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Test Bank For Social Psychology and Human Nature Comprehensive Edition 4th Edition Roy F Baumeister
Test Bank For Social Psychology and Human Nature Comprehensive Edition 4th Edition Roy F Baumeister
3. The Self.
5. Social Cognition.
14. Groups.
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In this region, near the rivers, the white ants are extremely
numerous. They are not seen at a distance from water, and cannot
work without moisture to renew the fluid that exudes between their
mandibles. This enters into the composition of the stiffened earth of
which they build their dwellings. They are voracious and destructive,
and have a propensity for gnawing leather, felt—which unfortunately
they found in the pads of the donkeys’ saddles—and any textile
material. They are most active at night, and, to preserve our
bedding, we had provided ourselves with “Willesden sheets.” These
are made of canvas coated with a preparation of arsenic, which the
white ants avoid. The sheets were always spread under our beds
when we camped, and if anything that was to the taste of the ants
slid beyond the edge in the dark, destruction awaited it.
I formed the opinion that the white ants have rendered valuable
service to Egypt by amassing the fertile mud which is carried down
to the Nile Delta, and venture to put forward the following
considerations in support of the theory. On entering the Abyssinian
borderland, one cannot help remarking the structure of the ground.
Our track lay generally along watercourses, and the beds of dry
mountain torrents. Here the soil was composed of sand, shingle, and
pebbles. On either bank, and for some distance beyond, lay an
expanse of basaltic stone, on which little earth was to be seen.
Grass grew there, but by no means so abundantly as in the plains,
and there were climbing plants, such as convolvulus, and ivy, which
clung to nearly every tree. These creepers made the path extremely
difficult to follow. Further away from the watercourses lesser
vegetation and longer grass appeared. The white ants’ nests, from
nine to twelve feet in height, were found here, usually close to a soft
wooded tree. The roots of it, in most cases, had been attacked by
the insects, and converted into “white ant earth.” The trunk
afterwards undergoes the same process, and by the advent of the
rainy season only the outlying twigs remain intact. A heavy gust of
wind will then overthrow the simulacrum of a tree. The rain falls in
torrents, and the compost which the insects have made of the timber
is broken up and carried by innumerable channels into the tributaries
of the Atbara, and finally reaches the main stream. It is well known
that the Atbara brings down the greatest quantity of this mud, the
Blue Nile carrying less, and the White Nile, the most sluggish stream
of the three, least. The two more rapid rivers rise in Abyssinia, in
regions where the white ant is extremely destructive to vegetation.
Moreover, the innumerable ant-heaps[31] are made entirely of earth,
which crumbles under the rains, and is swept into the watercourses
in the season of floods. And in the dry months the ants—besides
devouring straw and the bark of living trees[32]—eat into every
branch and twig that the past storms have brought to the ground.
Carrying earth into their excavations, they hollow the wood, as in the
case of the soft standing timber which they attack, and leave just the
outer covering intact. I have often stooped to pick up a stick for the
cook’s fire, and found that my fingers broke a thin shell of bark, and
scattered the contents. Another circumstance which seemed worthy
of remark was that we found no deposit of “Nile mud” within the
Abyssinian boundary, nor any earth resembling it; so one may
conclude that, as soon as the Atbara, when in flood, reaches the
level of the Soudan, it spreads a deposit of this fertile soil beside its
banks, though the great mass is carried into the Nile. According to
this view, the fertility of the alluvial districts of Lower Egypt is in no
slight measure due to detritus from Abyssinia, and the white ants
have contributed an important share to the resources of the Nile
valley. Of course, I do not for an instant contend that all the mud
deposited by the river in Egypt is supplied by the white ants, but I
believe that the wonderful productive property of the alluvial deposits
is due to the work of these insects in the western borderland of
Abyssinia. Therefore, in my belief, the white ant has justified its
existence, though its room is undeniably preferable to its company.
On January 3 I saw a buffalo, tried to stalk it, and lost it. While I
was on the way to rejoin our party, a water-buck sprang up within
range—and so startled me, that he got away before I took an aim.
That day we marched seven hours, and covered twenty miles.
Our camping-place was in the rocky course which a torrent follows in
the rainy season. There were pools in it, and we had an abundance
of clear water.
The aneroid barometer showed that we were now three thousand
feet above the sea, and the air was chill as soon as the sun went
down. It was the first day on which we had reached any considerable
height. At this altitude bamboos form the prominent and
characteristic vegetation.
On January 4 we continued our ascent. The narrow path followed
a zig-zag course up a steep mountain-side. The track was full of
loose stones, and we constantly had to “negotiate” boulders and big
rocks or scramble through cramped passes. In these the larger loads
stuck, and it will be readily inferred that we made slow progress. I
heard of no other practicable route through this region, and believe
that it would be well-nigh impossible to carry heavy baggage this
way.
We reached the summit at last, and saw in front of us, in the
distance, the plateau in which Lake Tsana lies. We were almost on a
level with it. Far away, many mountains rose in view, clearly outlined,
and showing light and shade in a soft and lovely purplish blue colour.
There was no glacial cap upon these high peaks, though it is
probable that the loftiest points in Abyssinia are within the line of
perpetual snow.[33]
One of our escort of Habashes from the Arab Battalion pointed
eagerly to the high lands opposite, and said to a Soudanese boy
who was standing near, “Look at my beautiful country!” The soldier’s
manner showed all the zest of a schoolboy returning home for the
holidays. The answer was, “Call this a country! Where are the
people?” Our men from Upper Egypt were puzzled and disdainful.
They had travelled eighty-six miles in Abyssinia and had not seen a
dwelling or a sign of cultivation.
A deep ravine lay below us, and we descended through it and
entered a great gorge which opened out as we advanced. We were
on rocky ground, covered with a layer of earth and loose stones. Our
track wound through dense groves of bamboos, and we had to
perform gymnastics on muleback to avoid a whipping from the
canes. In this uncomfortable covert we passed a party of traders
taking coffee to Gallabat. They had with them about sixty loads.
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may be lawfully reclaimed, and conveyed to the person claiming his
or her labor or service as aforesaid.
Be it ordained by the authority aforesaid, That the resolutions of
the 23d of April, 1784, relative to the subject of this ordinance, be,
and the same are hereby repealed and declared null and void.
Done by the United States in Congress assembled, the thirteenth
day of July, in the year of our Lord one thousand seven hundred and
eighty-seven, and of their sovereignty and independence the twelfth.
Charles Thompson,
Secretary.
Constitution of the United States of America,
ARTICLE I.
ARTICLE II.
ARTICLE III.
ARTICLE IV.
Section I.—Full Faith and Credit shall be given in each State to the
public Acts, Records, and judicial Proceedings of every other State.
And the Congress may by general Laws prescribe the Manner in
which such Acts, Records and Proceedings shall be proved, and the
Effect thereof.
Section II.—The Citizens of each State shall be entitled to all
Privileges and Immunities of Citizens in the several States.
A Person charged in any State with Treason, Felony, or other
Crime, who shall flee from Justice, and be found in another State,
shall on Demand of the executive Authority of the State from which
he fled, be delivered up, to be removed to the State having
Jurisdiction of the Crime.
No Person held to Service or Labour in one State, under the Laws
thereof, escaping into another, shall, in Consequence of any Law or
Regulation therein, be discharged from such Service or Labour, but
shall be delivered up on Claim of the Party to whom such Service or
Labour may be due.
Section iii. New States may be admitted by the Congress into this
Union; but no new State shall be formed or erected within the
Jurisdiction of any other State; nor any State be formed by the
Junction of two or more States, or Parts of States, without the
Consent of the Legislatures of the States concerned as well as of the
Congress.
The Congress shall have Power to dispose of and make all needful
Rules and Regulations respecting the Territory or other Property
belonging to the United States; and nothing in this Constitution shall
be so construed as to Prejudice any Claims of the United States, or of
any particular State.
Section iv. The United States shall guarantee to every State in this
Union a Republican Form of Government, and shall protect each of
them against Invasion, and on Application of the Legislature, or of
the Executive (when the Legislature cannot be convened) against
domestic Violence.
ARTICLE V.
Article VI.
Article VII.
Nathaniel Gorham,
Massachusetts.
Rufus King.
Wil: Livingston,
Wm. Paterson,
New Jersey.
David Brearley,
Jona. Dayton.
B. Franklin,
Robt. Morris,
Tho: Fitzsimons,
James Wilson,
Pennsylvania.
Thomas Mifflin,
Geo: Clymer,
Jared Ingersoll,
Gouv: Morris.
Geo: Read,
John Dickinson,
Delaware. Jaco: Broom,
Gunning Bedford, Jr.,
Richard Bassett.
James M’Henry,
Maryland. Danl. Carroll,
Dan: of St. Thos: Jenifer.
John Blair,
Virginia.
James Madison, Jr.
Wm. Blount,
North Carolina. Hu. Williamson,
Rich’d Dobbs Spaight.
J. Rutledge,
Charles Pinckney,
South Carolina.
Charles Cotesworth Pinckney,
Pierce Butler.
William Few,
Georgia.
Abr. Baldwin.