FM URD 006 Research Revised Final

UNIVERSITY RESEARCH AND Document No.
: FM-URD-006
DEVELOPMENT CENTER Revision No.: 00
Effectivity Date: May 25, 2022
RESEARCH PROJECT Page 1 of 20
Morning Fuel and Monthly Woes: The Effects of Irregular Breakfast on the
Experience of Dysmenorrhea Among Grade 12 Female Students
A Research Proposal Presented to the Faculty of the Senior High School

University of St. Louis
Tuguegarao City, Cagayan
In Partial Fulfillment
of the Requirements for the Program
SENIOR HIGH SCHOOL
By:
Bacud, Maria Angelica T.
Castillejo, Psalm Eira Oliveanne P.
Dela Cruz, Sherry Mayne C.
Labbao, Kyla Rosheen L.
Pablo, Lorn Angelique S.
Palmea, Kristine Ashley C.
September 2023
Morning Fuel and Monthly Woes: The Effects of Irregular Breakfast on the Experience of Dysmenorrhea Among
Grade 12 Female Students| 1
UNIVERSITY RESEARCH AND Document No.: FM-URD-006
TABLE OF CONTENTS
Title Page
Title Page …….…………………………………………… 1
Dedication …….……………………………………………
Acknowledgement …….……………………………………………
Table of Contents ….………………………………………………
List of Tables …………………………………………………
List of Figures …….……………………………………………
Abstract …….……………………………………………
INTRODUCTION
Background of the Study ………………………………… 4
Research Questions ………………………………… 5
Significance of the Study ………………………………… 5
Literature Review ………………………………… 6
Research Paradigm ………………………………… 9
METHODS
Research Design ………………………………… 9
Locale of the Study ………………………………… 9
Respondents of the Study ………………………………… 9
Instrument ………………………………… 9
Data Gathering Procedure ………………………………… 10
Data Analysis ………………………………… 10
RESULTS ……..………………..…………………
DISCUSSION ……..………………..…………………
CONCLUSION ……..………………..…………………
RECOMMENDATIONS ……..………………..……………….
REFERENCES ……..………………..…………………
APPENDICES
A. Literature Matrix ……..………………..…………...……...
B. Code Guide ………..………………..…………..………….
C. Data Matrix ………..………………..…………..………..
D. Letter to the Vice President for Academics…………………
E. Letter to the Author of the Questionnaire….……….……….
F. Letter to the Respondents ………..………………..……….
G. Informed Consent ………..………………..…………..……
H. Questionnaire ……..………………..…………….….…..
CURRICULUM VITAE …….………………………………….
LIST OF FIGURES
Figure No. Title of Figure Page

1. Effects of Irregular Breakfast on the Experience
of Dysmenorrhea among Grade 12 Female Students…...….…… 5
INTRODUCTION
On the transition of being a girl to growing into a woman, some things will change, puberty will
strike and the inevitable will happen. One of the signs of entering womanhood is menstruation or is
commonly called the “monthly period”. Every woman has a unique experience with menstruation, it
could last for 2 to 7 days, one could bleed lightly or heavily, it could be normal (happens every month) or
irregular (little less or more often than once a month), but what women hate most about experiencing this
is the pain they would feel because of menstrual cramps. Menstrual cramps (dysmenorrhea) are throbbing
or cramping pains in the lower abdomen. It also includes pain that radiates to your lower back and inner
thighs. Other common symptoms are nausea, loose stools, headache, and dizziness. Many women have
menstrual cramps just before and during their menstrual periods (Pruthi, 2022). Women's severe
menstrual pain usually arises in the lower abdomen, lower back, and inner thighs. In the study of Kural
(2015), One third of the girls (34%) reported location of pain as diffused lower abdomen followed by
supra-pubic (22.8%), lower back (16%) and thighs (3.4%). Besides, 24% of the girls have reported option
“all,” i.e., they suffered from pain at all these locations.
Dysmenorrhea refers to the symptom of painful menstruation. Dysmenorrhea is classified as

either primary or secondary dysmenorrhea. Primary dysmenorrhea usually occurs in adolescence shortly
after menarche and is defined as painful menstruation without underlying macroscopic pelvic pathology.
Secondary dysmenorrhea is mostly due to an identifiable pathological condition such as endometriosis or
pelvic inflammatory disease. The onset of secondary dysmenorrhea usually occurs after several years of
menarche (Helwa, 2018). Dysmenorrhea (period pain) affects around three quarters of all women during
their reproductive life, and is especially common in young women in their teens and early adult life
(Armour, 2019). There are many factors that could cause dysmenorrhoea. According to Dr. Asha C.
(2022) the following are the factors that increase the risk of painful menstruation: overweight, smoking,
alcoholic (alcohol can prolong menstrual pain), women younger than age 30, early puberty at the age of
11 or younger, heavy bleeding during periods, irregular menstruation bleeding, and family history of
menstrual cramps.
Breakfast is known to be the most important meal of the day, but the act of not consuming a meal
in the morning after waking up has become a prevalent dietary behaviour in today's fast-paced society. In
the adolescent period, lifestyle patterns are developed, including breakfast consumption (Wang, 2016).
Irregular breakfast eaters (those who ate breakfast rarely or never; 3–4/week, 1–2/week, and 0/week
categories) (Heo, 2021). Many students intentionally skip breakfast, especially on school mornings due to
laziness of preparing their own breakfast, choosing to sleep rather than eating breakfast because of sleep
deprivation or because of their workload. Therefore, students in this age are prone to establish
unpatterned habits. Furthermore, an increasing number of adolescents are responsible for their own meal
preparation owing to a rise of students moving away from their homes to have quality education (Gong,
2022). According to a study by Melore (2021), aches and pains for women while menstruating can make
getting through the day feel like an impossible chore. Almost three in five women have taken off from
work because of how bad their period cramps felt. Most women experience some discomfort during
menstruation, especially on the first day. But in 5% to 10% of women the pain is severe enough to disrupt
their life.
In a study conducted by Priya (2020), it was revealed that dysmenorrhea occurs in female
students who skipped breakfast more than those who took breakfast. These highlight the need to further
explore the effect of dysmenorrhea experienced by the female Grade 12 students of USLT depending on
their habit of skipping breakfast. According to a study conducted by Helwa (2018), a high proportion of
female university students had dysmenorrhea and more than half of dysmenorrhic females had
moderate/severe pain and tended to skip academic classes because of painful menstruation. Among the
various nutritional and lifestyle factors investigated, skipping breakfast was the strongest predictor of
severity of dysmenorrhic pain. Therefore, this study aims to investigate the effects of irregular breakfast
on the occurrence and severity of dysmenorrhoea experienced by the female Grade 12 Students at the
University of Saint Louis Tuguegarao.
Research Questions
This study aims to investigate the effects of irregular breakfast on the occurrence and severity of
dysmenorrhea experienced by Grade 12 Students at the University of Saint Louis Tuguegarao.
Specifically, it aims to address the following research questions:
1. What is the profile of the respondents in terms of:

a. Frequency of Skipping Breakfast
b. Period Flow
c. Length of Menstruation
2. What is the level of pain intensity of dysmenorrhea in terms of irregular breakfast in the following:
a. Inner Thigh/Leg Pain
b. Back Pain
c. Lower Abdominal Pain
3. Is there a significant relationship between the level of pain intensity of dysmenorrhea and irregular
breakfast?
Research Hypothesis
There is no significant relationship between the level of pain intensity of dysmenorrhea and irregular
breakfast.
Significance of the Study
The main beneficiaries of this study are the Grade 12 students, for the study will provide them
information on the effects of skipping breakfast on dysmenorrhea. Additionally, this study will provide
information about other factors that may affect dysmenorrhea and recommendations to prevent or reduce
the pain of dysmenorrhea experienced by female students. The parents and guardians will also benefit
from this research because it will help them in educating their children on how to prevent or lessen
dysmenorrhea and encourage them to eat meals regularly. Third, the school nurses will benefit in a way
that they will be able to effectively treat student’s suffering from dysmenorrhea to improve the well-
being of these students. Fourth, the society at large, this study will help them better understand the
effects of irregular breakfast to the health of females and its effects to their menstruation to help promote
and practice healthy eating habits that can extend beyond adolescence into adulthood. In the long term, a
healthier and better-informed adolescent population can have positive societal implications. This
includes potentially reducing healthcare costs associated with menstrual health issues and promoting
healthier eating habits that can extend beyond adolescence into adulthood. Lastly, the future researchers
will benefit from this study to gain more knowledge to open new doors of learning. The result of this
study could serve as a guide for future researchers who intend to conduct similar research on the research
problem.
Literature Review
This study is anchored on The Planned Behavior Theory proposed by Icek Ajzen (1985). The
Theory of Planned Behavior (TPB) postulates that the likelihood of an individual engaging in a health
related behavior (for example, regular exercise) is correlated with the strength of his or her intention to
engage in that behavior. A behavioral intention represents an individual's commitment to act and is itself
the outcome of a combination of several variables. According to the TPB, the factors that directly
influence intentions to engage in a health behavior include the person's attitudes toward the behavior,
the person's perception of subjective group norms concerning the behavior, and the extent to which the
person perceives him- or herself to have control concerning the behavior (Fishbein, 2002).
TBP has three factors, first is the attitude, it determines the attitude or view of the person in a
negative or positive way that affects their consumption of breakfast. Second is the subjective norms
where the people around influence the decision to eat. And third is the perceived behavioral control, this
is the ability to control the eating of breakfast considering factors such as time and access to food affect
the irregular eating of breakfast. Therefore, this theory is associated with this study in a way that it
provides knowledge about the psychological factors that influence a person's decision whether to eat
breakfast or not. This theory will help us to better understand the irregular eating habits of people,
specifically grade 12 students and why they act in this manner and why it often occurs for them to skip
breakfast.
Effects of Dysmenorrhea on Women’s Quality of Life
According to Ullah et al. (2021)’s study about the Prevalence of Dysmenorrhea and
Determinants of Pain Intensity Among University-Age Women, dysmenorrhea is a common health
concern among young women and negatively affects their quality of life. This assertion finds support
in the study of Armour et al. (2019), where it states that over two-thirds of young women report having
or experiencing this condition. Kazama, Maruyama, & Nakamura (2015) defines dysmenorrhea as
experiencing moderate to severe menstrual pain, which adversely affects daily activities. Additionally, a
study conducted by Mammo, Alemayehu, & Ambaw (2022) says that it can be divided into two broad
categories of primary and secondary but primary dysmenorrhea is the most commonly reported
gynaecological and menstrual disorder.
Dysmenorrhea may manifest due to various triggers. Among the recurring factors contributing to
its onset is Lifestyle and Nutritional habits, which are both emphasised by the studies of Abu Helwa et
al. (2018), Onieva-Zafra et al. (2020) and Bajalan, Alimoradi, & Moafi (2019). Age also takes a pivotal
role, supported with research from Ullah et al. (2021), Hu et al. (2020), and Husnah (2018) indicating
that the pain is more intense among individuals with early menarche. Other factors such as Menstrual
flow contribute to the complexity of dysmenorrhea. In accordance with this, these factors not only
trigger but also directly affect the duration, pain intensity, and frequency of dysmenorrhea which makes
it more challenging for women to perform daily activities.
One domain where the effect of dysmenorrhea is particularly pronounced is in the academic
aspect. As noted by the study of Armour et al. (2019), the impact of dysmenorrhea on education was
significant, with 20% of young women being absent and 40% reporting negatively affected classroom
performance. In a similar study made by Karanth and Liya (2018), it is also the leading cause of
absenteeism, hindering their academic progress and performance.
Key Risk Factors Associated with Dysmenorrhea
Menstrual complaints have been the subject of several research, and a number of elements have
been suggested as probable causes or aggravating factors in both their onset and intensity. Various studies
have identified a range of risk factors associated with dysmenorrhea and menstrual disorders. These risk
factors include earlier age at menarche, longer menstrual periods, heavier menstrual flow, family history
of dysmenorrhea, reduced frequency of breakfast meals per week, low BMI, high WH-ratio, minority
status, being underweight, lower family income, irregular menstrual cycle, maternal history of
dysmenorrhea, and skipping breakfast (Karanth, 2018; Dhar, 2023; Hu, 2020). According to the study
conducted by Boyacioglu, 2021, these risk factors can increase the severity of symptoms of
dysmenorrhea.
Another study conducted by Tadese, 2021, shows that Chocolate consumption was identified as
an important determinant of dysmenorrhoea, with the risk being three times more common among
students who consumed two bars of chocolate per day. Another study states that, factors causing
hypersecretions include age, BMI, early menarche, prolonged menses, premenstrual syndrome, pelvic
inflammation, mental disorder, and previous sexual attack (Naraoka, 2023). Among these risk factors,
skipping breakfast is found to be the most determinant for the intensity of dysmenorrhea.
These studies collectively emphasise the need for comprehensive approaches to address and
manage menstrual health, recognizing the intricate interplay of various factors, both controllable and non-
controllable. Such an approach is crucial in providing effective support and interventions for individuals
experiencing menstrual complaints, with particular attention to factors like skipping breakfast, which
consistently emerges as a significant determinant of dysmenorrhea intensity among the diverse range of
risk factors identified.
Dysmenorrhea and Breakfast: The Lifestyle Connection
Many existing literature including Boyacioglu(2021)’s study show that lifestyle, and dietary
habits can affect a woman's menstrual health. The habit of skipping breakfast, eating junk foods, and
having a non-vegetarian diet which can be a person’s dietary habit and is a reason for nutritional
deficiency which is linked to reproductive dysfunctions and irregular menses for it increases the chance
of suffering from lower abdominal pains, headaches and mood swings(Wang et al., 2016; Dhar et al.,
2013) and may induce obstetric and gynecologic disease in the future( Fujiwara et al., 2023). Therefore, it
is significantly associated with menstrual problems.
The lifestyle also has a direct effect on one's risk of dysmenorrhea and menstrual pattern. Women
who do not engage in regular physical activity are more prone to premenstrual symptoms. It is suggested
that they change their lifestyle patterns (Rupa, 2013; Taheri et al., 2020). Additionally, short sleeping
hours and staying up late at night have been linked to the occurrence of dysmenorrhea. Negi (2018) found
that sleep affects the onset of puberty by altering the pattern of melatonin secretion, thus a short sleeping
time or a late bedtime may also affect dysmenorrhea and its symptoms.In several studies about the effects
of skipping breakfast to dysmenorrhea, the respondents were students, because it is more likely for them
to develop a habit of skipping breakfast. (Alihabi 2019, Eittah 2014, Hu et al., 2020, Karanth 2018,
Kazama, et at., 2015, Naraoka et al., 2022, Muge 2016, Onieva-Zafra et al., 2020, Audhi 2015, Tadese et
al., 2021, Ullah et al., 2021, Wang et al., 2016,). In a study by Priya (2017) it was found that out of 90
students, 82% were found to have been skipping breakfast for more than 3 days a week. The study also
revealed that dysmenorrhea was more in girls who skipped breakfast than those who had breakfast. These
findings were consistent with the findings in the study done by Hayam A., which stated that skipping
breakfast is associated with reproductive dysfunction and gynecologic disorders, specifically
dysmenorrhea.
These pieces of information convey that the overall menstrual health is affected by numerous
things that are done in our day to day life, especially one’s dietary habits, including the meals that are
consumed which is the focus of this study, specifically skipping breakfast. These data give all the more
reason for research to be done in this area to gain a deeper understanding on how skipping breakfast
affects the experience of dysmenorrhea among the Grade 12 students of the University of Saint Louis-
Tuguegarao.
Research Paradigm
Independent Variable Dependent Variable

Profile of the Experience of
respondents in terms of: Dysmenorrhea in terms
of:
 Frequency of
Skipping  Inner Thigh
Breakfast /Leg Pain
 Period Flow  Back pain
 Length of  Lower
Menstruation Abdominal Pain
Figure 1: Effects of Irregular Breakfast on the Experience of Dysmenorrhea among Grade 12 Female
Students
This figure illustrates that the respondents' profiles, including the frequency of skipping breakfast,
period flow, and length of menstruation, will be analyzed to evaluate the effect of skipping breakfast on
the experience of dysmenorrhea.
Research Design
A descriptive comparative quantitative research design will be used by the researchers to

determine the effects of irregular breakfast eating to the dysmenorrhea experienced by the Grade 12
female students of the University of Saint Louis Tuguegarao.
Locale of the Study
This study will be conducted at the University of Saint Louis in Tuguegarao City, Cagayan. The
researchers decided this as the locale of the study because there are a good number of women who have
irregular breakfast eating patterns.
Respondents of the Study
The respondents of this study will be the Grade 12 female students of the University of Saint
Louis Tuguegarao who irregularly have breakfast. The researchers will use a purposive sampling
technique in selecting the respondents. The criteria in selecting the respondents is based if they
irregularly have breakfast and if they experience dysmenorrhea.
Research Instrument
The researchers will gather data using questionnaires. The questionnaire is divided into two parts:
Profile of the Respondents and Effects of Irregular Breakfast Eating on Dysmenorrhea. Under the Profile
of the Respondents, there are three categories; body clock, frequency of skipping breakfast, and period
flow. Effects of Irregular Breakfast on Dysmenorrhea consisting of 15 questions which were modified
from the questionnaires of the studies by Martin R.L. et al. (2006), Rand Health Care (2020), Dr. Marc
Cabanne (2023).
Data Gathering Procedures
The researchers will send a letter to the VP of Academics to seek approval to conduct the study.
Once approved, the researchers will inform the research adviser about the distribution of questionnaires.
The questionnaires will be distributed to the Grade 12 female students, who will be given enough time to
complete them. Afterward, the researchers will collect the respondents’ response and will organize the
gathered data. After gathering all the data, the researchers will consult a statistician for assistance in
selecting the right statistical methods and understanding the results. The researchers will formulate
conclusions and suggestions for this study based on the data.
Data Analysis
The profile of the respondents will be analyzed by using frequency count and percentage, the
results of the effects of irregular breakfast on dysmenorrhea will be analyzed by using mean. Lastly, the
results from the questionnaire answered by the respondents will be analyzed using the Chi-Square Test.
REFERENCES
Abeer Allihabi (2019) Premenstrual Syndrome- Prevalence, Severity and Effect on Academic
Performance: A Comparative Study between Students of Medicine and Literature. J Womens
Health Gyn 6: 1-18. http://www.jscholarpublishers.com/articles/JWHG/Premenstrual-
Syndrome.pdf
Armour, M., Parry, K., Manohar, N., Holmes, K., Ferfolja, T., Curry, C., MacMillan, F., & Smith, C.
(2019). The Prevalence and Academic Impact of Dysmenorrhea in 21,573 young Women: A
Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis. Journal of Womens Health, 28(8), 1161–1171.
https://doi.org/10.1089/jwh.2018.7615
Associated with Primary Dysmenorrhea among Chinese Female University Students: A Cross-sectional
Study. Journal of Pediatric and Adolescent Gynecology, 33(1), 15–22.
https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jpag.2019.09.004
Audhi, S. (2015, April 4). Impact of LifeStyle and Dietary Habits on Menstrual Cycle of College
Students. International Journal of Science and Research (IJSR).
https://www.ijsr.net/archive/v4i4/SUB153744.pdf
Bajalan, Z., Alimoradi, Z., & Moafi, F. (2019). Nutrition as a potential factor of primary dysmenorrhea:
A Systematic review of observational studies. Gynecologic and Obstetric Investigation, 84(3),
209–224. https://doi.org/10.1159/000495408
Boyacioglu, N. E., Gokdemir, F., & Özcan, N. K. (2021). Investigation of factors related to menstrual
and premenstrual symptoms. Archives of Health Science and Research, 8(1), 46–55.
https://doi.org/10.5152/archealthscires.2021.20057
Dhar, S., Mondal, K. K., & Bhattacharjee, P. (2023). Influence of lifestyle factors with the outcome of
menstrual disorders among adolescents and young women in West Bengal, India. Scientific
Reports, 13(1). https://doi.org/10.1038/s41598-023-35858-2
Diet, Menstrual Pain and other Menstrual Characteristics among Spanish Students. Nutrients, 12(6),
1759. https://doi.org/10.3390/nu12061759
Eittah, A. (2014). Effect of breakfast skipping on young females’ menstruation. Effect of Breakfast
Skipping on Young Females’ Menstruation. https://www.itmedicalteam.pl/articles/effect-of-
breakfast-skipping-on-young-females-menstruation.pdf
Fujiwara, T., Nakata, R., Ono, M., Adachi, Y., Yoshikawa, H., Hosono, T., Fujiwara, H., Daikoku, T., &
Ando, H. (2023). Dietary Habit-Induced Gynecologic Disorders in Young Female students -
Lessons from Rodent Experiments-. In IntechOpen eBooks.
https://doi.org/10.5772/intechopen.1001294
Gong, W. J., Fong, D. Y. T., Wang, M. P., Lam, T. H., Chung, T., & Ho, S. (2022). Skipping breakfast
and eating breakfast away from home were prospectively associated with emotional and
behavioral problems in 115,217 Chinese adolescents. Journal of Epidemiology, 32(12), 551–
558. https://doi.org/10.2188/jea.je20210081
Helwa, H. a. A., Mitaeb, A. A., Al-Hamshri, S., & Sweileh, W. M. (2018). Prevalence of dysmenorrhea
and predictors of its pain intensity among Palestinian female university students. BMC
Women’s Health, 18(1). https://doi.org/10.1186/s12905-018-0516-1
Heo, J., Choi, W., Ham, S., Kang, S. B., & Lee, W. (2021). Association between breakfast skipping and
metabolic outcomes by sex, age, and work status stratification. Nutrition & Metabolism, 18(1).
https://doi.org/10.1186/s12986-020-00526-z
Hu, Z., Tang, L., Chen, L., Kaminga, A. C., & Xu, H. (2020). Prevalence and Risk Factors Associated
with Primary Dysmenorrhea among Chinese Female University Students: A Cross-sectional
Study. Journal of Pediatric and Adolescent Gynecology, 33(1), 15–22.
https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jpag.2019.09.004
Husnah, H. (2018, August 23). Association Between Breakfast to Dysmenorrhea Degree on Students
SMAN 2 in Banda Aceh, Indonesia. World Nutrition Journal, 2(1), 26.
https://doi.org/10.25220/wnj.v02.i1.0006
Karanth, S., & Liya, S. R. (2018). Prevalence and risk factors for dysmenorrhoea among nursing student
and its impact on their quality of life. International Journal of Reproduction, Contraception,
Obstetrics and Gynecology, 7(7), 2661. https://doi.org/10.18203/2320-1770.ijrcog20182483
Kazama, M., Maruyama, K., & Nakamura, K. (2015). Prevalence of dysmenorrhea and its correlating
lifestyle factors in Japanese female junior high school students. Tohoku Journal of
Experimental Medicine, 236(2), 107–113. https://doi.org/10.1620/tjem.236.107
Mammo, M., Alemayehu, M., & Kassie, G. A. (2022). Prevalence of primary dysmenorrhea, its
intensity and associated factors among female students at high schools of Wolaita Zone,
Southern Ethiopia: Cross-Sectional Study design. International Journal of Women’s Health,

Volume 14, 1569–1577. https://doi.org/10.2147/ijwh.s384275
Melore, C. (2021, July 08.) Nearly 60% of women have called out of work because of painful period
cramps. Study Finds. https://studyfinds.org/women-period-cramps-menstrual-pain/?
fbclid=IwAR23jIhELnOtlPa0v-
WWg1IKRpdRHhRuKKRhLJUmnsFnwtT8WjmMBX0BMHQ
Menstrual cramps - Symptoms & causes - Mayo Clinic. (2022, April 30). Retrieved from
https://www.mayoclinic.org/diseases-conditions/menstrual-cramps/symptoms-causes/syc-
20374938#:~:text=During%20your%20menstrual%20period%2C%20your,with%20more
%2Dsevere%20menstrual%20cramps.
Naraoka, Y., Hosokawa, M., Minato-Inokawa, S., & Sato, Y. (2023). Severity of Menstrual Pain Is
Associated with Nutritional Intake and Lifestyle Habits. Healthcare, 11(9), 1289.
https://doi.org/10.3390/healthcare11091289
Negi, P., Mishra, A., & Lakhera, P. (2018). Menstrual abnormalities and their association with lifestyle
pattern in adolescent girls of Garhwal, India. Journal of Family Medicine and Primary Care,
7(4), 804. https://doi.org/10.4103/jfmpc.jfmpc_159_17
ÖNER, Ahmet, Ayse, & Muge. (2016). Premenstrual syndrome and life quality in Turkish health
science students. Turkish Journal of Medical Sciences, 46.
https://journals.tubitak.gov.tr/cgi/viewcontent.cgi?article=2577&context=medical
Onieva-Zafra, M. D., Fernández‐Martínez, E., Abreu-Sánchez, A., Iglesias-López, M. T., Padilla, F. M.

G., González, M. P., & Parra-Fernández, M. L. (2020). Relationship between Diet, Menstrual
Pain and other Menstrual Characteristics among Spanish Students. Nutrients, 12(6), 1759.
https://doi.org/10.3390/nu12061759
Priya A, Dandotiya D, Toppo M et al. Effect of Skipping Breakfast on Young Girls’ Menstruaion. Ind J
Youth Adol Health 2017; 4(3): 17-20 https://doi.org/10.24321/2349.2880.201720
Tadese, M., Kassa, A., Abeje, A., & Altaye, G. (2021). Prevalence of dysmenorrhoea, associated risk
factors and its relationship with academic performance among graduating female university
students in Ethiopia: a cross-sectional study. BMJ Open, 11(3), e043814.
https://doi.org/10.1136/bmjopen-2020-043814
Taheri, R., Ardekani, F. M., Shahraki, H. R., Heidarzadeh ‐Esfahani, N., & Hajiahmadi, S. (2020).
Nutritional Status and Anthropometric Indices in relation to Menstrual Disorders: A Cross-
Sectional Study. Journal of Nutrition and Metabolism, 2020, 1–7.
https://doi.org/10.1155/2020/5980685
Tuli, M. (2023, April 1). Dysmenorrhea - types | risk factors | cause | signs | symptoms | diagnosis |
treatment. https://www.icliniq.com/articles/womens-health/dysmenorrhea
Ullah, A., Fayyaz, K., Javed, U., Usman, M., Malik, R., Arif, N., & Kaleem, A. (2021). Prevalence of
dysmenorrhea and determinants of pain intensity among University-Age women. Pain
Medicine, 22(12), 2851–2862. https://doi.org/10.1093/pm/pnab273
Wang, M., Zhong, J., Wang, H., Zhao, M., Gong, W., Pan, J., Fei, F., Wu, H., & Yu, M. (2016).
Breakfast Consumption and Its Associations with Health-Related Behaviors among School-
Aged Adolescents: A Cross-Sectional Study in Zhejiang Province, China. International Journal
of Environmental Research and Public Health, 13(8), 761.
https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph13080761
Warreman, E. B., Lambregts, M. M. C., Wouters, R. H., Visser, L. G., Staats, H., Van Dijk, E., & De
Boer, M. (2019). Determinants of in-hospital antibiotic prescription behaviour: a systematic
review and formation of a comprehensive framework. Clinical Microbiology and Infection,
25(5), 538–545. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cmi.2018.09.006
APPENDICES
QUESTIONNAIRE
Instructions:
Kindly provide an accurate and honest response to the questions asked in the following pages. Please be
assured that your answers will be handled with utmost confidentiality and will be utilized solely for the
purpose of our research study. Your participation is appreciated in helping us gather meaningful insights.
Thank you for your cooperation!
Part I: Profile of the Respondents
Name [Optional]: ______________________________________________
Frequency of Skipping Breakfast

1-2 times a week
3-4 times a week
More than 5 times a week
Menstrual Period Flow

Light (1-2 pads a day)
Moderate (3-4 pads a day)
Heavy (More than 5 pads a day)
Length of Menstruation
1-3 days
4-7 days
More than 7 days
Part II: Effect of Irregular Breakfast on Dysmenorrhea
A. BACK PAIN
1. Have you had lower back pain during menstruation when you skipped breakfast?
Yes
No
If Yes, please rate the intensity of the pain in your lower back by placing a dot (.) through the pain scale
below.
2. Have you had upper back pain during your period when you skipped breakfast?
Yes
No
If Yes, please rate the intensity of the pain in your upper back by placing a dot (.) through the pain scale
below
3. The following questions are about activities you might do during a typical day, especially during
school days. Does your back pain now limit you in doing these activities? If so, how often?
Never Sometimes Often Always
a. Bending over to put on socks and shoes or to pick

up things on the floor
b. Carrying a backpack (if you have one) or lifting

an object
c. Sitting down or squatting
d. Moving a chair
e. Reach up to high shelves
B. INNER THIGH/LEG PAIN
1. Have you had pain in your inner thigh during your period when you skipped breakfast?
Yes
No
If Yes, please rate the intensity of the pain in your inner thigh by placing a dot (.) through the pain scale
below
2. Have you had pain in your leg during your period when you skipped breakfast?
Yes
No
If Yes, please rate the intensity of the pain in your leg by placing a dot (.) through the pain scale below
school days. Does your inner thigh/leg pain now limit you in doing these activities? If so, how
often did you have difficulty in:
a. Walking for a long period of time
b. Standing for a long period of time
c. Running or sprinting
d. Climbing up and down the stairs
e. Jumping during recreational or sporting activities
C. ABDOMINAL PAIN
1. Have you had pain in your lower abdomen during your period when you skipped breakfast?
Yes
No
If Yes, please rate the intensity of the pain in your lower abdomen by by placing a dot (.) through the pain
scale below
2. Have you had pain in your upper abdomen during your period when you skipped breakfast?
Yes
No
If Yes, please rate the intensity of the pain in your upper abdomen by placing a dot (.) through the pain
scale below
school days. Does your abdominal pain now limit you in doing these activities? If so, how often
did you have difficulty in:
a. Getting out of bed
b. Moving around to perform usual activities
c. Sitting down
d. Sit up straight
e. Crouching (bending your knees or leaning

forward
LETTER TO THE VICE PRESIDENT FOR ACADEMICS
December 5, 2023
EMMANUEL JAMES P. PATTAGUAN, Ph.D.

Vice President for Academics
University of Saint Louis
Tuguegarao City, Cagayan
Dear Sir:
Greetings!
We, the Grade 12 STEM-HS students of this university will be conducting a study entitled “Morning
Fuel and Monthly Woes: The Effects of Irregular Breakfast on the Experience of Dysmenorrhea
Among Grade 12 Female Students” as a final requirement for our subject, Research Project. This
quantitative research study aims to determine the effects of irregular breakfast eating on the
dysmenorrhea experienced by Grade 12 female students and how it affects their quality of life.
In accordance with this, we respectfully request your permission to conduct our research by administering
questionnaires to the Grade 12 female students of this institution. This is for us to obtain the required data
and information that we will need to analyze and finish our research project. Rest assured that all
collected data will be used solely for research purposes and kept with the utmost confidentiality.
For further questions, inquiries, and clarifications, we can be reached through a mobile number 0967-667-
3744 or via email at sherrymaynedelacruz@gmail.com. We will gladly address and respond to any
questions you may have about our research project.
Attached herewith are copies of our manuscript and interview guide for your perusal.
We are hoping for your kind consideration on this request.
Respectfully yours,
SHERRY MAYNE C. DELA CRUZ LORN ANGELIQUE S. PABLO
MARIA ANGELICA T. BACUD PSALM EIRA OLIVEANNE P. CASTILLEJO
KRISTINE ASHLEY C. PALMEA KYLA ROSHEEN L. LABBAO

Researchers
Noted by:
MATTHEW REY P. SORIANO, LPT

Research Adviser
DARWIN F. DUMLAO, MST

Research Area Head
LOVELY JOY O. RUIZ, MST

BES Assistant Principal for Academics

FM URD 006 Research Revised Final

Uploaded by

Copyright:

Available Formats

You might also like

FM URD 006 Research Revised Final

Uploaded by

Document Information

Original Description:

Original Title

Copyright

Available Formats

Share this document

Share or Embed Document

Sharing Options

Did you find this document useful?

Is this content inappropriate?

Copyright:

Available Formats

FM URD 006 Research Revised Final

Uploaded by

Copyright:

Available Formats

UNIVERSITY RESEARCH AND Document No.

A Research Proposal Presented to the Faculty of the Senior High School

Figure No. Title of Figure Page

Dysmenorrhea refers to the symptom of painful menstruation. Dysmenorrhea is classified as

1. What is the profile of the respondents in terms of:

Significance of the Study

Effects of Dysmenorrhea on Women’s Quality of Life

Key Risk Factors Associated with Dysmenorrhea

Dysmenorrhea and Breakfast: The Lifestyle Connection

Independent Variable Dependent Variable

A descriptive comparative quantitative research design will be used by the researchers to

Locale of the Study

Respondents of the Study

Data Gathering Procedures

Southern Ethiopia: Cross-Sectional Study design. International Journal of Women’s Health,

Onieva-Zafra, M. D., Fernández‐Martínez, E., Abreu-Sánchez, A., Iglesias-López, M. T., Padilla, F. M.

Part I: Profile of the Respondents

Name [Optional]: ______________________________________________

Frequency of Skipping Breakfast

Menstrual Period Flow

Part II: Effect of Irregular Breakfast on Dysmenorrhea

Never Sometimes Often Always

a. Bending over to put on socks and shoes or to pick

b. Carrying a backpack (if you have one) or lifting

c. Sitting down or squatting

e. Reach up to high shelves

B. INNER THIGH/LEG PAIN

Never Sometimes Often Always

a. Walking for a long period of time

b. Standing for a long period of time

d. Climbing up and down the stairs

e. Jumping during recreational or sporting activities

Never Sometimes Often Always

a. Getting out of bed

b. Moving around to perform usual activities

e. Crouching (bending your knees or leaning

LETTER TO THE VICE PRESIDENT FOR ACADEMICS

EMMANUEL JAMES P. PATTAGUAN, Ph.D.

We are hoping for your kind consideration on this request.

SHERRY MAYNE C. DELA CRUZ LORN ANGELIQUE S. PABLO

MARIA ANGELICA T. BACUD PSALM EIRA OLIVEANNE P. CASTILLEJO

KRISTINE ASHLEY C. PALMEA KYLA ROSHEEN L. LABBAO

MATTHEW REY P. SORIANO, LPT

DARWIN F. DUMLAO, MST

LOVELY JOY O. RUIZ, MST

You might also like