2.3.2 Extrusion with shear compaction

1- Not economical for small spans

2.4 Types of Precast prestressed Hollow core

2.4.1 different thicknesses of Hollow core

:product range is as follows

2.4.2 According to concrete topping precast concrete hollow-core slabs

.Major composite action is valid in uncracked state of the cross section.

.Topping slab improved cracking moment and initial stiffness of hollow-

.Interface shear strength values in specimens are lower than those

Figure 3–1 cement

Figure 3.1: Ordinary Portland Cement type I a product of Suez Cement

3.2.6 GFRP layers.

3.2.7 Concrete mixes with fibers

3.3 Material tests and results

3.4.3 Test specimens

3.4.4 Measuring Devices

4.1.1 Objective of the test :

1- The area of the empty core

Sample Dimensions Upper Lower

4.3 Failure modes

4.4 The effect of fibers on shear strength of test specimens

4.4.1 Discussion on the effect of load on shear strength From Table 7,

Third slab its range is between cracking and deflection loaded 69 kn

As shown load reaches to 124kn then broke down

4.5.1 Code predictions of shear strength of test specimens

4.6 Shear strength predictions of slabs without steel fibers

c) Flexural-shear failure (HC

* COV = coefficient of variation.

I is the second moment area of cross section (mm4);

4.8 Shear strength prediction of hollow-core slabs with steel fibers

Figure 4–14 fiber content

4 10. Web-shear strength comparisons: experimental results vs. design codes.

with a minimum value of

c is a partial safety factor for concrete without fibers;

Figure 4–15Shear-strength comparison: Ta

Therefore, in this proposed equation, contributions of dowel action and aggregate

F = (Lf/Df)Vfdf is fiber factor; Lf is fiber length (mm);

Df is fiber diameter (mm); Vf is volume fraction of steel fiber;

cp is axial stress at the centroid axis due to effective prestress (MPa);

Figure 4–16 fiber pullout Figure 4–17shear resistance