CIRCULATORY SYSTEM

Explain the following

1. Plasma- fluid part of the blood
2. Haemoglobin- the red pigment found in red blood cells
3. antigen- protein found on the surface of RBC
4. Antibody- protein found in the blood plasma
5. Heart beat- A complete contraction and relaxation of the heart
6. Diastole- the relaxing phase of the chambers of the heart
7. Systole- the contracting phase of the chambers of the heart
8. Pericardium- the protective covering around the heart
9. Atria- Upper chambers of the heart
10. Ventricles- lower chambers of the heart
11. Septum- the muscular wall that separates the left side and right side of the
heart
12. Double circulation- Circulation of blood through the heart twice
13. Pulmonary circulation- circulation of blood through the heart and lungs
14. Systemic circulation- circulation of blood from the heart and all the body
organs except the lungs
15. Stethoscope- Instrument used to listen to the sound of heart beat
16. Palpitation- fluttering of the heart or abnormal heart rate
17. Cardiac arrest- stopping of heart beat completely or quivering
18. Hypertension- increased pressure on the walls of the heart and arteries
19. Sphigmomanometer- Instrument used to listen to the sound of heart beat

Name the following-

1. Fluid part of the blood- plasma 55-60%
2. Cellular parts of the blood- RBC, WBC and platelets 40-45%
3. Circulating fluids in human body- blood, lymph
4. Red pigment in the RBC- haemoglobin
6. Cells responsible for blood clotting- platelets
7. Protective covering of the heart- pericardium
8. Receiving Chambers of heart- atria/ auricles
9. Distributing chambers of heart- ventricles
10. Blood vessels which bring deoxygenated blood to the heart from all the
parts of the body - posterior (inferior) and anterior (superior) vena cava
11. Blood vessel that carries deoxygenated blood from the right ventricle into
the lungs for oxygenation- pulmonary artery
12. Blood vessels which bring oxygenated blood from the lungs to left Atrium-
Pulmonary veins
13. Blood vessel that carries oxygenated blood from the left ventricle to all the
parts of the body- aorta
14. The valve between the right Atrium and right ventricle- Tricuspid valve
15. The valve between the left Atrium and left ventricle- Bicuspid (mitral) valve
16. Valve at the origin of pulmonary artery- pulmonary valve
17. Valve at the origin of aorta- aortic valve
18. A device to measure heart beat- stethoscope
19. A device to measure blood pressure- Sphigmomanometer
20. The pacemaker of the heart- Sino-atrial node
21. Blood vessels which supply oxygenated blood to the heart muscles-
coronary arteries
22. Blood vessels entering the heart- Superior vena cava, inferior vena cava
and pulmonary veins
23. Blood vessels leaving the heart- Pulmonary artery and aorta
24. Blood groups in humans- A, B, AB & O

State the exact location and function of the following-

1. Pericardium- around the heart- protects the heart from mechanical injuries
2. Pericardial fluid- between the pericardium and walls of the heart- prevents
shocks
3. Tricuspid valve- between right Atrium and right ventricle- prevents backward
flow of blood from the right ventricle into the right Atrium
4. Bicuspid valve- between the left Atrium and left ventricle- prevents backward
flow of blood from the left ventricle into the left Atrium
5. Pulmonary valve- at the beginning of pulmonary artery- prevents backward
flow of blood from the Pulmonary artery into the right ventricle
6. Aortic valve- at the beginning of the aorta- prevents backward flow of blood
from the aorta into the left ventricle
7. Sino-atrial node (SAN)- in the upper wall of the right Atrium - generates
electric signals for the contraction of heart muscles
8. Heart- right in the centre of the chest cavity between the two lungs

Differentiate between the following

1. RBC, WBC & platelets (function)
RBC- transport of oxygen
WBC- protection from germs
Platelets- clotting of blood

2. Atrium and ventricle (type of chambers)

Atrium- receiving chambers
Ventricles- discharging/distributing chambers

3. Artery and vein (type and direction of blood carried)

Artery - carry oxygenated blood except pulmonary artery, carry blood away from
the heart
Vein- carry deoxygenated blood except pulmonary vein, carry blood towards the
heart

4. Tricuspid and bicuspid valves (location and function)

Tricuspid valve- between right Atrium and right ventricle- prevents backward
flow of blood from the right ventricle into the right Atrium
Bicuspid valve- between the left Atrium and left ventricle- prevents backward
flow of blood from the left ventricle into the left Atrium

5. Pulmonary and systemic circulation (flow of blood)

Pulmonary circulation- from right ventricle to the lungs and back to left atrium
Systemic circulation- from left ventricle to all the parts of the body and back to
right atrium

6. Superior and inferior vena cava (blood brought from)

Superior vena cava- from the upper parts of the body
Inferior vena cava- from the lower parts of the body

7. Left and right side of the heart (type of blood flowing)

Left side of the heart- oxygenated blood
Right side of the heart- deoxygenated blood

8. Pulmonary artery and Pulmonary vein (blood carried)

Pulmonary artery - deoxygenated blood
Pulmonary vein- oxygenated blood

9. Universal Donor and universal recipient (definition and blood groups)

Universal Donor - blood group which can donate blood to all types of blood
group- O group
Universal recipient- blood group which can receive blood to all types of blood
group- AB group

10. Systole and diastole (definition)

Systole - contracting phase of the heart
Diastole- relaxing phase of the heart

11. Blood and lymph (composition)

Blood- Plasma, RBC(erythrocytes), WBC(leukocytes) and
platelets(thrombocytes)
Lymph- Plasma and WBC

12. Inter-atrial septum and Inter-ventricular septum (function)

Inter-atrial septum- separates the atria/auricles
Inter-ventricular septum- separates the ventricles
Give reasons for the following

1. RBCs can transport oxygen but WBCs cannot because RBCs contain
haemoglobin and WBCs do not.

2. 'AB' blood group people can receive blood from all blood groups because
they do not have both A & B antibodies.

3. 'O' group people can donate blood to all the blood groups but cannot receive
blood from other blood groups because they have no antigens but have both A
& B antibodies.

4. Atria have thinner muscular walls than the ventricles because they only
receive the blood and pump it to the very next ventricles but ventricles have to
pump the blood to long distance.

5. Left ventricle has thicker muscular walls than the right ventricle because it
pumps the blood to farthest points of the body whereas right ventricle pumps
blood only up to the lungs for oxygenation.

6. Human circulatory system is said to have double circulation of blood because

blood enters and leaves the heart twice.

7. Circulatory system is needed in an organism for the transport of useful

substances to all the parts of the body and removal of wastes from the parts of
the body.

Draw neat labelled diagrams-

a) COMPOSITION OF BLOOD
INTERNAL STRUCTURE OF THE HEART

ANSWER THE FOLLOWING-

1. State the functions of blood.
a) Transport of oxygen, glucose, amino acids, wastes etc. to and from body
cells
b) protection of the body from germs by WBCs and clotting of blood by platelets

2. State the functions of lymph.

a) Acts as a ‘middle man’ between the blood and the body cells to assist in
material exchange
b) helps to defend our body from infections with its lymphocytes