Proceedings of the Second International Conference on Artificial Intelligence and Smart Energy (ICAIS-2022)

IEEE Xplore Part Number: CFP22OAB-ART; ISBN: 978-1-6654-0052-7

A High-Efficiency Power Generator by Footsteps

Using Piezoelectric Effect
LOGESHWARAN M J. JOSELIN JEYA SHEELA M.E., PARVATHI PRIYA A M.Sc., M.Phil.,
(Ph.D.) (Ph.D.)
2022 Second International Conference on Artificial Intelligence and Smart Energy (ICAIS) | 978-1-6654-0052-7/22/$31.00 ©2022 IEEE | DOI: 10.1109/ICAIS53314.2022.9742855

Department of electronics and

communication engineering Assistant professor Assistant professor
R.M.K Engineering college Department of electronics and Department of science and humanities
R.S.M. Nagar, Kavaraipettai-601206 communication engineering R.M.K Engineering college
Tiruvallur District, Tamil Nadu, India R.M.K Engineering college R.S.M. Nagar, Kavaraipettai-601206
loge20239.ec@rmkec.ac.in R.S.M. Nagar, Kavaraipettai-601206 Tiruvallur District, Tamil Nadu, India
Tiruvallur District, Tamil Nadu, India app.sh@rmkec.ac.in
jjn.ece@rmkec.ac.in

Abstract— Electricity is one among the major concerns in
this modern world. Many methods had been discovered till this
date. But still energy is in demand. By implementing power
harvesting system, portable devices can be developed further, so
there is no dependency on traditional powering methods. One of
the methods of obtaining power through a system is by the
deployment of piezoelectric materials. In this paper, a
piezoelectric generator is developed, that produces electricity. A
Piezoelectric generator is a generator that converts mechanical
energy and, produce electricity from vibration and pressure.
Thus, this paper explains the employment of piezoelectric
sensors mounted beneath the flooring to harvest energy, from
vibrations generated by people walking, which can then be
employed to generate and store energy. A lithium- based battery
is adopted to store the energy produced by piezoelectric sensors.
Then, the electricity is boosted up by a DC booster module.
Thus, the proposed system and, the application of this generated
electricity in feet of humans is very much useful for populated
nations. Thus, this project power generation by piezoelectric
generator which is cost- effective and, easy-to-implement.
Keywords— Piezoelectricity, Piezoelectric sensors, Bridge
rectifier, Charging module, Lithium polymer battery, Power
Generation
I. INTRODUCTION
Energy harvesting have been a subject of debate and
evaluation among researchers. In the last decade,
developments in low-power electronics, particularly Wireless-
sensor networks, have fuelled several studies in the field of
Energy Harvesting [1]. Therefore, there is a demand of
energy, unearthing and exploiting and more energy sources
had become a need to this world. Energy- Harvesting is a
technique of extracting energy from an external source and
using it to either directly drive machines or store it for later
use. Some traditional methods of Energy-harvesting are wind
farms, solar farms, tidal energy farms, geothermal energy
farms, and many more. The deployment of these resources has
risen by leaps and, bounds since the invention of technology
[2]. Piezoelectric- Energy Harvesting is a latest and
revolutionary idea in the history of energy harvesting. In this
paper, an idea is proposed by connecting several piezo crystals
to obtain higher power rate. Piezo Crystals can produce
Voltages, of v smaller values. So, they can drive, low powered
devices. The output-voltage of piezoelectric generator is set
on by a Number of parameters, including the piezoelectric
element employed, its packing density, the sort of strain
applied to it, the electronic circuitry used to handle the pulse
created, the storage device, and the load attached to it. The
output power brings forth by a simple rectifier is highly
dependent on the load attached [3]. These are the appropriate
solution for a long-lasting micro-power generator, since they
provide substantial power to run low- power Electronic
devices, such smart wireless sensors that only dissipate just
several milli- watts [4]. Hence, piezo energy harvesting comes
under the group of micro-scale energy harvesting. Because,
the amount of pressure exerted is directly proportional
towards the Electrical-energy created, piezoelectric materials
play an important role. The deployment of the piezoelectricity
idea in actuality has the potential to make a massive effect by
lowering the cost of power consumption for a given
construction [5]. However, numerous models had been
developed to date, but almost all produce a low power rate,
making them unsuitable for any purpose. As a conclusion, a
methodology is presented, that produces more output-power,
while also being more reliable and, having a simpler power
conversion procedure., The sources is first given to the crystal
and then power is formed. Because the generated power is AC,
the bride rectifier transforms it to DC, a technique known as
rectification. Finally, the Dc supply is linked to the battery,
which will be stored, and then to the USB module, which will
be utilized for any application. Piezo-electric Effect is the
capacity of certain Materials or, crystals to create an electric-
Charge in response to the Applied mechanical-stress. One of
the distinguishing Characteristics is that, It is reversible,
which means that materials with the direct piezo-electric
effect frequently have the reverse piezo-electric effect. When
you compress or apply pressure to a piezo crystal, the forces
between the charges become unbalanced. Because the
influence of the charges (dipole moments) does not cancel out,
net positive and net negative charges emerge on opposing
sides of the Piezo crystals. You created piezoelectricity by
squeezing or applying pressure to the piezoelectric crystal's
opposite sides. When the external Electrical-field is reversed,
it either expands or compresses the piezoelectric Materials.
Piezoelectric material include barium titanate, lithium niobate,
quartz, tourmaline, Rochelle salt, topaz, and others.
Piezoelectric materials operate as transducers, converting the
pressure exerted by moving humans into electrical current.
II. RELATED WORKS
Amat A. Basari, Sosuke Awaji, Shintaro Sakamoto, Seiji
Hashimoto, Bunji Homma, Kenji Suto proposed a system
energy harvesting via employing a piezoelectric ceramic disc.
A model of a particular human-step Piezoelectric plate impact,

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 Proceedings of the Second International Conference on Artificial Intelligence and Smart Energy (ICAIS-2022)
IEEE Xplore Part Number: CFP22OAB-ART; ISBN: 978-1-6654-0052-7
powered harvester, comprising of a PiezoTransducer disc, was
examined on a hydraulic pressing machine, at different
strengths and, impact velocities. A piezo-electric ceramic disc
with a width of 44mm and, a thickness of 10mm was able to
convert, force of 0.75 kN with a velocity of 600mm/min into
an average power-Output of up to 14.5𝜇W over a resistive
load of 500k when, force of 0.75 kN with a velocity of
600mm/min was supplied [6]. Here, the study of piezo cell is
carried out. One cell is considered, so it produces an output of
14.5𝜇W for 0.75 kN, which is relatively low output power.
This low power cannot be implemented in any application
areas.
N, Kong, and, D.S. Ha’s research describes a low-power
energy Harvesting device that can extract few milliwatts from
vibration. Several low-power design strategies are explained
conducive to minimize the suggested system's power
dissipation, and causes of energy losses are investigated
conducive to increase power efficiency. Our system uses a
discontinuous conduction mode (DCM) flyback conversion
with constant on-time modulation. Maximum power point
tracking (MPPT) is achieved with a single active sensor using
the DCM function of a flyback converter. MPPT is done by
dynamic resistive matching and, is performed at intermittent
different intervals owing to a relatively modest change, in the
operating environment, by a microcontroller unit (MCU). The
MCU works at a reduced clock frequency, while MPPT is not
activated to just save power. The proposed approach harvested
Upto 8.4 mW using, 4 Parallel piezo-electric Cantilevers over,
0.5-g acceleration-base and, achieves 72 percent Efficiency of
Power, around the resonance Frequency of 47 Hz, according
to experimental data [7]. This circuit uses discontinuous
conduction mode (DCM) flyback conversion, in which the
circuit is more intricate. Also, the Output-power is very less,
in which it cannot be deployed for any applications.
Zhang et al. completed a detailed numerical simulation on
harvested energy in asphalt, pavement, highways. The results
revealed that, motorways built over a soft subgrade base
produce more energy. They further mentioned that critical
Parameters including, the depth of embedded discs, the
location of the wheels in correlation to the Harvester, the
vehicle speed impacted the electrical output. Whenever, the
moving load passed through Transducer, the values were the
highest. Under normal traffic conditions, the highest
instantaneous power production for a single-wheel load, and
four-wheel load is 41.2 and, 47.26 mW, correspondingly. We
also discovered that, the Energy gathered from a four-single-
wheel load cannot be calculated simply by increasing the
single-wheel load by 4 [8]. This model is built by soft
subgrade base. Also, the Output-power is very less, in which
it cannot be employed for any applications.
Hongbing Wang and, Chunhua Sun suggested an unique
square canister energy-Harvester, for extracting energy off
asphalt pavement. The harvester's square was extremely
useful for composing a large-scale harvester array, from
asphalt pavement. The piezoelectric constant d33 of the
piezoelectric-Ceramic were employed, to intend the
harvester's Open-circuit voltage. The solitary harvester
embedded in the Asphalt Pavement was modelled using
parametric study. When, the buried depth was raised, the Open
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-circuit voltage fell. The harvester's proper buried depth
should be between 30 and 50 mm. At a vehicle load of 0.7
MPa, a single harvester buried beneath 40 mm pavement
yielded a voltage- output of roughly 64.442 V. In the
harvester, 0.047 mJ electrical power could be acquired. At a
15 Hz vehicle load, the Power created was around 0.705 mW
[9]. ABAQUS is employed here, to carry out the mechanical
structure. Since, this proposed system produced an output of
0.705 mW, which is comparatively very low.
At Virginia Tech, Xiong investigated with a piezo- electric
Harvesting System, comprises of numerous cylindrical piezo
Materials, that are squeezed by road tires. The creation of a
unique piezo-electric Energy Harvester (PEH) to capture the
large quantity of energy, lost by automobiles on public
highways is detailed. The PEH converts the deformation
energy caused by driving vehicles, on the sidewalk into
Electrical-Energy. This structure generated voltages range of
400 V to 700 V and, electric currents ranging from 0.2 to 0.35
mA under a traffic level, of 4000 cars per day. By calculating
voltage by current, the appropriate Power -Output was
calculated, producing a Power- range of 0.08 to 2.1 Watts per
unit [10]. This method approached PEH method, but the
output is comparatively low. The equipped PEH produces an
average power-output of 3.106 mW. According to the
findings, of the determined testing, only 14.43% of the applied
load was exploited.
TABLE I. OUTPUT POWER AND AMPERE OF EXISTING PROJECTS
Work Power Ampere
[6] 14.5𝜇W 50𝜇A
[7] 8.4mW -
[8] 47.26mW -
[9] 0.705mW -
[10] 0.08-2.1W 0.2-0.35mA
Table I represents the Power -Output and the ampere
produced in existing projects. By comparing the other existing
works, this proposed project produces more Power, than the
existing ones.
III. PRINCIPLE
Whenever, the crystal of a piezo-electric sensor is put
through Mechanical stress, a potential difference generates on
opposing sides of the Crystal (by squeezing it). The scientific
word for an atom or molecule whose atoms or, molecules are
structured in an extremely orderly pattern based on repeats of
the same fundamental atomic building block is a crystal. What
we have here is more like Three- dimensional, patterned
wallpaper than a crystal, like a climbing frame. The structure
of the Unit cell (the fundamental repeating unit) is
Symmetrical in most crystals. However, piezoelectric crystals
are not solids. Typically, piezoelectric crystals are electrically-
neutral, meaning that the atoms within the crystal are
completely balanced electrically, even if they are not
symmetrically ordered. A Positive-Charge at one location in
the crystal call off a neighbouring negative charge. The
Effects of the Charges, cancel each other out, leaving the
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 Proceedings of the Second International Conference on Artificial Intelligence and Smart Energy (ICAIS-2022)
IEEE Xplore Part Number: CFP22OAB-ART; ISBN: 978-1-6654-0052-7
crystal-faces with no net charges. (To be more explicit, in the
Crystal, the electric dipole moment-vector lines that separate
the opposing charges cancel out perfectly.) Squeezing or
stretching the piezoelectric crystal, causes the entire crystal to
deform, forcing certain atoms closer or farther apart,
disturbing the balance of Positive and, Negative -- Charges
and, causing Net electrical-charges to emerge on the crystal's
surfaces. The charges' effects (dipole moments) No longer
cancelled out, resulting in net Positive and, net negative
charges on opposing sides of the piezo-electric sensor. By
compressing the crystal, you've created a voltage all across
piezoelectric sensor's opposing faces—and that's
piezoelectricity. The direct piezo-electric effect and, the
converse piezo-electric effect are two different types of
piezoelectric effects. It would be thermodynamically
appropriate to ignore the presence of an effect in an
application.
Figure 1: Schematic Diagram of Piezoelectric Sensor
IV. PROPOSED SYSTEM
Piezoelectric Materials exhibits the possessions of
piezoelectricity, according to which the supplication of any
kind of Mechanical stress or mechanical deformation, leads to
the source of electric-voltage that is, proportional to the
applied Mechanical stress. Piezo Ceramics fit into the class of
Ferroelectric materials. This effect is most common in Piezo-
electric Ceramics such as PZT, PbTiO3, and PbZrO3. The
heart of the today’s footstep power generator is by the
deployed of piezoelectric sensor, which works by Applying
pressure as shown in Figure 2.
Figure 2: Working of Piezoelectric Sensor
In current tread force generators, piezoelectric materials
play a leading role, so it is very dominant because, PZT and
PVDF are the most usual used piezoelectric crystals.
Therefore, these two crystals were analysed, to select the most
suitable crystal for this project. The selection is focusing on
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the optimal output-voltage under various applied pressures.
The amount of electric power created by piezoelectric material
when we apply our body weight varies depending on
Temperature of the crystal. All characteristics, including
maximum current, Voltage, and Wattage, are dependent on
the kind of piezoelectric material as well as the material's size.
Depending on the architecture, a piezoelectric transducer can
generate voltages ranging from a few millivolts to tens of
volts. Piezoelectric sensors can apply up to 1,000 psi of
pressure and, measure up to 5 volts of voltage. The majority
of commercially available piezoelectric transducers for
amateur use generate voltages in the 10mV to 100mV range.
Well, it depends mostly on two factors: the type of
Piezoelectric material and the Size of the Piezoelectric
material. Since, the power output of the existing system
produces a low power as a output, this power cannot be
applied in real-time. Moreover, the existing systems, utilized
more complicated circuits, which makes the conversion
process more complex. So, a model is made into existence,
which produces more power, than the existing works.
Additionally, the circuit is simpler and, small, so that the
converting process is simpler, than the existing works.
Figure 3: Flowchart of Piezoelectric Generator
Figure 3 describes the process of piezoelectric generator
system which comprises piezoelectric sensors, a bridge
rectifier, charging unit and, a Battery. The Number of piezo-
electric sensors involved in this structure is 10. At first, source
is applied on the piezo crystal, in order to generate electricity.
Piezoelectric sensors are the sensors that generate Alternating-
Current (AC). Therefore, the output need to be rectified to
Power, a DC load. As a solution, a bridge rectifier is
employed. A rectifier is a device, which converts Alternating-
Current (AC) into Direct-Current (DC). When comparing to a
rectifier, with a three - wire inputs, from a transformer, with a
Center-tapped Secondary winding, a bridge rectifier provides
Full rectification, from a 2-wire AC input, leading in cheaper
cost and, weight. A diode bridge's most important property, is
that the outputs polarity remains constant, independent of the
polarity at the inputs. Since, piezoelectric elements are
dielectrics in nature, and the output-current has capacitive
parallel impedance. Correspondingly, the output-power of
piezoelectric components, is highly turn on the DC output
voltage. There are certain parameters to output-power
Generated by piezo disc to convert into DC voltage are
1. full-bridge (FB)
2. half-bridge with bypass diode (HBBD)
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IEEE Xplore Part Number: CFP22OAB-ART; ISBN: 978-1-6654-0052-7

To convert the AC Voltage into DC voltage, a general- energy, engendered by Piezo-electric tile, can be Power-up,
purpose diode i.e.,1N4001 series is employed. Here, full- for low-power appliances as shown in Figure 12.
bridge method is employed to rectify the current-source and
this procedure is called as rectification. A Full-wave rectifier
permits the unidirectional current, to flow through the load,
during the entire sinusoidal. A full- wave rectifier transforms
the entire input as its output into one constant polarity
(Positive or, Negative).

Figure 6: Circuit Diagram

Figure 4: Symbol of Diode

Figure 5: Full-Bridge Rectifier

Figure 7: Proposed Structure
The piezoelectric sensors' generated Energy, needed to be
stored. This project's mission is to achieve this. Henceforth,
the Energy is stockpiled in a Lithium polymer battery. It has
High open-circuit voltage, low self-discharge rate, no memory
effect, and a gradual energy loss of charge while not in use,
lithium polymer batteries offer one of the finest energy-to-
weight ratios. Henceforth, a lithium polymer battery is
employed. Instead, a lithium-ion battery might be used. A
Lithium battery charging module is linked directly from
rectifier to recharge the Li-po battery. Thus, Power from the
battery, may be extracted and, linked to the low- Powered
load.

V. RESULTS AND DISCUSSION Figure 8: Internal Structure

The prospective to deploy the energy, cause by the
vibration, to recharge the battery, has been previously been
performed by many papers which takes lots of process to
store the energy. But, a method is proposed, in which the
energy, can be stored easily. A Mechanical structure is made,
to give rise to electricity. Figure 7 shows the proposed model
and, Figure 8 shows the internal structure of the system.
Inside that, many numbers are of piezo sensors are installed.
By applying to pressure, to the structure, the piezo sensors
will get the vibration and the sensors will give electricity as
the output, which is shown in Figure 10. Then, the produced
voltage is rectified and, converted into, DC Voltage. So, a
Bridge rectifier is involved. Next, a DC-DC booster module
is attached. After Passing down the circuit, the electricity will
be accumulated, in battery, as shown in Figure 11. A lithium Figure 9: Constructed Circuit
– polymer battery is deployed, to store the energy. Thus, the

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If, it is deployed in a crowded place with footsteps as an

input, 2 steps are made in one second. The Time-Required for
4000 steps is

= 4000/ (60 × 2)
=33.33 minutes. (Approximately)

Figure 10: Power Generation

Figure 13: Graph of power output of existing and proposed

work

Here, the power output of the various existing models is

Figure 11: Recharging the battery
compared with the proposed experimental results. From the
above graph, shown in Figure 13, the proposed work
produced more power than, any other existing models,
presented in the paper. By comparing the other models, the
proposed work produced the power of 5 watts (Ampere = 1A)
and, a voltage of 5 volts.

Piezoelectric sensors work by applying pressure on them.

So, it has a vast application in day-to-day life from where we
can bring about Electricity. In this project, piezoelectric
sensors are implemented under the flooring. Since we apply
pressure on the floor to walk, run, or jump, this pressure helps
the piezo sensors to bring on Electricity. The place where can
we install Piezoelectric sensors are Roads, Highways, Speed
breakers, Platforms, Parks, Staircase, walkways.
Additionally, we can install it in commercial places like
malls, offices, schools, colleges, etc. where more people used
to walk. By this way, it can give power to UPS, servers, etc.
in offices, colleges and, schools. Further, we can set up a
Figure 12: Power Supply charging station in public places, airports, railway stations,
malls, parks, and offices so that the people can charge their
mobile-phones and laptops. It is capable of supporting and,
Total of Ten piezoelectric sensors are put in one square operating all USB charging devices. Installing on homes can
foot, to obtain the desired power. Because, piezoelectric help to shrink the consumption of alkaline batteries. Thus,
materials, respond differently to distinct types of footfalls, we alkaline batteries in TV remotes, toys, calculators, etc. can be
obtain easily replaced with this recharged battery. Not, only the
above application, but One can also install piezoelectric cells
Minimum voltage = 5 V per footstep where we apply pressure.
Maximum voltage= 15 V per footstep

If a single individual has a weight pressure of 50 kg.,

Using the footsteps of a 50 kg single person, it takes 800 steps
to raise by 5 volts in battery. The Number of steps required is

= (5 × 800)
= 4000 footsteps

Figure 14: Piezoelectric Sensors Under Flooring

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 Proceedings of the Second International Conference on Artificial Intelligence and Smart Energy (ICAIS-2022)
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The advancements in Piezo-electric materials but rather
devices are allowing for new ways to construct the materials,
while their integration with silicon systems is allowing for
further power to be delivered, where it is indispensable. With
the new current silicon technology, the energy consumption
of CPUs and wireless transceivers is falling, allowing
vibration Energy to be utilized more efficiently. The novel
Piezo- electric materials can offer the power required for
portable and, industrial applications with greater power
outputs and, increased efficiency when combined with
rechargeable Batteries and, low-power DC- DC converters.
VI. CONCLUSION
The conceptualization of creating electricity described
here, is called piezoelectricity, which means "electricity
under pressure." To achieve piezoelectricity, mechanical
pressure and, vibrations are being employed. The
piezoelectric sensors, as seen in the experiment, produce a
significant quantity of Power, that may be deployed to power
low-power electronic devices. The usage of batteries as forms
of energy, for these wireless gadgets, necessitates the
employment of energy collectors. Because, battery life is
limited, it needed to be Recharged as soon as possible after
use. This idea is a cost- effective and inexpensive energy
option for ordinary people who can generate their own Power.
Additionally, all the limitations in the existing works, are
overcame by this model. Since, the circuit is small, less
complex, the rectifying and, storing process is simpler, there
is no such limitations, in the proposed system. In a
metropolitan region where more power is needed, this
technology may be employed for a diversity of applications.
Furthermore, Based on findings, the system design achieves
the desire of generating power from piezoelectric sensors,
which is then used to build a mobile charging station. The
knowledge acquired, has the potential to draw out the life of
portable electronic gadgets per charge.
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 Proceedings of the Second International Conference on Artificial Intelligence and Smart Energy (ICAIS-2022)
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