MECHANICS 쯔

[
Cambridge Advanced Level

2022

Last edited: 231022

9709 - Mechanics
Topic 1 - Velocity and Acceleration

• Distance ! scalar quantity

is used to measure the total length of path travelled.

• Displacement ! vector quantity

is a measure of location from a fixed origin or starting point.
If you take displacement in a given direction to be positive, then the displacement in the
opposite direction is negative.

distance covered
• Speed =
time taken
change in displacement
• Velocity =
time taken
total distance covered
• Average speed =
total time taken
net change in displacement
• Average velocity =
total time taken

Example

1. A cyclist travels at 5 ms 1 for 30 s then turns back, travelling at 3 ms 1 for 10 s.

(a) Find her displacement in the original direction of motion from her starting position.

(b) Find the distance travelled by the cyclist.

. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .150
. . . .M.............
Origin >
•
.a)
. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . <. . . . . . . . . . . .
>

di 30m
. . . .m. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .Place
Ment
=
. . . . . . .150
. . . . . . .(.1 .) . . . . . .5. .×. .30
. . . . . .에. Stone =
.........................
. . . . . .<. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
distanc.ee 3 × 10 30 M
. . . . . . . . . . . . . .(2)
=

...........................................................................
. . . . . . . .di. .Place . . . . . . . . . . . .150
. . . . . .Ment . . . (. . .30
. . . .t . .). . . . . .120
. . . .M
∴ =
.......................................
-

.........................................................................................
b)
. . . . .totaldistancetravehed.IN
. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 30
. . . . . . . .180
+
....m
=

.................................
.........................................................................................
.........................................................................................
.........................................................................................
.........................................................................................
.........................................................................................
 2. A cyclist spends some of his journey going downhill at 15 ms 1 and the rest of the time
going uphill at 5 ms 1. In 1 minute he travels 540 m. Find how long he spent going
downhill.
.........................................................................................
.........................................................................................
뛖, 峨一
.........................................................................................
. . . . . . . 60
. . . . . . 1. .min =
. . . .s. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

timetakenfordownhil.t /metakenforuphIH=6O-t otaldI

.........................................................................................
.........................................................................................
.........................................................................................
. . . . . . . . . . . . .Stan . . . . . . . . 540
. . . ce =
.................................................................
. . . . .t. ). . . . .540
. . . . . +. . . 5. . (. 60
. . . . . .15t - =
.............................................................
. . . . . .15t
. . . . . +. . .300 -

. . . . . . . .540
. . . . . . .5t =
............................................................
. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 10t
. . . . . . . .240
=
.............................................................
t
. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .24
. . . .s. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
=

.........................................................................................
.........................................................................................
.........................................................................................
.........................................................................................
.........................................................................................
.........................................................................................

• Acceleration
! to measure how quickly velocity is changing.
For an object moving at constant acceleration

change of velocity
a=
time taken

• For an object travelling with constant acceleration a, for time t, with initial velocity
u, final velocity v and change of displacement s

⇤ v = u + at

⇤ v 2 = u2 + 2as

⇤ s = ut + 12 at2

⇤ s = 12 (u + v)t
1 2
⇤ s = vt 2 at

Page 2 of 7
 Example

3. (a) A go-kart travels down a slope of length 70 m. It is given a push and starts moving
at an initial velocity of 3 ms 1 and accelerates at a constant rate of 2 ms 2. Find its
velocity at the bottom of the slope.

(b) Find the time taken for the go-kart to reach the bottom of the slope.

. .a) . . . . . . .U2
. . . . . . v2 =
. . .+. .2. as
....................................................................
32
. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .+. .2×2×70
=
.....................................................................
=
289
.........................................................................................
V = H M5 '
.........................................................................................
.........................................................................................
.........................................................................................
. .b). . . . .V. . . . . .U. .+. .at
=
........................................................................
H = 3 t 라
.........................................................................................
t =
ㅋS
.........................................................................................
.........................................................................................

4. A trolley has a constant acceleration. After 2 seconds it has travelled 8 m and after another
2 seconds it has travelled a further 20 m. Find its acceleration.

. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .>. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
u

. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .t
. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .t. . . 2S
= 2S =
.........................................
A (
,

8 m B 20m
.........................................................................................
.........................................................................................
at
................는
S = ut +
.........................................................................
. . .for . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .for
. . . . . .S.AB :
. . . . . .SAC :
................................
a ( 45
'

. . . . . . . .는. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .(4)
8 = U (2) + 는 a ( 2 ) 28 = u +

8 2U 4 29
. . . . . . . .4
. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .28 . . .U. . .+. . .89
= =
..................
4 = u + a
......................................................................................... ㅋ =
u +2A

.........................................................................................
.........................................................................................
. . . . sdvesimultaneouc.ly
. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .; . . . . . . . Ut
.....재
. . . . . . .ㅋ
=
..........................................
...............................................4
U + A =

..........................................
-

A = 3
.........................................................................................
i. a coleration Of to Hey is 3m52
.........................................................................................

Page 3 of 7
 • Displacement-time graphs
gradient of the graph = velocity

(a) Constant velocity (b) Constant acceleration

s (m) s (m)
acceleration

deceleration

t (s) t (s)
O O

• Velocity-time graph
gradient = acceleration
area below graph = displacement

(a) Constant velocity (b) Constant acceleration

v (ms 1) v (ms 1)

t (s) t (s)
O O

Page 4 of 7
 Example

5. The diagram shows the velocity-time graph for the motion of an object.

v (ms 1)

10

O t (s)
10 15

Find

(a) the total displacement of the object,

(b) the total distance travelled by the object.

V ( M5 )
.........................................................................................
.10
........................................................................................
. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .A,. . . . . .글
=
. .✗. . .10X
. . . . 10
. . . . . . .50
=
.........
. . . . . . . .A1
.................................................................................
A2 =
하 5 × 5 12.5 =

. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . t. .(.D. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
10 15
A2
.........................................................................................
-5
.........................................................................................
.........................................................................................
.........................................................................................
. a) . . . . . . .di. Place
. . . .Total . . . . .t. . .(. . 125
. . . . . . . . . . 50
. . . . . . .Ment . . . . .). . . . . 3
=
. .ㅋ. v5
. . . .m. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
-
=

.........................................................................................
. b)
. . . .totaldistanc.ee
. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .50
=
...t . . . . . . . . . . 625
. . .125 =
. . . . . .m
........................................
.........................................................................................
.........................................................................................
.........................................................................................
.........................................................................................
.........................................................................................
.........................................................................................
.........................................................................................

Page 5 of 7
 • Multi-stage problems

Example

6. (a) Alex travels at a constant speed of 5 ms 1 for 10 s and then decelerates at a constant
rate of 0.5 ms 2 until coming to rest. Sketch the velocity-time graph for his motion.

(b) Hence, find the distance travelled by Alex.

.........................................................................................
.a)
. . . . for . . . . . . . . . . . de
. . . . . constant . . . . de
. . .ration
. . . . . . . . .Motion :
....................................................
V = U + at
.........................................................................................
O =
5 t (-

0.5 ) t
.........................................................................................
t
. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .10
=
.......................................................................
. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .t.me
. . . . . .ta . . . . . for
. . Ken . . . . . . . . . .dei
. . . . .constant . . . . . .ration
>
.......................................
.........................................................................................
V ( MS)
n
.........................................................................................
.........................................................................................
5

.........................................................................................
.........................................................................................
. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .t. .(S.). . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
○ 10 20

.........................................................................................
.........................................................................................
. .b). . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Area
di Stan ce =
........................................................................
. . .) . .✗. .5. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .늘. . .(.10. .t. . .20
=

.........................................................................................
. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .ㅋ.5. . m
=

...................................................................
.........................................................................................
.........................................................................................
.........................................................................................
.........................................................................................
.........................................................................................
.........................................................................................
.........................................................................................
.........................................................................................
.........................................................................................
.........................................................................................

Page 6 of 7
 7. A woman walks in a straight line. the woman’s velocity t seconds after passing through a
fixed point A on the line is v ms 1. The graph shows velocity-time graph for the woman.

v (ms 1)

2.1
1.5

O t (s)
30 40 52 60

2.2

The woman is at the point B when t = 60. Find

(a) the woman’s acceleration for 0 < t < 30 and 30 < t < 40,

(b) the distance AB,

(c) the total distance walked by the woman.

.........................................................................................
. .a)
. . . .for . . .<. .30
. . . . . . .O. . .<. .t ......A
. . . . . .→ . . . . 2.1
..= . . . . . . . 15 . . . . . . . .M52
. . . . . . . . . . . .0.02 .....................
-

. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .30-0
..............................................
.........................................................................................
. . . . . for . . . . . . .M52
0-21
. . . .<. .K40
. . . . . . . . 30 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .0.21
. . . . . . .A. . =
. . . . . . . . . .→ =
....................
-

40-30
.........................................................................................
.........................................................................................
.........................................................................................
. . . . . (15+2.1)×30
b)
. . . . . . dlstanc.ee .........뉘
. . . . . . . . . . . . . .AB =
. . . .는
. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .t . . .X21 . . . . . . . . 근X22X20
. . . . . .×. . 10 .............
-

.........................................................................................
. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .425
. . . . . . .m
=
.....................................................
.........................................................................................
. .c) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .1개에
. . . totaldisto.nu . . . . . . .ed
...........................................................
. . . . . . . . .(1.5+2.1)×30
. . . . . . . . . . 二刮 . . . .는
. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .t . . . X21
. . . . . .×. . 10 . . . 근X2.2X20
. . . . .+ .............................
.........................................................................................
=
86.5
. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .m
.....................................................................
.........................................................................................

Page 7 of 7
9709 - Mechanics
Topic 2 - Force and Motion in One Dimension

• Newton’s first law of motion

Object remains at rest of continues to move at a constant velocity unless acted upon by
a net force.

• Newton’s second law of motion

F = ma

Example

1. (a) A cyclist and his bike have a combined mass of 100 kg. The cyclist accelerates from
the rest with acceleration 0.2 ms 2. Find the net force the cyclist generates.

(b) The cyclist is travelling at 20 ms 1 when he starts to brake with a force of 500 N. Find
the distance covered while coming to rest.

.........................................................................................
. . .a)
. . . .F
. . . . . MA
=
.............................................................................
. . . . . . . . . . . . 100
=
. . . . ×. . 0.2
.......................................................................
. . . .N. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
. . . . . . . . . . . . .20
=

.........................................................................................
. . b)
. . . . . . .E
. . . . . ma
...........................................................................
500
. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .100
. . . .a. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
=
-

. . . . . . . . . .a. . . . . . .5. . .M52

=
.....................................................................
-

.........................................................................................
V2 = U2-1295
.........................................................................................
. . . . . .202t
.......0 . . . . . ). .S. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
. . . . . . .245
=

. . . . . . 40
.......S . . . .m
=
........................................................................
.........................................................................................
.........................................................................................
.........................................................................................
.........................................................................................
.........................................................................................
.........................................................................................
.........................................................................................
 • Combination of forces
eull@ = ma
net forcce @d

Objects with a net force = 0 ! the objects are in equilibrium and have no acceleration.

• Weight
! w = mg where g = 10 ms 2

Example

2. (a) A ball of mass 0.2 kg is thrown vertically upwards out of a window 4 m above the
ground. The ball is released with speed 8 ms 1. Assuming there is no air resistance,
find how long it takes to hit the ground.

. .method
. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .Upwards . . . . at
. . . . . . . . . . . . U. . . . ut
1 .

..........................................
=

O = +
o ( - 1 o) t
. . . . . . .Λ. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
t = O .
OS
. . . . . . . . . . . .V. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
oms
1

. . atz
. . .+. . 호
-

. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .s . . . .ut=
........................................................

1 . . ). .tz. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
글
m =
. . .10
. .4. . . . . . . . . . . . . . .4. . . . .0. t. . . . .( +

. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .o. . . . .5. tr
. . . . . .ot
=
. . . . . .4. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
+
-

. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .t. . . . .o. .4. . . . .t. . . . .2. . .( .NA

= =
. .). . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
-

.....................................................................................
op
. . . . . . .time
. . . . . .total . . . . . . . . . . .2. . .s. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
2
. . . 04
×
:
..... ..... .... ..... .+
= =

.....................................................................................
.....................................................................................
. . method 2
...................................................................................
2

. . . . . .호. .at
. . . . . . .s. . . .ut
=

..................................................................
x

( =
. . . . . . 4. . . . . 0. .t. . . . .는. . . .1 .t. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
= + )
-
-

. . . . .5.tz
. . . .0. t. . . . . .4. . . . .0. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
=
-

. . . . t. . . . . . .0. .4. . . . .t. . . .2. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

= =
-

( NA )
.....................................................................................
. . . . . . . t. . . . .2. .S. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
: =

.....................................................................................
.....................................................................................
.....................................................................................
.....................................................................................
.....................................................................................
.....................................................................................

Page 2 of 4
 (b) If instead there is a constant air resistance of 0.1 N against the direction of motion,
find how long the ball takes to hit the ground.

. .for
. . . . Moving
. . . . . . . .Up :
.......................................................................
F
. . . .A. .^. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .n.et. . . . . . MA
=

............................................
. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .W. . . .R. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
May
-
-
=

Y2
. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 0.2X
- -

. . . . . . .0.2
. . . . . .10. . . . .0.1 =
. . . .a. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . a. . . . . . . 10.5
= -

. .52
. . . . .m ...................................
.....................................................................................
. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .V. . . U. .+. .at
=
.....................................................
. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .O. . . . 8
. .t . . .). .t. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
. . .(. .10.5
-
=

. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .t. . . . 0762
=
. . . . . . . .5. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

4
.....................................................................................
. . . . . . . .(. h. .). . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
. . . . . .height
. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .Max
:

. . . . . .U지대
. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .V2 =
. . . . . . . . S. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

1
. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .0. . . . . .82+21-10.5
. . . . . . . . . . . . . .). .h. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
=

"
. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .h. . . . . . . . . .m. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
쁡
=

.....................................................................................
.....................................................................................
.....................................................................................
. for . . . . . . . .d
. . . . .Moving . .own :
.....................................................................
. . . . . . . . . . . . . . Fu . . . . . . na
. . .et
=
. . . . . . . . . .n. R ...................................................
a ↓
. . . .R. . . . . .ma
. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .W -
=
..................................................
. . . . . . . . . . . . 0.2X10
......늚 . . . . . . . . . .0.1
. . . . . . 0.2
-
= a
...................................................
M52
. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .a. . . . .9.5
=
..................................................
.....................................................................................
. . . .9t2
. . . .+는
. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .S. . . . .Ut
=
.......................................................

1-4Et
19.5 )
. . . .는
. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .0. . . +
=
.........................................................
. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .122
=
. . . . . S. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
.....................................................................................
. . . . . .Total
∴
. . . . . . . . . .0Th
. . . . . . Anne =
. . . . . . .+. . 122
......................................................
. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1.98
. . . . . .s. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
=

.....................................................................................
.....................................................................................
.....................................................................................

Page 3 of 4
 • Normal contact force

R R

R
w

w w

Example

3. (a) A crane is lifting a pallet on that rests a stone block of mass 5 kg. The motion is
vertically upwards. The crane lifts the pallet from rest to a speed of 3 ms 1 in 6 m.
Find the normal contact force on the stone block during the acceleration.

. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .V2
=
. . . . . .U2t래S
................................................
A
. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .5=0+29
. . .an . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .(6)
......................................
. . . . . 075m52
. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .야 ................................................
vw
.....................................................................................
. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .Fnet
=
. . . . . . . . . . na
.........................................
. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .R. . . .W. . . . . .ma
-
=
.........................................
. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .R. . -5×10=5×075
......................................................
. . . . . 53.8N
......................................R ..........................................
=

(b) If the normal contact force exceeds 650 N, the pallet may break and so this situation is
considered unsafe. Assuming the same acceleration in part (a), find how many blocks
the crane can lift safely?

. . . . . . . . . . . . .Fnet
. . . . . . . . . na
=
...............................................................
. . . . .R-

. . . . . . . . . . . . . 57×075
. . . . . 5MX10 =
..............................................................
=
. . . . . . .5375n
. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .R ..............................................................
.....................................................................................
R ( 650
.....................................................................................
53A5n ( 650
.....................................................................................
. . . . . . . . . . . . . . .n. . . .<. . 12.093
................................................................
. . .

12
. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .n
∴ =
.....................................................................

Page 4 of 4
9709 - Mechanics
Topic 3 - Forces in Two Dimensions

• Resolving forces in horizontal and vertical directions in equilibrium problems

Fy

✓
Fx

Fy
sin ✓ = ! Fy = F sin ✓
F
Fx
cos ✓ = ! Fx = F cos ✓
F

! In equilibrium, the net force in both perpendicular directions will be zero.

Example

1. A particle of mass 4 kg is held in place by a force of magnitude 100 N acting at an angle ✓

above the horizontal and a horizontal force of F N. Find the values of ✓ and F .

.........................................................................................

verticalcomponents.IO
.........................................................................................
. . . . . . . . . . . . . . .W
. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1005in
. . . . . . . . . . . . . .05Mt =
............................
T-T.TN . . . . . . . . . . . .=. . . 4×10
. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .100$70
FN
............................
. . . . . .<. . . . . . . . .•. . .10기100030 =
. . . . . . . . . . . 40
. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .SM0 ............................
100
.........................................................................................
. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .0. . . . . . .23.60
=
...........................
. . . . . . . . . . . . . . .¥
..........................................................................
. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .horizontalcomponenl.si
.............................................
F
. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .100m0
=
....................................
= 100m23.60
.........................................................................................
. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 91.7
=
....................................
.........................................................................................
.........................................................................................
 2. A boat is held in place of a force of 5 N due east, a force of 10 N due south and a force F
N, on a bearing of ✓. Find the values of F and ✓.

. . . . . . . . . North
. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .horizontalcomponents.FM . . . . . . .5
. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .✗ =
...............
.甘式一 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .verticalcomponents.is
. . . . . . . . . . . .wsx . . . . . . . .10. . . . . . . . . . . . . .
. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .✗
=

.i . . . . . .↑
. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .>. . . . Find
. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .5. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
=

! ^•J
. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .,. .5N
FC에 10
....................................................................
F51nd
. . . . . .0. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .tan
. . . . .x. . . . . . .0.5
=
......................................
°

=
. . . . . . . . . . .0. . . . . .360°-26.70=333.40
. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .✗. . . . . . .26.7 ,
=
.....................
. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .F. . Sin =
. . . . . . . . . . .F. . . . . . . .5. . . . . . . . . . . . 11.2
. . . . .✗. . . . . . 5 > =
=
..................
V1 ON
. . . .267°
. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .Sin ............................
. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .F. . . . .11.2
i. =
. . . . . .333.4°
. . . . . . .0
. . . . . . .and =
.......................................

• Resolving forces at other angles in equilibrium problems

Example

3. A boat is held in equilibrium by three forces of 10 N, F N and 20 N, as shown in the

diagram. Find the values of F and ✓.

20 N

F 80
10 N

verticalcomponents.ws
.........................................................................................
>
N
205in SM800
. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .i. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .✗. . . . .10. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
一一 =
-

.mx
사) . . . . . . .'. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .Sin
. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ✗. . . . . . 하에 . . Sin
. . .✗. . . . .10
=
. . . 800
.........................

幽畿
20
. . . . . .FN
...................................................................................
〈
. . . . . . . . . .>. .0=80°-29.5

iy_vwsinwhorizontalcomponents.tt
. . . . . 29.5°
. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .✗ . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .50.5°
.
= =
.
.........................................................................................
. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .10. .CO5800
. . . . . . . . . .20
=
. .). ✗. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
. . .W
. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .F
. . . . . .20
=
. . . .29.5°
. . .↳ . . . . . . . .10. .CO5800
-

........
15
. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .ㅋ. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
= .

Page 2 of 5
 4. A block of mass 10 kg is held in equilibrium on a slope at an angle of 20 to the horizontal
by a force, F , acting at 15 above the slope. Find F and the normal contact force.

.........................................................................................
. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .horizontalcomponenl.si
. . . . . . . . . . .Rn
玔迦 .....................................................
. . . . . . . . . . . . . . .!竺 ,
F에5
. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .Fe150
. . . . . . . . . .Win200
=
..........................................
. . . . . . .Win20L =
. . . . . 200
. . . .105in
. . . . . . . .嬉. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .F. . . . . 10X .................................
하에 200 150
¥ (OS
. . . . .20
. . . . . •g푾礫a괨 ...............................................................................
. . . . . .N. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .35.4
=

.........................................................................................
.........................................................................................

verticalcomponents.pt
.........................................................................................
F Sin 150
.........................................................................................
= W ( OS 200

R
. . . . . . . .200
. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .10x10에 . . . . .SM15
. . . . . 35.4
=
.....................
-

. . . . . .N. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 84.8
=

.........................................................................................
.........................................................................................
.........................................................................................
.........................................................................................

• The triangle of forces and Lami’s theorem for the three forces equilibrium
problems

FB
FA

✓
↵

FC

Lami’s theorem:
FA FB FC
= =
sin ↵ sin sin ✓

Page 3 of 5
 Example

5. A ship is held in equilibrium by ropes on bearings of 120 and 220 . The wind is blowing
due north and exerting a force of 90 N on the ship. Find the tensions in the two ropes.

. . . . . . . . . . . . . . .TH
. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .90 =
..................................
ON Sin 1000 Sin ME
. . . . . . . . . . . ng
..............................................................................

MIMI . . . . . . . . GO
. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . TA . . . .Sin
=
.................................
Sin 1000
遡心
.........................................................................................
. . . . . . . . . . .'. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .587N
. . . . . . . . .롊 =
....................................
( LOLO
°
TA
. . . . . .f,. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
T3
. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .G0
. . . . . . . . . . . . . .TB
=
......................................
SM1000 Sin 1200
.........................................................................................
. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . T3 . . . . . . .120°
. . . . . . . . .905in
=
................................
Sin 1000
.........................................................................................
. . . . . .N. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .79.1
=

.........................................................................................

• Non-equilibrium problems

Example

6. A box of mass 25 kg is dragged along the floor by a force of 30 N acting at 20 above the
horizontal. Find the acceleration and the normal contact force.

horizontalcomponents.is
. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .7.A. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
p
. . . . . . . . . .N. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .En
. . . . . . . . . . . .051720>30 . . . . . . MA
. .et =
.....................................
II
. .OS. .2G
3005200
. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 30 . . . . . . .25
>
...( . . .A
.................................
-

. . . . .M52
v
. . . . . .1.13
...............................................a ...............................
=

wverticalcomponents.IR
.........................................................................................
.........................................................................................
. . . . . . . . .200
. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . +305in . . . . . . .W. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
=

. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .R. . . . . .25X10
=
. . .Sin
. . . . . . . . . .30
-

. . .200
...............
. . . . .N. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .240
=

.........................................................................................
.........................................................................................
.........................................................................................

Page 4 of 5
 7. A particle of mass 3 kg is attached to three ropes in the horizontal plane with forcces of 2
N, 4 N and 3 N as shown in the diagram. Find the direction of the subquent motion and
the acceleration.

2N

4N
30

3N

.........................................................................................
. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .E
.......4
=
. . .+
. . .3 . . . . 300
. .m . . . . . . . . . .6.60
=
........................
A
. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .Fy
. . . . . . . .2
= -

. . . .30
. . . . . .3. .Sin . . . . . . . . .0.5
=
........................

成邸永
. . . . . . . . •. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 4N
..................................................................
Fy
. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .AN
. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . n. . . . . . . . . . . . . . .,. . F
.......................
3 Sin 3
- - - - - - -

. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .). 0
. . . . . . . . .>. FX
.......................
.........................................................................................
. . . . V1차
. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .E . . . . . . . . . V6.60 . . . . . . . . . . . .6.62N
2

. . .Fy
.. ....+ . . .0.52
.........+
= =
.......
. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .tan
. . . . .O. . . . . .Fy
=
. . . . . . . . .0.5
= ................................
. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .FX
6.60
.........................................
. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .0. . . . . .4.3°
=
.........................................
.........................................................................................
. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . >. . the
. . . . . .di
. . ration . . . . .4.30
. . . . . . . . . .is . . . . . . .The
. . . . . .above . . . . .positive . . . .di. ration
. . . . . . . . .x
-

.......
.........................................................................................
. . . . . .F
. . . . . .ma
=
.............................................................................
. . .6.62
. . . . . . . . . .3. .A
=
..........................................................................
. . . . . .6.62
. . . . . . .A =
............................................................................
3
.........................................................................................
= 221 M52
.........................................................................................
.........................................................................................
.........................................................................................
.........................................................................................
.........................................................................................

Page 5 of 5
9709 - Mechanics
Topic 4 - Friction

! The force resisting the relative motion.

• If there is friction between two surfaces, the contact is called rough.

• If there is NO friction, the contact is called smooth.

friction
rough plane

• f =µ⇥R

where: f = friction
µ = coefficient of friction
R = normal contact force

• Limiting equilibrium

! when the force on the object is large enough that the object is still in equilibrium but
any more force would cause a motion.

Example

1. A box of mass 5 kg is at rest on horizontal surface. The box is being pulled by a horizontal
force of 8 N. Find the coefficient of friction when the box is in limiting equilibrium.

.........................................................................................
. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . verticalcompone.rs
. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .horizontalcomponenl.si
:
...........................
R
. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .R . . . . .8. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
. . . . .W. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .f
= =

8N = 5X 10
. . . f. .<. . . . . . . . . .>. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
v
=
50
. . . . . . . . .W................................................................................
.........................................................................................
. . . . .MR
. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . >. . .f =
....................................................
. . . . .±
. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .M =
. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 0.16
二羌
=
....................................
R
.........................................................................................
.........................................................................................
.........................................................................................
 2. A box of mass 4 kg is in equilibrium on a rough slope at an angle of 18 to the horizontal.
The coefficient of friction between the slope and the box is 0.3. It is held in equilibrium by
an extensible string with tension T N.

Find the range of possible values of T .

T N

18

.>. .whenthe.ba
•

. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .is . . . . . . .to
. . .About . . . . . .d. own
. . . .Going ................................................
. . .H에
. . . . . . . . . . . . . . .R. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .Ver . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .horizontalcomponenl.si
. . . . . Corporate :
......................
^
N R 180 W
. . . . .f. . +. . . . . . . . .
. . . .180
. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Sin
T
. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .was
=
.<. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . N =

75 = 4 × 10X다D180 T= Ux10 SM180 -

0.3 ✗ 3.8.0
. . . . . . . .ws.it
.................................................................................
. . . . .www.T
= 38.0 =
0.948
. . . . . . . . . ,. .e .........................................................................
.........................................................................................
.........................................................................................
.>. .whenthe.ba
. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .is . . . . . . .to
. . .About . . . .Moving
. . . . . . . .Up
...............................................
•

. . . . . . . . . . . . . .R. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . V와i에 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . horizontalomponenl.si

. . . . . . . . .Corporate :
........................
. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ..TN . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .W
^
T
. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .R. . . .was
. . . . . .180 . . .+. . .f. . . . . . . . . . . .
. . . 180
. .Sin
= =

SM180t
. . . . . . . .iii.
10X에 180 T= Ux10 0.3 ✗ 38.0
. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .4. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
= ×

형
. . . . . . . . .,. . . . . .www.180
= 38.0
..........................................................................
= 23.8

.........................................................................................
.........................................................................................
. . . .t.therangeofvawes.fr . . . . . . .0.948
. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .T :
. . .2.3.8
. . . . . . .≤. .T. . ≤ .................................
.........................................................................................
.........................................................................................
.........................................................................................
.........................................................................................
.........................................................................................
.........................................................................................
.........................................................................................
.........................................................................................
.........................................................................................
.........................................................................................

Page 2 of 4
 3. A woman drags a box of mass 20 kg up a rough plane. The slope is at angle 10 to the
horizontal and the coefficient of friction between the box and the slope is 0.45. The woman
pulls the box using a rope held at an angle of 20 above the slope, with a tension of 120 N.

Find whether the force is large enough to create motion and, if it is, find the acceleration.

120 N

20

10

. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .120
. . .N. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
1205M가
vertialcomponentsiws.me
. . . . . . . .R. . . n. . . . . . . . . . . . ."
n .................................................................
패자에
. . . . . . . . .200
. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .R. .+1205in . . . . . . IT
. . . . . . was
- =
.............................
. . . . .To . . . .에이
. . . . . EN . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .R. . . . .20X
=
. . . .10C에 -

. . . . . . .200
. . . . . . . . . . . .1205in .....................
. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .155.91
=
...........................................
. . .

. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .horizontalcompone.rs
.......................................................
. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .>. .Total
•

. . . . . .for . . The
. . .to
. . .a . . . . left
. . . . . . .W
=
. . .+. f. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
. . . .IT
. . Sin
. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .20X10
=
. . . .IT. . . .0.45
. . . . . .Sin +
. . . . . ×. . .155.9
. . . . .) . .

=
104.9
.........................................................................................

totalforce.to#eright=ROws2i=Il276...since
.................................☐
........................................................
.........................................................................................
. . . . . . . . . . . .112A6 . . . 104.9
........> ..................................................................
. . . . he
. . . . SO . . . . .for
. . . .a. . . of . . . . . . .is. . .Large
. . . . .RON . . . . . . .Enough
. . . . . . . .to . . . . . . . .a. . Motion
. . . Cream ..........................
.........................................................................................
.........................................................................................
↳
. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .Fnet
ma =

...........................................................
120m20 -
W Sin 100 -

f = ma
.........................................................................................
. . . . . . . . . . . . 112.76
. . . . . . . . . . . . .104.89
. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 20
=
. . . . .a. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
-

. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .a . . . . . . . . M52
. . . . . .0.393
=
........................................
.........................................................................................
.........................................................................................
.........................................................................................
.........................................................................................
.........................................................................................

Page 3 of 4
 4. A particle moves up a line of greatest slope of a rough plane inclined at an angle ↵ to the
horizontal, where sin ↵ = 0.28. The coefficient of friction between the particle and the plane
is 13 .

(a) Show that the acceleration of the particle is 6 ms 2.

(b) Given that the particle’s initial speed is 5.4 ms 1, find the maximum distance that the
particle travels up the plane.

.........................................................................................
. . .a)
Sin ✗ 0.28
. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .↳
→
. . . .0.96
...야
=
............................
¢
.........................................................................................
↑

verticalcomponents.WS
.........................................................................................
R

wwsxi.mx/0XO.G6=96mfytNwsx
"
. . . . . . . . . . . . . .✗. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

horizontalcomponentsiFnet-ma-wsinx-fi.ma.mx
.........................................................................................
.........................................................................................
.........................................................................................
. . . . . . . . . . . . .늠. . . .9.6m
. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 10×0.28 . . . . . . . . . .M
✗ = a
....................
-

6 M52 ( Show n )
. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . a. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
= -

. . . . .V2
. . .b) . . . . . .v7
=
. . .+. . 295
......................................................................
. . . . . . . .0. . . . . .5.42
=
. . . . .). .S. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
. . . .21-6
.....+
. . . . . . . .S. . . . . .2.43
=
. . . . . .m
.....................................................................
.........................................................................................
.........................................................................................
.........................................................................................
.........................................................................................
.........................................................................................
.........................................................................................
.........................................................................................
.........................................................................................
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.........................................................................................
.........................................................................................
.........................................................................................
.........................................................................................
.........................................................................................

Page 4 of 4
9709 - Mechanics
Topic 5 - Connected Particles

• Newton’s third law of motion

! for every action there is an equal and opposite reaction.

• Objects connected by rods

A rod is anything that can be modelled as a rigid connector with no mass.

For examples: a car towing a caravan, a truck puling a trailer, a train made up of an
engine pulling some carriages.

* In connected system, you can apply Newton’s second law to the entire system or to
the individual components of the system.

* When you consider the individual components in a system of two objects connected
by a rod, you need to include a tension force in the connecting rod.

* In some situations this tension may turn out to be negative ! it means the rod is
under compression and the force is a thrust.

T T T T

Tension (pulling inwards) Thrust (pushing onwards)

Example

1. A car towing a trailer travels along a horizontal straight road. the car has mass 1500 kg
and the trailer has mass 500 kg. The resistance to motion is 80 N on the car and 20 N on
the trailer. The driving force produced by the engine of the car is 360 N. Find the tension
in the tow-bar.
i
. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .Fnet
. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .as. . .a. .System :
. . . . . . . . .Metal
=
. . . . . .A. . . . . . . . . .
I
. .20N . . . . . . . . . .I. . . Car
. . . . . . Water . . . . . . . . .360N
. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .360 . . . . . . . (1500+500)
>
< . . . . . .80
-

. . . . .20
-
=
. . . . . . . . . . . . A. . . .
80N
. . . . . .M52
. . . . .0.13
....................................................................A
=
..........
. . for
. . . . .The
. . . .Car
. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . or
:
. . . . .Water
. . . . The
. . . . . .for .....................................
:

. . . . . . . . . .Fat . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .En
. . . . . . . . MA . . . . . . .ma
. .et
= =
..............................
360 80 1500 0.13 T 20 500 0.13
. . . . . . . . . . . . .T. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
- -
= × - = ×

T T 85N
=
85 N =

.........................................................................................
 2. A car towing a trailer descends a hill at 3 to the horizontal. The car has mass 1500 kg and
the trailer has mass 500 kg. The resistance to motion is 80 N on the car and 20 N on the
trailer. The driver applies the brakes, so the driving force is replaced by a braking force of
100 N opposing the forward motion. Find the force in the tow-bar and state whether it is
a tension force or a thrust force. sa

. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .Tr. . . . .I. . . . . .T. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

100N
<
, <

. . . . . . .乖
20N c
. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .Win30
.
........개
. . . .SM30
................................
(

W 30 (
. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .Tr. . . . . . . . . . . . . . .는
......................................
. .as . . System
. . .a . . . . . . . . :. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .F. .net
. . . . . . . .Metal
=
. . . . . . . .A. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
-

. . .t. . . 1500
. . . . .100 . . .5
. . . . .×. .10. .✗. .Sin . . . . . 80
-

. . .500
. . . .t . . . .SM30
. . . . ×. . 10X -

. . . . . . . (. .1500t
. . . . . . . . .20 =
. . . .). .a. . . . . . . . . . . .
. . . . . . 500
. . . . . . . .M52
. . . . . . .0.423
........................................................a
=
..................
. .for
. . . .he
. . . .Car
. . . .: . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .En
. .et. . . . . . . . .MA
=
.........................................
30
......T
. . . . . . . . . 80
1500
. . . . .100 . . .1500
. . . .t . . . . .X. .Sin
. . . . . X10 . . . . . . . . . . . . . .×. .0.423
=
..................................
- -
-

T = -
30 N
.........................................................................................

theforceinthetow-baris3ONanditsathmstforcesas.AE
. .∴. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

3. A train consists of an engine and five carriages. The engine has mass 100 000 kg and
each carriage has mass 20 000 kg. The engine produces a driving force of 350 000 N. The
resistance on the engine is 10 000 N and the resistance of each carriage is 2000 N. The train
moves in a straight line on a horizontal track. Find the tension in coupling between the
third and the fourth carriage.

.........................................................................................
T I
. . . . . . . . .is
A! A ! E
. . . . . Es
> 350000N
. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .대 . . . . . . . . . .a
......................................
2008N 2080N 2600N 2080N 2008N 10800 N
.........................................................................................
. . . .a. . .System
.as .................................................................................
:

. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .F . . . . . . . . . Metal
. .n.et =
. . . . . . . . .A
................................
. . . . . . . . . . . . . 10000
. . . . . . . .350000 . . . . . . . . . . . .5X . . . . . . . . . . . . (. .100000t
. . . 2000 =
. . . . . . . . . . .5X . . . . . . . . .). . .의. . . . . . . . . . . .
. . . . 20000
- -

A =
1.65 M52
.........................................................................................
.........................................................................................
. . . . .thefitthc.AM
for . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .Age :
. . . . . .he
. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .for . . . . . . Fourth . . . . .i Age
. . . . . . . . . Carr . . . . . :. . . . . . .
F
. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Free
a
. . . . . . . . .M
. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .n.et . . . . . . . . . . .na
= =
................
TE 2000 20000 ✗ 1.65 20000 × 1.65
. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 石一
=
35000
. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .2000
-
-
=
..................
石二 70000 N
. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .E .........N
. . . . . . . . 35000
=
....................................................

Page 2 of 5
 • Objects connected by strings

The di↵erences between rods and strings:

a string can change direction (for example, by passing over a pulley)

a string can be in tension or be slack (no tension)

the force in a string can never be a thrust.

Assumptions:

string ! light inextensible string

pulley ! smooth and fixed pulley

When a string passes over a smooth pulley, the magnitude of the tension is unchanged
but the direction can change.

Smooth pulley Forces on components of system

reaction from pulley

T
T
T
T

reaction from pulley

T
T T
T

Example

4. A box of mass 3 kg is placed on a table. The coefficient of friction between the box and the
table is 0.5. A string is attached to the box and passes over a smooth pulley at the edge
of the table. The part of the string between the box and the pulley is horizontal. After
passing over the pulley, the string hangs vertically, with the other end attached to a ball of
mass 2 kg. The system is released from rest.

(a) Find the tension in the string.

Page 3 of 5
 The ball is initially 8 cm below the table top. The ball hits the ground after 1.2 s. The box
has not reached the pulley at the time.

(b) Find the height of the table.

. .a)
. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . a. . . . . . . . . . . . .Rolling
. . . . . . . . .for
. . .as . . . . BOX
. . . The
. . . .for ...........
:

i (
. . . . . . . . . . . . . . .T. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .R. . . .Wbox
=
...........................
f
.

<
-

. . . . . . . . T. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 3X
. . . . . . . . .V. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 0.08 =
. . . .10
.......................
WD에 m

. . . .N. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 30
=

. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .봄에
. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .f. . . .MR
=
............................
. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 0.5
=
. . . .×. .30
......................
. . N. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .15
=

. . . .a. . System
. . . . . . .as ............................................................................
F A
. . . . . . . 마이레
. . . . . . . . . . . . . n. et
=

....................................................................
W A
. . . . . .f. . . . 마야에
. . . . . . . . . . .메
=
....................................................................
-

. . . . . . . 2X
. . . 10 -

. . . . . .(3+2)
. . . . . .15 =
. . . . . . .a. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . a. . . . . . 1. . .M52
=
................................................................
.........................................................................................
. . . . . . for
. . . .then
...............................................................................
:

. . . . . . . . . En . . . . . . .na
=
. . et .......................................................................
. . . . . . . . .T. . . 15
......3
. .X. .1 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
=
-

..N
. . . . . . . . . . . . .T. . . . .18
=
.....................................................................
.........................................................................................
b) E
. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .늘
S ut +
. . .a. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
=

1 × 122
. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .는
= 0 t ✗
........................................................................
. . . . . . . . . . 072
=
. . . . . . .m. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
i.
. . . height
. . . . . . .the . . he
. . . . . . .of . . . . . . . . .0.08
. . . .table =
. . . . .+. . 0.72
..................................................
. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .0.8
=
. . . .m . . . 80
. . . . .or . . . cm
..........................................
.........................................................................................
.........................................................................................
.........................................................................................
.........................................................................................
.........................................................................................
.........................................................................................
.........................................................................................
.........................................................................................

Page 4 of 5
 • Objects in moving lifts (elevators)

Example

5. A woman of mass 50 kg is travelling in a lift of mass 450 kg. The tension in the cable
pulling the lift upwards is 5250 N. Calculate the acceleration of the lift and the reaction
force between the lift floor and the woman.

.........................................................................................
5250N as a
. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .System
:
. . . . . . . . .n ............................................................
. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .En . . . . . .Metal
a
. .et
=
. . .q .....................................
. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .5250
. . . . . . . .450
- -

. . .×. .10. . . . . . (450+50)

. . . .×. .10. . . . .50 =
. . . . . . . . . . .a. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
=
. . . .M52
. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .A. . . . .0.5 .................................
^
. . . . . . . ."
.................................................................................
www.
.........................................................................................
.........................................................................................
. . . . . . . . . .Objects
for each
. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . R. . . . .reaction
:
=
. . . . . . . . . for . . . .betwee.nl
. . . .a . . . . . . . . . .ift
...
A 5250N
. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .and
. . . . .Woman
.........................
. . . . . . . .a. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .9
.........................................
p
.........................................................................................
.........................................................................................
"
.........................................................................................

www.kforthelift
.........................................................................................
. . . . for
. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .OR
:
. . . . .He
. . . . .Woman
............................
Free
. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .Fneti.MG
= ma
...............................
R 50X10 = 50 ✗ 0.5
. . . .×. .10. . . . R
-

. .5250
. . . . . . . . .450
- -

. . . . . .450
=
. . . . .×. .0.5
.......................................................
R =
525 N
. . . . .N. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .R. . . . .525
=

.........................................................................................
.........................................................................................
.........................................................................................
.........................................................................................
.........................................................................................
.........................................................................................
.........................................................................................
.........................................................................................
.........................................................................................

Page 5 of 5
9709 - Mechanics
Topic 6 - General Motion in a Straight Line

• Velocity ! rate of change of displacement

ds
velocity =
dt
• Acceleration ! rate of change of velocity
dv
acceleration =
dt
R
• Displacement = v dt
R
• Velocity = a dt

displacement [s(t)]

ds R
v= s= v dt
dt

velocity [v(t)]

dv R
a= v= a dt
dt

acceleration [a(t)]

Example

1. A ball moves in a straight line so that its displacement, s metres, at time t seconds is given
by s = 2t3 10t2 . Find its speed when t = 2.

.........................................................................................
. . . . . . . . .v. . . .앑
.. ...........................................................................
= 6E -
20t
.........................................................................................
t= 2 → v = 6 ( 25-20 (2) = -16
.........................................................................................
. . . . ∴. . .Its . . . . . . . Is
. . . .Speed . . . M51
. . . . .16
,

...............................................................
.........................................................................................
.........................................................................................
.........................................................................................
.........................................................................................
.........................................................................................
 2. A particle moves forwards and backwards along a straight line so that its displacement, s
metres from the initial position, at time t seconds is given by s = 2t3 12t2 + 18t. Find
the distance that it travels for the first 5 seconds.

.The
. . . . .Part . . . . . . . . . .di. .reaction
. . . . .Change
. . . .i.de . . . . K0
. . . . . . . . .→ ................................................
6E
. . . . . . . . . . . . . .앑
24t
. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .18. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
V = =
-
+

. . . . . . . . . . . . . . .0. . . . . . 6t2
=
. . . .+. . .18. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
. . . . . . .24t -

. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .t. . . . .1 . . . . . t
=
. . . . 3. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
,
=

to
. . . . . . . . . . . . .J
'
. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .t.sk ................
E0 S = 0 > 는5
.........................................................................................
,

t 2 ( 1P 12172 t 18 I )
. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .(. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
=
1 S = -
= 8
,

. . t. . . .3. . . . . . . . . . . (. 3P
. . . . . . 1213Ft . . . .). . . . . .0. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
. . . . . . . . . .1813
: S = 2 -
=
.

. .t. . . .5. . . . .S. . . . . . .(.5P . . . . . 1215Ft

. . . . . . . . . . .1815
. . . .). . . . .40
= = 2 =
.............................................
-

. totaldistancetravelle.cl =
. . . 40
. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .8. . .+. . .8. . + . . . . . . . .56
=
. . . . .m. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

3. A boy runs in a straight line. The velocity of the boy, v ms 1, at the time t s is given by

8
>
>
>
> 2 + 3t, for 0  t  1
>
<
v = 6 t2 , for 1  t  1.2
>
>
>
>
>
:5 k
30 t, for 1.2  t  T.

The boy has velocity 0 ms 1 at time T s.

(a) Find the value of k.

(b) Show that T is just under 14 s.

....t
. .a. . . . . . . . . . v. . . . .6. . . .122
. . . . .1.2
= → =
. . . . . . . .V1.56
-

....................................................
=

↳ 스
. . . .(. 1.2
V
. . .). . . . . . . . . 0.04K
5
. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 5. . . . 30
= = -

...........................................
-

.........................................................................................
4.56
. . . . . .K. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .5. . . .0.0니
= -

K = 11
.........................................................................................
. .b.. . . . . 5. . . . . . . .T. . . . . .0. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
븖 =
-

.........................................................................................
. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .M
T =
13.6 <
...........................................................
.........................................................................................
.........................................................................................

Page 2 of 4
 4. A particle moves in a straight line so that its velocity, v ms 1, at time t s is given by
v = t3 5t2 .

(a) Find the displacement of the particle after 5 s.

(b) Find the distance travelled in the first 10 s.

.........................................................................................
. . . . . . S. . . . .II
. a.
= 5E
. . . . . .". . . . . .). dt
-
= (
. . . . . . . 믁t
........하
"
-

3] ㅎ
.................................................
( 5P
. . . . . . . . . . . . .ㅎ. . . . . . . . .북
= (5) - -
o
...................................................................
. . . . . . . . . . . . . . .52.1
=
.....m
.....................................................................
-

.........................................................................................
. b.
. . . .The . . . Me
. . . . .Part . . . . . . . . .di. ration
. . . . .Change . . . . K0
. . . . . . . . .→ ................................................
1-3 51-2
. . . . . . . . . V. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
= -
= 0

. . . . . . . . . . . . .E
. . .(.t. . .5. .). . . . .0. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
-
=

t
. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .t. . . .5. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
= 0
,
=

.........................................................................................
. . . . . .of . . . .5t2
. . .(.1-3 -

. . . .). dt
. . . . . . . .52.1
=
..............................................................
-

I11-3-51-2 ) dt . . . . . . . . 믁
. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1차
=

. . . .3]
"
t -

;
.....................................................
" 3 "
믁 ( 10 ) ( 수 (5) 득 ( 5P)
. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .주
= ( 10 ) -
-
-

................................................................
= 885.4
.........................................................................................
. . . . .i.. .totaldistancetraveltede.52.lt
. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 885.4
..............................................
. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .938
=
. . . . . m. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
.........................................................................................
.........................................................................................
.........................................................................................
.........................................................................................
.........................................................................................
.........................................................................................
.........................................................................................
.........................................................................................
.........................................................................................
.........................................................................................
.........................................................................................
.........................................................................................
.........................................................................................
.........................................................................................

Page 3 of 4
 5. Two particles A and B start to move at the same instant from a point O. The particles
move in the same direction along the same straight line. The acceleration of A at time t s
after starting to move is a ms 2, where a = 0.05 0.0002t.

(a) Find A’s velocity when t = 200 and when t = 500.

B moves with constant acceleration for the first 200 s and has the same velocity as A when
t = 200. B moves with constant retardation from t = 200 to t = 500 and has the same
velocity as A when t = 500.

(b) Find the distance between A and B when t = 500.

.........................................................................................
.o .f . . . . .j
. . . . . . . . . . .t . . . .a
. . . . . . . . . .l
V = ( oo 5 - 000
.........................................................
= 0 05 t
-

00001 tz tc
.........................................................................................
.

t = o V = o > C = D

.........................................................................................
,

. . . . . . . . . . . . . →. . . . =. . . .o. 5. . . . .-.ooo
- V 0 t

. . .tz. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
. . . 01
2

. . . . . t. . . . .200
=
. . . . . . . . . .U . . . .( 200
. . . . . .=. .005
→
. . . .). . . . .0. .000 . . . .) . . . . . .6. . ms
. . . . .(.200 ............................
=
-

t = 500 - > V = 005 ( 500 )

- 00001 ( 500 ) = 0
.........................................................................................
.........................................................................................
......................................................................................... o 0(

, = 0 . 05 t - 0000 t ) 에
. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . by
Distance travelled A

...............................................................
.

500
[ 0025 t 000
J2 3

. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .일
t
...................................
-

=
.

- '

. . . .(.500
0
. . . . . (. 500
. . .). . . . . . . .임
00
. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .0. .025 =
. . . .). . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
0
-
.

.........................................................................................
= 2003 m
.........................................................................................
.........................................................................................
B
. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .by
Distane trovelled :

.................................................................
위 =
호 (내+ v ) t 호 ( 0 t 6 ) X 200
= 60 0 m =

.........................................................................................
(6 goo
. . . . . . . . . . .2. . . . . 호 . . . . .+. . .). . . .300
. . . . . . . . . . . .호
S ( t
. . . .utvs
= = 0 × = m
.............................................
. . . . . .total . . . . . . . . . .travelled
. . . . . . . . distane . . . . . . . . . .by .=.ootgoo
. . . . . . . . . . .too. . . . . . . . . . . . . .= t. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
B

.........................................................................................
∴ distane between A and B = 2003 -

015
O
.........................................................................................
=
5003 m
.........................................................................................
.........................................................................................
.........................................................................................
.........................................................................................

Page 4 of 4
9709 - Mechanics
Topic 7 - Momentum

• A body of mass m kg moving with velocity v ms 1 has momentum given by mv.

• Momentum is a vector quantity ! the direction same as the direction of velocity.

• The unit of momentum is Ns (newton second) or kg ms 1.

• Change of momentum = final momentum initial momentum.

Example

1. Find the momentum of a body of mass 3 kg moving at 5 ms 1.

. . .Moment . . . . . . . .3X5
........m =
......................................................................
=
. . . .kgm51
. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .15 ..................................................................
.........................................................................................
.........................................................................................
.........................................................................................
.........................................................................................

2. A ball of mass 50 g hits the ground with a speed of 10 ms 1 and rebounds with a speed of
6 ms 1. Find the change in momentum that occurs in the bounce.

. . .Change
. . . . . . . . .of
. . . Moment . . . . . .x. . . (. .6. . . .L10
. . . . . . . . .0.05
. . . . . . . . .M . . . . ).). . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
-
=

. . . . .Kgm에
. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .0.8
=
...................................................
.........................................................................................
.........................................................................................
.........................................................................................
.........................................................................................

• Collisions and conservation of momentum

Momentum is conserved in impacts and the total momentum is constant

! total momentum before collision = total momentum after collision

• Coalesce ! after collision occurs, the objects are stick together.

• Explosion ! one object splits into two or more parts.

 Example

3. Two balls are moving directly towards each other. The first ball has mass 20 g and is
moving at 3 ms 1. The second ball has mass 25 g and is moving at 1 ms 1. After the
collision, the first ball is stationary. What is the speed of the second ball after the collision?

.........................................................................................
. totalmomentumbeforecdlisioni.to
. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .ta . . . . . . . .matter
. . .I . .Moment . . . . . . . . . . . .C에
. . . . . . n. . . . . . . . . . . . .
. .0.02 . . . . .0.025
. . . . .X. . .3. . t . . . El
. . . . . .X . . .). . . . . . . . . . 0 . . . . .0.025
. . . .t . . . . . . V. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
=

. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 0.035
. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .0.025
=
. . . . . .V. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .V. . . . . . .1.4
=
. . . . .M51
................................................
.........................................................................................
.........................................................................................
.........................................................................................
.........................................................................................
.........................................................................................
.........................................................................................

4. A block of mass 200 g moving at 4 ms 1 makes a direct collision with a larger block of mass
500 g moving at 1 ms 1. On impact the blocks coalesce.

Find the speed of the blocks after the collision, if

(a) the blocks were initially moving towards one another,

(b) the blocks were initially moving in the same direction.

.........................................................................................
. . . . . totalmomentumbeforecdlisioni.to
. a) . . . . . . . .matter
. . .I . .Moment
. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .ta . . . . . . . . . . . .C에
. . . . . . n. . . . . . . .
. . . . . . .0.2
. . . .X4 . . . . X. . .(. . 1.). . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .(0.2+0.5)
. . . . .t. . .0.5 =
. . . . . . . . . . . . .V. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
-

. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 0.3 . . . .V. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .OF
=

. . . . . . . . . M51
. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .0.429
V =
.................................
.........................................................................................
b)
. . . . . . totalmomentumbeforecdlisioni.to
. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .ta . . . . . . . .matter
. . .I . .Moment . . . . . . . . . . . C에
. . . . . . .n. . . . . . . .
. . . . .X. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .(0.2+0.5)
. . . . . . . . . . . . V. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
1
. . . . X4
. . . . . . .0.2 . . . . . .t. .0.5 =

. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .1.3
. . . . . . . . .=. . . . . 07
. . . . . V. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .m. .51
V = 1.86
..................................
.........................................................................................

Page 2 of 3
 5. A 50 g tennis ball is loaded into a 1.2 kg homemade cannon. The cannon is at rest when it
is ignited.

Immediately after the tennis ball released from the cannon, the speed of the ball is 50 ms 1.

Find the speed of the cannon after explosion.

.........................................................................................
. .totalmomentumbeforecdlisioni.to
. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ta . . . . . . . .matter
. . .I . .Moment . . . . . . . . . . . .C에
. . . . . . n. . . . . . . . . . . . .
. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .O. . . . . . . . . . . . .0.05X
. . . . . . . . . 50 . . . . .1.2
. . . . . .t . . . .V. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
=

. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2.5
2V = -

...........................................
.

=
. . . . . . . M51
. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . V. . . . . . . .2.08 .......................................
-

.........................................................................................
. . . . . . . .he
'
. . . . .Speed . . . .he
. . . . . . . . of . . . . . . .IS . . . . . . . .M5
. . . . .208
∴
. . . . . .Can
. . . .non ..................................
.........................................................................................
.........................................................................................
.........................................................................................
.........................................................................................
.........................................................................................
.........................................................................................
.........................................................................................
.........................................................................................
.........................................................................................
.........................................................................................
.........................................................................................
.........................................................................................
.........................................................................................
.........................................................................................
.........................................................................................
.........................................................................................
.........................................................................................
.........................................................................................
.........................................................................................
.........................................................................................
.........................................................................................
.........................................................................................
.........................................................................................

Page 3 of 3
9709 - Mechanics
Topic 8 - Work, Energy and Power

• Work done ! W = F ⇥ s

1
• Kinetic energy ! KE = ⇥ m ⇥ v2
2
• Gravitational potential energy ! GPE = m ⇥ g ⇥ h

where: F = force
s = distance
m = mass
v = speed
g = acceleration due to gravity (10 ms 2)

h = height
The unit of work/energy is joule (J).

Example

1. A boy uses a constant force of 250 N to push a box 4 m across a floor. Find the work done
by the force.

. . . . . .F
. . . . .W
= S
..............................................................................
. . . . . .X. . .4. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
. . . . . . . . . . . . .250
=

. . . . . . .J
. . . . . . . . . . . . . .1000
=
....................................................................
.........................................................................................

2. A small box is pulled 5 m along horizontal track by a force of 10 N at an angle 60 to the

track. Find the work done by the force.
"
. . . . . . . . . . .6P..............................................................................
)
W= 60°
. . . 1. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .10 . . . . . . . . . .✗. . .5
. . .↳ ........................................
. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .25
. . . .J
=

...................................................
.........................................................................................

3. Find the kinetic energy of a mass of 3 kg moving at a speed of 5 ms 1.

. . . . . KE
. . . . . . . . .늘
=
. .v2
. . .m ......................................................................
.........................................................................................
52
. . . . . . . . . . . . .는
= X 3X
............................................................................
. . . . . .J. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
. . . . . . . . . . . . . . .3구5
=
 4. A ball of mass 50 g hits the ground with a speed of 10 ms 1 and rebounds with a speed of
6 ms 1. Find the loss of kinetic energy that occurs in the bounce.

. . .KE . . . . .0.05×102
. . . . . . . . . . . .乞乂
. . . .inti시 . . . . .J
. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .25
=
=
..........................................
.........................................................................................
. . .ICE . . . . . . . . . . . . .는
. . . And =
. . . . . .×. . .62
. . .✗. .0.05 . . . . . . . . . .0.9
=
. . . .J
..........................................
.........................................................................................
. . .loss . . . .k. E
. . . . . .of . . . . . . . . .25 . . . . . . . . . . 1.6
. . . . . . . .0.9 . . . .J
= =
............................................
-

.........................................................................................

5. A particle of mass 12 kg slides 3 m down a roof that makes an angle of 35 to the horizontal.
Find the decrease in potential energy.
0
............3 . . .m. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .PE
. . . . . . .mgh
=
............................................
h
. . . .(. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .=
. . . . . . . . . . . . . .350 . . . . 12X10 . . . . . . .350
. . . . . . . .✗. . 35in ...........................
206
. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .J
=
.....................................
.........................................................................................
.........................................................................................
.........................................................................................

6. A car of mass 1600 kg is driven 200 m along a straight horizontal road. The car starts with
a speed of 3 ms 1 and finishes with a speed of 20 ms 1. A constant resistance of 40 N acts.

(a) Find the acceleration of the car.

. . . . . . . .U2-12AS
. . . V2 =
..........................................................................
202 32 . . . .(.200
. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .+. . .2A . . . . ). . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
=

.....................................................................................
. . . . . . . . . .M52
. . . . . . 0.9F8
. . . .A
=
.................................................................
.....................................................................................
.....................................................................................

(b) Find the work done by the driving force.

.....................................................................................
Fnet MA
. . . . . . Fs
. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .W
=
=
...................................
df -

R = MA
. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .1604
=
. . . . . . .✗. .200
........................
40 1600 ×
. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .0.978
df . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 320800
=

. . . . . . . . . . . .J
-

=
......................
1604
. . . . .df . . . . . . KJ
. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .321
= =
...........................
.....................................................................................

Page 2 of 5
 • Work-energy principle:

change of energy = total work done

Example

7. A car of mass 1600 kg is driven 200 m along a straight horizontal road. The car starts with
a speed of 3 ms 1 and finishes with a speed of 20 ms 1. A constant resistance of 40 N acts.
Find the work done by the driving force.

.........................................................................................
A b
.........................................................................................
.........................................................................................
. .Change . . . . . . . . .놀m
. . . . .K.E
. . . . . . . . . . .of =
. . . . . . . 슬마사
. . . . .남
-

.................................................
. . .✗. . .1600
...........................늘 =
. . . . . . . . .)
. .202-32
. . . . . .X. . ( .....................................
.........................................................................................
. . . . . . . . . . .J
. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .312800
=
...................................................
.........................................................................................
B =
. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .40
. .WR . . . . . . . . . . .8000
. . .200
...× . . . . . . . .J. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
= =

.........................................................................................
. . .>. . . .Change
. . . . . . . . . . Of . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .하떼
. . . . .Energy =
. . . . . . . Gone
. . . . . . . . work ....................................
. . . . . . . . . . .8000
. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Wolf
. . . . . . . . . . . . .312800
=
......................................
-

320800
. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .Wolf
. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .J. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
=

=
. . . . . . .KJ
. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .321 ............................................
.........................................................................................
.........................................................................................
.........................................................................................
.........................................................................................
.........................................................................................
.........................................................................................
.........................................................................................
.........................................................................................
.........................................................................................
.........................................................................................
.........................................................................................
.........................................................................................
.........................................................................................

Page 3 of 5
 8. A and B are two points 50 m apart on a straight path inclined at an angle ✓ to the horizontal,
where sin ✓ = 0.05, with A is above the level B. A block of mass 16 kg is pulled down the
path from A to B. The block starts from rest at A and reaches B with a speed of 10 ms 1.

The work down by the pulling force acting on the block is 1150 J.

(a) Find the work done against the resistance to the motion.

.# . . . . . . . . .스
. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .SM0 =
.......................................
50
50
................m .....................................................................
h
h SM0
. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .50
. . . . . . . . . . . . .50 . . 0.05
=
. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .0 . . . .×
=

-
. . .(. . . . . .B .....................
.....................................................................................
.Change . . . . .K
. . . . . . . . . . .Of . . . . . . . .#
. .E =
. . .x. . (. .102
. . . . .16 . . . . . . . . .800
. . . . . .아) =
. . . . .J. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
-

.....................................................................................
. Change . . . . .PE
. . . . . . . . . . .Of . . . . .h
. . . . . . . . . . mg . . .×. . .10. . .✗. . .(-50×0.05)
. . . . . . . . . .16
= =
...............................
. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .= . . . . . . . . .J
. . . . .-400 .................................................
.....................................................................................
. . .>. . .Change
. . . . . . . . . .Of . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .하계
. . . . Energy =
. . . . . . . . .Work
. . . . . . . Gone
.................................
. . . . . . . . . .800 . . . .(. . .400
. . . . . . .t . . . . . . . . . . .WR
. . . .). . . . . . . . . . 1150
-
=
....................................
-

. . . . . . . . . . . F50
. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . WR =
. . . . . . . .J
...........................................
.....................................................................................
.....................................................................................
.....................................................................................

(b) The block is now pulled up the path from B to A. The work done by the pulling
force and the work done against the resistance to motion are the same as the case of
downward motion. Show that the speed of the block when it reaches A is the same as
its speed when it started at B.

. . R. . . . . .ㅋ
. . . .W =
. . . . .J
. . 50 ..................................................................
. . . . . . . . . 1150
. . . .냐 . . . . . . .J
=
.................................................................
. . . . Change . . . . .PE
. . . . . . . . . . . .of . . . . .400
. . . .= . . . . . .J
.................................................
.....................................................................................
. . . . . . Change . . . . . . . . . . . . . .Total . . . . . . .d
→
. . . . . .Energy
. . . . . . . . . . . of =
. . . . . . . .work . . One
...............................
. . . . . . . .Change . . . . .K. E
. . . . . . . . .of . . . .400
. . . .+ . . . . . . . . . . . .1150
=
. . . . . . . . . . F50
................................
-

. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .Change ....K
. . . . . . . . . . of . .E
. . . . . . .0
=
.........................................
. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .i.. .Speed ......A
. . . . . . . . at . . . . . . .Speed
=
. . . . .B
. . . . . . . . .at ...............................
.....................................................................................
.....................................................................................

Page 4 of 5
 • Power ! the rate of work or energy.

W E
P = or P =
t t
W F ⇥s
• Power of engine = = =F ⇥v
t t
where: P = power
W = work
E = energy
t = time
v = speed
The unit of power is watt (W).

Example

9. A car of mass 1250 kg is travelling along a straight horizontal road with its engine working
at constant rate of P W. The resistance of motion is R N. When the speed of the car is 19
ms 1, its acceleration is 0.6 ms 2, and when the speed of the car is 30 ms 1, its acceleration
is 0.16 ms 2. Find the values of P and R.

Fnet-madf-Ri.MG
.........................................................................................
.........................................................................................
. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .df-RE.mn
.......................................

무
. . . . . . . . . .R
-

. . . . . . .ma
=

뭐Em
........................................................................
.........................................................................................
P
. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . -12=1250×0.16
. . . . . . . . -12=1250×0.6
믑 ㅎ
.........................................................................................
...................................

P
. . .P
. . . -1912=14250
. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . -3012=6000
.....................................
.........................................................................................
. .sdvesimultaneous.ly
.......................................................................................
:

. . . . . . . . . . . . . .p . . . . . . . .14250
. . . .19R
-
=
...............................................................
. . . . . . . . . . . . . .P. . . 30R . . . . .6000
. . . . . .=
-

.............................................................
11
. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .R. . . . . . .8250
=
..............................................................
R는
. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .750
..............................................................
.........................................................................................
....................P
. . . . . .14250+19×750
=
...............................................................
. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .28500
=
..............................................................

Page 5 of 5