24 Single-Phase Motors 41 INTRODUCTION ‘the most common type of electric commercial and industrial applicatic “phase motors are small-size motors of fractional- kilowatt ratings. Domestic appliances like fans, nixers, refrigerators, food processors and othe notors also find applications in air- ; lowers, office machinery, small power tools, dairy machinery, small farming equipment ete Single-phase motors are classified as follows : 1. Induction motors 2. Commutator motors 3. Synchronous motors motor is the single- ions. Singl Ya PRODUCTION OF ROTATING FIELD Consider two windings A and B so displaced that they produce magnetic fields 90° apart in space, 4s shown in Fig. 24.1 (a), Suppose that these winding produce magnetic fields equal in magnitude apart in time given by ® © Fig. 24.1. Production of a uniform magnettc field. 6694 = Om sin ot og = ®,, sin (wt + 90°) The waveforms of these fields are shown in Fig. 24.1 (b). The resultant of these two fields isa rotating magnetic field of constant magnitude ®,,. This rotating magnetic field may be representey by a phasor of constant magnitude ®,, as shown in Fig. 24.1 (c). This phasor describes a circle jn, each revolution (Fig. 24.1 (c)). Each revolution of the phasor corresponds to one cycle of the Supply frequency. Suppose that the two windings A and B are displaced 90° in.space but produce fields that are either not equal or:not 90° apart in time as shown in Fig. 24.2. The resultant of these two fields is again a rotating field but this field is variable in magnitude throughout each revolution. Similarly, the resultant of two fields displaced both in time and space by some angle other than 90 degrees is a nonuniform rotating field. A nonuniform magnetic field produces a. nonuniform torque which makes the. operation of the motor noisy. The other effect of nonuniform field is upon the starting torque. A motor having a more uniform rotat- ing field has the larger starting torque in com- Fig. 24.2. parison to a motor of the same rating having a nonuniform rotating field. mia SINGLE-PHASE INDUCTION MOTOR PRINCIPLE A single-phase induction motor consists of a single-phase winding mounted on the stator and 2 cage winding on the rotor. When a single-phase supply is connected to the stator winding a pulsating magnetic field is produced. By pulsating field we mean that the field builds up in one direction, falls to zero, and then builds up in the opposite direction. Under these conditions, the rotor does not rotate due to inertia. Therefore, a single phase induction motor is inherently not self-starting and requires some special starting means. If, however, the single-phase stator winding is excited and the rotor of the motor is started by an auxiliary means, and the starting device is then removed, the motor continues to rotate in the direction in which it is started. ‘Two theories have been suggested to analyse the performance of a single-phase induction motor, namely the dowble-revolving-field theory and the cross-field theory. Both, the theories are fairly complicated, and neither has any advantage over the other in numerical calculations Almost similar results are obtained with both the theories. These two theories explain why a torque is produced in the rotor once ic is turning. Here we shall discuss the double revolving field theory Sasa Double-Revolving-Field Theory of Single-Phase Induction Motors The double-revolving-field theory of single-phase induction motors basically states that a station”? pulsating magnetic field can be resolved into two rotating magnetic fields, each of equal magnitué® but rotating in opposite directions. The induction motor responds to each magnetic field separately and the net torque in the motor is equal to the sum of the torques due to each of the two magnet’ fields.uci PHASE MOTORS 4 6a The equation for an alternating magnetic field whose axii . 5 (@) = Brnax sin wt cos @ (24.3.1) is the maximum value of the si: i istri Ar cere Bg is the e sinusoidally distrib ir- i ee cond eae ae en ¥Y distributed air-gap flux density produced by , alternating : space-displacement angle measured from the axis of the stator winding, of frequency and a is s is fixed in space is given by . az 1... Since sin A cos B = 5 sin (A - B) +3 sin (A+B) Eq. (24.3.1) can be written as =i ir 2 (@) = 9 Bmax Sin (wt ~0) +2 Bax sin (wt + 0) (24.3.2) ‘The first term on the right-hand side of Eq. (24.3.2) represents the equation of a revolving feld moving in the positive a direction, It has a maximum value equal to 3 Bmax: The second term on the right-hand side of Eq, (24.3.2) represents the equation of a revolving field moving in the sepative @ direction. Its amptitude is also equal to 1 Bay. _ The field moving in the positive o direction is called the forward rotating field. The field moving in the negative a direction is called the backward rotating field. By definition, the positive direction is that direction in which the single-phase motor is started initially. It is to be noted that both the fields rotate at synchronous speed «, (= 2n/) in opposite directions. . Thus, 3 Bax sin (wt ~ @) is the forward field and $ Bmax sin (at + a) is the backward field _Itis therefore concluded that a stationary pulsating magnetic field can be resolved into two Totating magnetic fields, both of equal magnitude and moving at synchronous speed in opposite directions at the same frequency as the stationary magnetic field alternates. The theory based on Such a resolution of an alternating field into two counter rotating fields is called the double-re- “elving-field theory of single-phase induction motors. When tke rotor is stationary (that is, at stand still), the induced voltages are equal and Pesite. Consequently, the two torques are also equal and opposite. Hence, at standstill the net hat? is zero. In other words, a single-phase induction motor with single-stator winding inherently not starting torque. Lorqued°We¥er, if the rotor is given an initial duc Aue to the rotating field acting in the dir 28 the ;7e ther rotating field. Hence the motor. wi ‘nitial rotation. The motor will, therefore, rotation by auxiliary means in either direction the ection of initial rotation will be more than the torque ill develop a net positive torque in the same direction keep running in the direction of initial rotation. a./ 4 Torque (tind) ' t It 1 A Main winding | alone ! no ns @ Switch See opens © Fig. 24.4 Resistance split-phase motor (a) Phasor diagram (b) Torque-speed characteristic nain winding or the starting winding. The motor must be brought to rest for this purpose. That is, the reversal of rotation can be made only whea the motor is standstill but not while running. 24.5.2, Motor characteristics The starting torque of a resistance-start induction motor is about 1.5 times full-load torque. The maximum or pull-out torque is about 2.5 times full-load torque at about 75 per cent of synchronous, speed. The split-phase motor has a high starting current which is usually 7 to 8 times the full-load value 24.5.3 Applications Split-phase motors are cheap and they are most suitable for easily started loads where frequency of starting is limited. The common applications are washing machines, air-conditioning fans, food mixers, grinders, floor polishers, blowers, centrifugal pumps, small drills, lathes, office machinery, dairy machinery, etc. Because of low starting torques, they are seldom used for drives requiring more than 1 kW