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Astm E45-11
Astm E45-11
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such as carbides, nitrides, carbonitrides, borides, and interme- E1444 Practice for Magnetic Particle Testing
tallic phases may be rated using some of the microscopic E1951 Guide for Calibrating Reticles and Light Microscope
methods. In some cases, alloys other than steels may be rated Magnifications
using one or more of these methods; the methods will be 2.2 SAE Standards:3
described in terms of their use on steels. J422, Recommended Practice for Determination of Inclu-
1.2 This practice covers procedures to perform JK-type sions in Steel
inclusion ratings using automatic image analysis in accordance 2.3 Aerospace Material Specifications:3
with microscopic methods A and D. AMS 2300, Premium Aircraft-Quality Steel Cleanliness:
1.3 Depending on the type of steel and the properties Magnetic Particle Inspection Procedure
required, either a macroscopic or a microscopic method for AMS 2301, Aircraft Quality Steel Cleanliness: Magnetic
determining the inclusion content, or combinations of the two Particle Inspection Procedure
methods, may be found most satisfactory. AMS 2303, Aircraft Quality Steel Cleanliness: Martensitic
1.4 These test methods deal only with recommended test Corrosion-Resistant Steels Magnetic Particle Inspection
methods and nothing in them should be construed as defining Procedure
or establishing limits of acceptability for any grade of steel. AMS 2304, Special Aircraft-Quality Steel Cleanliness:
1.5 The values stated in SI units are to be regarded as the Magnetic Particle Inspection Procedure
standard. Values in parentheses are conversions and are ap- 2.4 ISO Standards:4
proximate. ISO 3763, Wrought Steels—Macroscopic Methods for As-
1.6 This standard does not purport to address all of the sessing the Content of Nonmetallic Inclusions
safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the ISO 4967, Steel—Determination of Content of Nonmetallic
responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appro- Inclusions—Micrographic Methods Using Standard Dia-
priate safety and health practices and determine the applica- grams
bility of regulatory limitations prior to use.
2
For referenced ASTM standards, visit the ASTM website, www.astm.org, or
contact ASTM Customer Service at service@astm.org. For Annual Book of ASTM
1
These test methods are under the jurisdiction of ASTM Committee E04 on Standards volume information, refer to the standard’s Document Summary page on
Metallography and is the direct responsibility of Subcommittee E04.09 on Inclu- the ASTM website.
3
sions. Available from SAE International (SAE), 400 Commonwealth Dr., Warrendale,
Current edition approved June 1, 2011. Published June 2011. Originally PA 15096-0001, http://www.sae.org.
4
approved in 1942. Last previous edition approved in 2010 as E45 –10´1. DOI: Available from American National Standards Institute (ANSI), 25 W. 43rd St.,
10.1520/E0045-11. 4th Floor, New York, NY 10036, http://www.ansi.org.
Copyright © ASTM International, 100 Barr Harbor Drive, PO Box C700, West Conshohocken, PA 19428-2959, United States.
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3.2.4 JK inclusion rating—a method of measuring nonme- such as deoxidation, desulfurization, and inclusion shape
tallic inclusions based on the Swedish Jernkontoret procedures; control additives as well as refractory and furnace liner
Methods A and D of these test methods are the principal JK compositions must be employed with the microanalytical
rating methods, and Method E also uses the JK rating charts. results to determine if an inclusion is indigenous or exogenous
3.2.5 stringer—an individual inclusion that is highly elon- 4.5 Because the inclusion population within a given lot of
gated in the deformation direction or three or more Type B or steel varies with position, the lot must be statistically sampled
C inclusions aligned in a plane parallel to the hot working axis in order to assess its inclusion content. The degree of sampling
and offset by no more than 15 µm, with a separation of less than must be adequate for the lot size and its specific characteristics.
40 µm (0.0016 in.) between any two nearest neighbor inclu- Materials with very low inclusion contents may be more
sions. accurately rated by automatic image analysis, which permits
3.2.6 threshold setting—isolation of a range of gray level more precise microscopic ratings.
values exhibited by one constituent in the microscope field. 4.6 Results of macroscopic and microscopic test methods
3.2.7 worst-field rating—a rating in which the specimen is may be used to qualify material for shipment, but these test
rated for each type of inclusion by assigning the value for the methods do not provide guidelines for acceptance or rejection
highest severity rating observed of that inclusion type any- purposes. Qualification criteria for assessing the data devel-
where on the specimen surface. oped by these methods can be found in ASTM product
4. Significance and Use standards or may be described by purchaser-producer agree-
ments. By agreements between producer and purchaser, this
4.1 These test methods cover four macroscopic and five
practice may be modified to count only certain inclusion types
microscopic test methods (manual and image analysis) for
and thicknesses, or only those inclusions above a certain
describing the inclusion content of steel and procedures for
severity level, or both. Also, by agreement, qualitative prac-
expressing test results.
tices may be used where only the highest severity ratings for
4.2 Inclusions are characterized by size, shape, concentra-
each inclusion type and thickness are defined or the number of
tion, and distribution rather than chemical composition. Al-
fields containing these highest severity ratings are tabulated.
though compositions are not identified, Microscopic methods
place inclusions into one of several composition-related cat- 4.7 These test methods are intended for use on wrought
egories (sulfides, oxides, and silicates—the last as a type of metallic structures. While a minimum level of deformation is
not specified, the test methods are not suitable for use on cast
structures or on lightly worked structures.
5
Available from ASTM International Headquarters. Order Adjunct No.
4.8 Guidelines are provided to rate inclusions in steels
ADJE004502. Original adjunct produced in 1983..
6
Available from ASTM International Headquarters. Order Adjunct No. treated with rare earth additions or calcium-bearing com-
ADJE004501. Original adjunct produced in 1983.. pounds. When such steels are evaluated, the test report should
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procedure used may also consist of length measurements or counts of inclusions, or among heats, care must be taken to sample at the correct stage
both. of processing.
NOTE 2—a denotes distance equal to surface removal. parallel to the longitudinal axis of the billet and at least 19 mm
FIG. 2 Quarter Section Specimen from Round Section for (0.75 in.) in the longitudinal radial plane, with the polished
Magnetic Particle Test, Forging and Machining face midway between the center and the outside of the billet.
Such midway sampling is used to decrease the number of
8. Test Specimen Geometry specimens polished and examined. Other areas, such as the
center and the surface, may be examined as well, provided the
8.1 The minimum polished surface area of a specimen for sampling procedure used is stated in the results. A billet or bar
the microscopic determination of inclusion content is 160 about 50 to 100 mm (2 to 4 in.) round or square is the preferred
mm2 (0.25 in.2). It is recommended that a significantly large size from which specimens should be taken; however, larger or
area should be obtained so that the measurements may be made smaller sizes may be used, provided the product sizes are
within the defined area away from the edges of the sample. The reported with the results.
polished surface must be parallel to the longitudinal axis of the 8.3 Thin Sections (Product Section Sizes 9.5 mm (0.375 in.)
product. In addition, for flat-rolled products, the section shall Thick or Less; Strip, Sheet, Rod, Wire, and Tubing)—Full cross
also be perpendicular to the rolling plane; for rounds and section longitudinal specimens shall be cut in accordance with
tubular shapes, the section shall be in the radial direction. In all the following plan:
cases, the polished surface shall be parallel to the hot-working
axis. Studies have demonstrated that inclusion length measure-
ments are significantly affected if the plane of polish is angled
more than 6° from the longitudinal hot-working direction.9
8.1.1 Sections less than 0.71 mm in thickness shall not be
analyzed using Test Methods E45.
8.2 Thick Section (Product Section Size Greater than 9.5
mm (0.375 in.) Thick, Such as Forgings, Billet, Bar, Slab,
Plate, and Pipe):
8.2.1 For wide products, the one-quarter point along the
product width is commonly used to provide representative
material.
8.2.2 For round sections, the manner of cutting a specimen
from a 38 mm (1.5-in.) diameter section is shown in Fig. 3. A
disk at least 12 mm (0.474 in.) thick is cut from the product.
9
Allmand, T. R., and Coleman, D. S., “The Effect of Sectioning Errors on
Microscopic Determinations of Non-Metallic Inclusions in Steels,” Metals and
Materials, Vol 7, 1973, pp. 280–283. FIG. 4 Specimen from Large Bar or Billet for Microscopic Test
Particles within 615 µm of the centerline of a B-type stringer Analysis,” Microstructural Science, Vol 10, Elsevier Science Publishing Co., Inc.,
are considered to be part of that stringer. The Type C-Silicate NY, 1982, pp. 277–290.
NOTE 1—The square mask will yield a field area of 0.50 mm2 on the specimen surface. A graphic representation of the maximum thickness of the Thin
and Heavy series of Types A, B, C, and D is on the left. Several oversized Type D are depicted on the right for convenience.
FIG. 5 Suggested Reticle or Overlay Grid For Methods A, D, and E
NOTE 1—Systematically scan the entire masked area. Methods A, B, C, and E permit adjustment of the field locations in order to maximize a severity
level number or facilitate a measurement. For Method D, the fields must remain contiguous and only features within the field are compared to Plate I-r.
NOTE 2—Method D will require a larger (10 3 17 mm) test area to facilitate placement of enough contiguous, 0.71 mm square fields to total 160 mm2
of polished surface area.
FIG. 6 Typical Scan Pattern for Microscopic Methods
11.8 The fields shown in Plate I-r represent the total lengths inclusion or inclusion stringer still contributes to the determi-
of the A inclusions, the total stringer lengths of B and C nation of a field’s Severity Level Number. Therefore, if an A,
inclusions, the number of D inclusions, and their respective B, or C inclusion is oversized either in length or thickness that
limiting widths or diameters. If any inclusions are present that portion that is within the field boundaries shall be included in
are longer than the fields shown in Plate I-r, their lengths shall the appropriate Thin or Heavy severity level measurement.
be recorded separately. If their widths or diameters are greater Likewise, if an oversize D inclusion is encountered in a field,
than the limiting values shown in Plate I-r and Table 2, they it is also included in the count that determines the D heavy
shall be recorded separately. Note that an oversize A, B, or C rating. For reference, illustrations of large, globular oxides
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or isolated (not part of a stringer and aspect ratio < 2); and then 0.
by thickness. Isolated, globular particles are rated as D-types 12.2.3 Move the microscope stage to reveal an adjacent field
by their average thickness. Complex Ds may be predominantly and repeat the comparison procedure. Continue this process
(>50 % by area) sulfides or oxides and should be identified as until the required polished surface area of the specimen has
such. For example, if the oxide area is greater in a globular been scanned. A typical scan configuration is shown in Fig. 6.
oxysulfide, it could be called a DOS type. Stringered complex This method requires adjustment of the microscope stage to
particles are rated by the aspect ratio of the individual particles; maximize an inclusion severity level. That is, the field of view
if < 2, they are B-types, if $ 2 they are A- or C-types (separate is adjusted using the microscope stage controls, such that
by gray level). For those complex inclusions with aspect ratios inclusions are moved inside the square mask in order to locate
$ 2, they are classified as A-types if more than 50 % of the the worst field. In practice, the rater is actually scanning the
area is sulfide and C-types if more than 50 % of the area is specimen and stopping only when a potential worst field of
oxide. Report the composition, in general terms, to avoid each type and thickness is in view.
confusion, and state the nature of the inclusions, for example, 12.3 Manual Expression of Results:
“globular calcium aluminates encapsulated with a thin film of
calcium-manganese sulfide,” or “irregular aluminates partially
or fully embedded in manganese sulfide stringers.” 11
This method is similar to the Jernkontoret Method, Uppsala, Sweden (1936).
oxide. If the charts are used to rate carbides or nitrides, content of the material based on microscopic Methods A and D.
chemical composition information may also be determined and 12.5 Image Analysis Procedure:
reported. 12.5.1 Place the specimen on the microscope stage so that
12.4 Image Analysis Introduction—The inclusions on the the specimen surface is perpendicular to the optical axis. With
surface of a properly prepared as-polished metallographic an inverted-type microscope, simply place the specimen face-
specimen are viewed with a high-quality, metallurgical micro- down on the stage plate and hold in place with the stage
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FIG. 11 Relationship between Severity Rating and the Minimum FIG. 12 Relationship between Severity Rating and the Minimum
Total B-Type Stringer Length for Plate I-r and Table 1 Total C-Type Stringer Length for Plate I-r and Table 1
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2.5 Thin 0 1 0 0 1 0 0.3
Heavy 0 1 0 0 0 0 0.2
Type C
0.5 Thin 0 0 0 0 1 0 0.2
Heavy 0 0 0 0 0 0 0
1.0 Thin 0 0 0 0 0 0 0
Heavy 0 0 0 0 0 0 0
1.5 Thin 0 0 0 0 0 0 0
Heavy 0 0 0 0 0 0 0
2.0 Thin 0 0 0 0 0 0 0
Heavy 0 0 0 0 0 0 0
2.5 Thin 0 0 0 0 0 0 0
Heavy 0 0 0 0 0 1 0.2
Type D
0.5 Thin 35 33 28 32 47 29 34.0
Heavy 9 4 5 6 9 9 7.0
1.0 Thin 13 10 20 9 12 41 17.5
Heavy 0 2 2 1 2 4 1.8
1.5 Thin 0 0 4 0 0 6 1.7
Heavy 0 0 0 0 0 0 0
2.0 Thin 0 0 0 0 0 0 0
Heavy 0 0 0 0 0 0 0
2.5 Thin 0 0 0 0 0 0 0
Heavy 0 0 0 0 0 0 0
Max D Size 0.0305 mm 0.0254 mm 0.0254 mm
(0.0012 in.) (0.001 in.) (0.001 in.)
TABLE 5 SAM Rating (Method E) results. The image analyzer should produce a digital resolution
B-Type ratingA,B D-Type RatingA,C of 1.0 µm/pixel minimum when a 103 objective is used. A
No. of No. of No. of higher digital resolution obtained at a higher power objective
“B” “B” “D”
Observed
Thin
Observed
Heavy
Observed
Heavy
Units may be used, if desired.
Fields Fields Fields
12.5.4 Select the gray-level threshold settings to permit
not recorded 0.5 not recorded 0.5 5 0.5 (1)
not recorded 1.0 2 1.0 2 1.0 (2)
independent detection of sulfides and oxides (see 10.2.2).
3 1.5 1 1.5 1 1.5 (3) 12.5.5 When detecting sulfides, a false image (called the
1 2.0 0 2.0 0 2.0 (4) halo effect) may be detected around the periphery of oxides in
0 2.5 0 2.5 0 2.5 (5)
the same field. This problem can be corrected by the use of an
A
Total area observed = 1.5 in.2 (Based on the total area of six sample locations auto-delineation feature or by application of appropriate algo-
as recommended in 7.1. Each sample area is equal to 0.25 in.2.)
B
SAM rating = (3 3 1.5) + (1 3 2) + (2 3 1) + (1 3 1.5) = 10 4 1.5 = 7. rithms to the binary image. Choice of the most satisfactory
C
SAM rating = (5 3 1) + (2 3 2) + (1 3 3) = 124 1.5 = 8. approach depends upon the image analysis system used.
12.5.6 Set the stage controls to move the specimen in a
possible. A deviation of less than 60.05 mm2 from the required square or rectangular pattern with contiguous field alignment
0.50-mm2 area will not significantly impair measurement so that a minimum of 160 mm2 is examined and evaluated.
men per lot, the average number of fields for each severity Repeat the measurement procedure. Take care that any inclu-
rating, inclusion type, and thickness may be calculated (see sion measured in the previous field is not remeasured. Continue
Table 4). this process until the required polished surface area of the
12.6.5 Data for inclusions or stringers that are oversized in specimen has been scanned. A typical scan configuration is
either length or width, or both, should be reported separately. shown in Fig. 6.
Report the inclusion type, measured width, and length (for
13.3 Expression of Results:
Types A, B, and C).
13.3.1 The determination for each specimen shall be di-
12.6.6 Fields with zero severity levels may be further
vided into two parts, as follows:
classified, if desired, as either blank (no inclusions of a
particular type and width category are present) or non-ratable 13.3.1.1 The length of the longest inclusion shall be re-
(inclusions are present but their length is below the 0.5 severity corded first. It shall be supplemented to describe the inclusion
limit or their width is < 2 µm), or their diameter is < 3 µm. width by a superscript T for thin or H for heavy. A thin
12.6.7 Information pertaining to the composition of the inclusion is defined as being 10 µm (0.0004 in.) or less in width
inclusions (Types A to D) may be provided if desired. For rare over more than 50 % of its entire length. Likewise, a heavy
earth- or calcium-treated steels, or other steels with nontradi- inclusion must have a thickness of 30 µm (0.012 in.) or more
tional deoxidation approaches, the chemical composition of the over the majority of its length. Inclusions greater than 10 µm
inclusions, in general terms, must be reported with each rating. but less than 30 µm wide shall not be represented by a T or H
Microanalytical techniques may be required to obtain such superscript. Supercripts d (disconnected), vd (very discon-
information if the operator is not able to identify the inclusions nected), and g (grouped) may also be used to describe the
by light optical examination. degree of connectivity or clustering as illustrated in Fig. 8.
12.6.8 Supplementary stereological data determined during 13.3.1.2 The average length of all inclusions one unit and
analysis may be included in the test report as desired. Stan- longer in length, but excluding the longest inclusion, shall be
dardization of such test data is not governed by this practice reported as a single number, followed by a superscript denoting
(see Practice E1245). the number of inclusions averaged.
13.3.2 When required, a series of comparison photomicro-
13. Method B (Length) graphs at 1003, which illustrates all other nonmetallic par-
13.1 Introduction—This test method requires a survey of a ticles present, may be used to characterize the background
160 mm2 polished surface area of the specimen at 1003. Any appearance of the specimen. If used, these shall be labeled A,
this method.
14.2 Procedure: 15. Method D (Low Inclusion Content)
14.2.1 This method utilizes a rectangular mask that will
present a field area of 0.83 mm2 (0.001289 in.2) on the 15.1 Manual Introduction—This test method is intended for
specimen surface. The rectangular mask shall have sides equal application to steel with low inclusion contents, as the severity
to 0.79 3 1.05 mm (0.03125 3 0.04125 in.) on the specimen levels shall be reported in 1⁄2 increments. It requires a survey of
surface (see Fig. 9). a 160 mm2 polished surface area of the specimen at 1003.
14.2.2 Either of two techniques may be used to mask off a Every square 0.50 mm2 (0.000779 in.2) field on the polished
field of the required size. One method is to project the 1003 surface is examined for inclusion Types A, B, C, and D and
image from the microscope to a viewing screen equipped with compared with the square fields depicted on Plate I-r. The
a rectangular mask having sides 79.0 3 105.0 mm. Another result of this every field comparison is recorded and tallied.
option is to have a reticle made for the microscope, which will 15.2 Manual Procedure:
superimpose the required rectangular mask directly onto the 15.2.1 A field shall be defined as a square with 0.71 mm
field of view. (0.02791 in.) long sides. See Fig. 5. This will result in a field
14.2.3 To begin, outline the required test area on the area of 0.50 mm2 on the specimen. Either of two techniques
specimen surface using either an indelible marker or a carbide- may be employed to achieve the square field. One method is to
tipped scribe. Place the specimen on the microscope and start project the 1003 microscope image onto a viewing screen that
the examination with a field in one of the corners of the marked has a square mask (with 71.0 mm sides) drawn on it. Another
test area. The longer side of the rectangular mask shall be option is to have a reticle made for the microscope, which will
parallel to the rolling direction. Compare this field with the superimpose the required square mask directly onto the field of
images on Plate II and record the number of the frame that view (see Fig. 5).
most resembles the oxide or silicate stringers, or both, present. 15.2.2 To begin, outline the required test area on the
It is important to note that if an inclusion’s size falls between specimen surface using either an indelible marker or a carbide-
two of the numbered frames on Plate II, it shall be rounded tipped scribe. Place the specimen on the microscope and start
down to the lower whole number. Also, stringered inclusions the examination with a field in one of the corners of the
shall be classified as two distinct inclusions when they are specimen. Compare this field with the images on Plate I-r.
separated by at least 40 µm (0.0016 in.) on the specimen Classify the inclusion content of the field based on the rules
surface or offset by more than 15 µm. listed in Section 11 concerning Type, and thickness of inclu-
14.2.4 Move the microscope stage to reveal an adjacent field sions present. Record the Severity Level Number for each
and repeat the comparison procedure with Plate II. Continue inclusion type (A, B, C, and D) that most resembles the field
this process until the required polished surface area of the under observation. Do this for both the Thin and Heavy series.
specimen has been scanned. A typical scan configuration is It is important to note that if a field of inclusions falls between
two severity levels it is rounded down to the nearest severity
level. Therefore, a field that contains fewer inclusions, or less
13
A series of four photomicrographs of low carbon steel, previously printed as inclusion length, than severity level 1⁄2 is recorded as a 0.
part of Test Methods E45, may be obtained from ASTM Headquarters. Order
ADJE004501. 15.2.3 Move the microscope stage to reveal an adjacent field
14
This method is similar to SAE Recommended Practice J422. and repeat the comparison procedure with Plate I-r. The fields
specimen are viewed with a high-quality, metallurgical micro- so that a minimum area of 160 mm2 is examined and evaluated.
scope. The bright-field image is picked up by a suitable Other measurement areas may be used based on producer-
television camera and transferred to the image analyzer screen. purchaser agreements.
Image analysis software is then used to evaluate the inclusion 15.5.7 Use a previously written computer program to sepa-
content of the material. rate the inclusion images by type and thickness, then calculate
15.5 Image Analysis Procedure: severities based on length or number based on the rules listed
15.5.1 Place the specimen on the microscope stage so that in Section 12. The program should also store results, control
the specimen surface is perpendicular to the optical axis. With stage movements (if an automated stage is used), and generate
an inverted-type microscope, simply place the specimen face- the test report.
down on the stage plate and hold in place with the stage 15.5.8 If the width of an A inclusion, or a B or C stringer,
clamps. With an upright-type microscope, place the sample on varies and becomes less than 2 µm over part of its length,
a slide and level the surface using clay or plasticene and a detect as much of it as possible and calculate the severity based
hand-leveling press. Certain upright microscopes can be on the detected length. For specimens from wrought products
equipped with an autoleveling stage for mounted specimens. If with high degrees of reduction, where the majority of the
the sample must be leveled using clay, the tissue paper placed inclusions are < 2 µm thick, based on producer-purchaser
between the specimen surface and the leveling press ram may agreement, the minimum thickness of the thin series can be set
adhere to the surface and present artifacts for measurement. In
some cases, adherent tissue can be blown off the specimen
surface. An alternative procedure to avoid this problem is to 15
Forget, C., “Improved Method for E1122 Image Analysis Nonmetallic
place an aluminum or stainless steel ring form, which has been Inclusion Ratings,” MiCon 90: Advances in Video Technology for Microstructural
flattened slightly in a vise to an oval shape, between the sample Control, ASTM STP 1094, American Society for Testing and Materials, Philadel-
and the ram. If the specimen was mounted, the ring form will phia, 1991, pp. 135–150.
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COPYRIGHT/).