Lit Themes

Document No.
: FM-URD-
UNIVERSITY RESEARCH AND 006
DEVELOPMENT CENTER Revision No.: 00
Effectivity Date: May 25,
RESEARCH PROJECT 2022
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Utilization of Corn (Zea mays) Husk and Banana (Musa acuminata) Pseudo-Stem for Paper Straw
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Document No.: FM-URD-
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Utilization of Corn (Zea mays) Husk and Banana (Musa

acuminata) Pseudo-Stem for Paper Straw Production
A Research Proposal Presented

to the Faculty of the Senior High School
University of St. Louis
Tuguegarao City, Cagayan
In Partial Fulfillment
of the Requirements for the Program
SENIOR HIGH SCHOOL
By:
Joana Faye M. Binasoy

Vince Carlo C. Collado
Margha Venise I. Columna
Jeremiah E. Maranan
Haley Mae A. Quibol
John Lawrence D. Ruiz
November 2023
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TABLE OF CONTENTS
Title Page
Title Page …….…………………………………………… 1
Dedication …….……………………………………………
Acknowledgement …….……………………………………………
Table of Contents ….………………………………………………
List of Tables …………………………………………………
List of Figures …….……………………………………………
Abstract …….……………………………………………
INTRODUCTION
Background of the Study ………………………………… 1
Research Questions ………………………………… 2
Significance of the Study ………………………………… 2
Literature Review ………………………………… 3
Research Paradigm ………………………………… 5
METHODS
Research Design ………………………………… 5
Locale of the Study ………………………………… 6
Respondents of the Study ………………………………… 6
Instrument …………………………………
Data Gathering Procedure …………………………………
Data Analysis …………………………………
RESULTS ……..………………..…………………
DISCUSSION ……..………………..…………………
CONCLUSION ……..………………..…………………
RECOMMENDATIONS ……..………………..…………………
REFERENCES ……..………………..…………………
APPENDICES
A. Literature Matrix ……..………………..…………...…….
B. Code Guide ………..………………..…………..………..
C. Data Matrix ………..………………..…………..………
D. Letter to the Vice President for Academics……………..
E. Letter to the Author of the Questionnaire….……….…....
F. Letter to the Respondents ………..………………..…….
G. Informed Consent ………..………………..…………..….
H. Questionnaire ……..………………..…………….….…
CURRICULUM VITAE …….……………………………………
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INTRODUCTION
In our present situation, waste pollution has gotten worse around the world. According to the
United Nation Environment Program (2023), since the 1970’s the rate of plastic pollution has grown
faster compared to any other material. If the plastic growth trend continues, it is expected to reach
1,100 million tonnes by 2050. As stated from an article published by the Earth Organization (2023),
the Philippines had the largest share of global plastic waste, the country was responsible for 36.38%
of global oceanic plastic waste. Hence, with the increasing concern for the environment, a product is
expected to be eco-friendly and sustainable. Because of this, numerous manufacturers continuously
create innovative ways to go green such as producing paper straws as an alternative to plastic straws.
While plastic straw is produced from nonrenewable resources and may deteriorate for up to 500
years, paper straws can decompose in less than three months when exposed to sunlight or water,
thus, this can help in preventing plastics from cluttering the landfills.
With the increasing prevalence for paper straws, it has become the catalyst to surmounting
and concerning environmental consequences: the destruction of forests (Ha, 2023). As stated on an
article published by Rainforest Action Network (2017), each year, nearly 3.5 billion to 7 billion trees
are cut down to produce non-recycled paper. Because of this, there has been a search for wood pulp
alternatives, and researcher took interest in the utilization of agricultural waste as an alternative raw
material in producing paper. Agricultural waste is defined as the unwanted or unsalable materials
produced from agricultural operations directly related to the growing of crops or raising animals. The
Philippines is an agricultural country filled with various crops, the country’s major agricultural
products include rice, coconuts, and corns.
The most common agricultural wastes in the country are rice husk, coconut husk, banana
stem, and bagasse (Zafar, 2023). In the Philippines, corn (Zea mays) is a major crop that generates
agricultural residues. Corn husk is the outer covering and the strongest part that protects the entire
corn cobs, most of the time, it is discarded, either left to decompose or burned which poses health and
environmental risk. The second crop that we will make use of in this research is banana ( Musa
acuminata). Even though banana is common, its stem is a secondary crop that is not grown for a
profit, since majority of bananas are cultivated mainly for their fruits, thus generating tons of
underused wastes (Directo, 2022). Moreover, corn husk and banana pseudo-stem contain natural
fibers, which has benefits in producing papers, including low density, effectiveness, and physical
characteristics. In addition, with fibers, cellulose, hemi-cellulose, and lignin, are also the fundamental
constituents of corn husk and banana pseudo- stem that contribute to their tensile strength making
them a viable material in producing paper straws.
Multiple researchers studied the feasibility of corn husk and banana stem in paper
production, but separately. As recommended by Taiwo K. Fagbemigum (2014), there should be a
further study on combining non-wood plants, since these plants contains natural fibers which is the
main component needed in paper production. As a result, this paves the way for the development of a
more improved quality of paper that will be produced, specifically its strength, durability, and
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biodegradability. This study aims to investigate the efficacy of utilizing corn husk and banana
pseudo-stem in producing paper straw, considering the ratio of corn husk and banana pseudo-stem
concentration, and its effects on the physical properties of the produced paper straw.
Research Questions
This study aims to determine the efficacy of Corn Husk and Banana Pseudo-Stem as an
alternative material in paper straw production. It specifically seeks to answer the following questions:
1) What ratio of the corn husk and banana pseudo-stem concentration will be effective in
producing paper straw?
a. 50% corn husks and 50% banana pseudo-stem
b. 75% corn husks and 25% banana pseudo-stem
c. 25% corn husks and 75 % banana pseudo-stem
2) What is the efficacy of utilizing corn husk and banana pseudo-stem in the physical
properties of the produced paper straw such as:
a. tensile strength
b. absorption capacity to water
c. heat capacity
3) Is there a significant difference between the produced paper straw when grouped according
to the ratio of corn husk and banana pseudo-stem concentration used?
Research Hypothesis
There is no significant difference between the ratios of corn husk and banana pseudo-
stem concentration.
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References
Dela Cruz, E. (2023, January 17). Farmers livestock associations receive composting facility in Can -
tilan town. Philippine Information Agency. https://pia.gov.ph/
Ha, A. (2023, September 20). Paper straw and plastic straw. https://equo.com/blogs/blog/paper-
straws-vs-plastic
Matei, K. B. (2018, August 8). Agricultural waste.

https://www.safeopedia.com/definition/573/agricultural-waste
Parayno, P. P., & Busmente , M. M. (2016). PAPER RECYCLING SCHEMES IN THE PHILIP-
PINES. Integration of Solid Waste Management Tools in Specific European, 23.
Ratna, A. S., Ghosh, A., & Mukhopadhyay, S. (2022). Advances and prospects of corn husk as a sus-
tainable material in composites and other technical applications. Journal of Cleaner Produc-
tion, 371, 959-6526. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jclepro.2022.133563
Statistica Research Department. (2023, November 7). Agricultural industry.

https://www.statista.com/topics/5744/agriculture-industry-in-thephilippines
Twardowska , I. (2023). Solid Waste: Assessment, Monitoring and Remediation. Waste Manage-
ment Series, 2004. https://www.sciencedirect.com/topics/earth-and-planetary-sciences/
agricultural-waste
Zafar, S. (2023, October 28). Agricultural resources. BioEnergy Consult:

https://www.bioenergyconsult.com/agricultural-resources-in-philippines/
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Significance of the Study

This study focuses on utilizing Corn (Zea mays) Husk and Banana (Musa acuminata) Pseudo-
Stem as raw materials for paper straw production as an alternative to wood pulps. It aims to contribute
on the growing demand for producing biodegradable products that can aid in mitigating environmental
issues. This study will benefit the environment by using agricultural waste like corn husk and banana
pseudo-stem in producing paper straw to reduce its negative impact in the environment such as land
and water pollution. Given the contribution of agricultural waste usage to the reduction of
environmental issues, this research presents an opportunity for the paper industry to explore
sustainable alternative sources of raw materials for paper production in exchange for wood. Both corn
husk and banana pseudo-stem contain high cellulose content, which makes them viable material for
paper making. This also allows the economy to grow, since corn husks and banana pseudo-stem are
readily available and relatively inexpensive, it offers an economically possible alternative to wood
pulp. Using them for papermaking can also potentially lower production costs, making it an option for
paper manufacturers. As a result, it will provide an additional revenue for the manufacturers, and
provide sustainability for the agricultural community. Lastly, this study will benefit the future
researchers who are interested in conducting further investigations to explore on the potential of
agricultural wastes as a valuable product, this study contributes to a wider understanding of
agricultural waste utilization for more sustainable practices.
Literature Review
Underpinning Theory
This study will be conceptualized along the Biotechnology of Lignocellulose Theory by
Hongzhang Chen (2014), and the Theory for the Tensile Strength of Paper by D.H. Page (1969).
Chen's Biotechnology of Lignocellulose discusses energy-storing substances in plants, emphasizing
the crucial role of components like cellulose, hemicellulose, and lignin in plant cell walls during the
paper-making process. Chen underscores that the primary element in plant cell walls is found in
fibers, a critical factor in paper production for both wood and non-wood plants. Moreover, D.H.
Page's Theory for Tensile Strength of Paper breaks down the importance of cellulosic fibers obtained
from both wood and non-wood plant sources. It specifically notes that fibers from non-woody plants,
such as seed hairs and the inner bark layer of certain plants, exhibit a superior aspect ratio.
Chen’s theory of Biotechnology of Lignocellulose and Page’s theory for the Tensile Strength
of Paper is important to this study as they deepen the knowledge about wood and non-wood
compositions that is essential for developing paper. These theories also play a crucial role in
diversifying raw material sources for the paper industry, reducing dependency on woods. Therefore,
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for this study, the researchers have chosen to explore the utilization of agricultural waste, specifically
corn husk and banana pseudo-stem, as alternatives to wood-pulp. Given the relevance of these
theories, they will be used in this study by conducting literature reviews with a primary focus on
using non-wood plants for paper production. This approach will enable the researchers to identify
key studies, methodologies, and findings that can contribute to the additional knowledge on the
utilization of corn husk and banana pseudo-stem for paper straw production.
Discussion of Literature by Themes
Theme 1: Demand for sustainable packaging solutions
Waste pollution stands as a formidable challenge in the contemporary world, casting a

shadow over environmental sustainability and human well-being (Siddiqua, 2022). As societies
progress industrially and technologically, the surge in waste generation, both in volume and
diversity, has triggered a cascade of environmental and health concerns, that’s why manufacturers
are finding alternatives or solutions. According to the State of Solid Waste Management (2022), by
the World Bank, it was stated that in 2020, the world was estimated to generate 2.24 billion tonnes
of solid waste, amounting to a footprint of 0.79 kilograms per person per day. With rapid
population growth and urbanization, annual waste generation is expected to increase by 73% from
2020 levels to 3.88 billion tonnes in 2050.
The Paper Plastic Waste: Challenges and Opportunities to Mitigate Pollution and Effective
Management (2023), identifies opportunities for mitigating plastic waste pollution, such as
reducing plastic consumption, improving waste collection, and recycling, and developing new
technologies for plastic waste management. It is also stated on Shaping Future Waste (2023), that
waste reduction and valorization need to be taken to the next level because waste management is a
major global issue that governments face daily. Additionally, reducing pollution from plastics will
require action, and international co-operation, to reduce plastic production, including through
innovation, better product design and developing environmentally friendly alternatives, as well as
efforts to improve waste management and increase recycling (Organization for Economic Co-
operation and Development, 2019).
Due to the growing concern for the environment researchers and manufacturers take
interest on producing biodegradable products that could aid in reducing the use of plastic. The strict
definition of a biodegradable material according to the Cambridge Dictionary is a substance or
object that is ‘able to decay naturally and in a way that is not harmful.’ In other words, if something
is biodegradable, then eventually it will break down into smaller pieces by microorganisms such as
bacteria or fungi (Polystar, 2020). Target markets for biodegradable products include packaging
materials (trash bags, wrappings, loose-fill foam, food containers, film wrapping, laminated paper),
disposable non-woven (engineered fabrics) and hygiene products (diaper back sheets, cotton
swabs), consumer goods (fast-food tableware, containers, egg cartons, razor handles, toys), and
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agricultural tools (mulch films, planters) (Biodegradable Plastics Market Research Report 2023)
According to the TONTOTON (2020) because of immense concern on the environmental

issue there has been a growing demand for sustainable packaging among consumers and how
biodegradable plastics can help companies meet this demand. The article states that consumers are
increasingly demanding sustainable packaging solutions, showing that 72% of consumers buy more
environmentally-friendly products than five years ago, and 81% plan to buy even more in the next
five years. As stated on the Future of Biodegradable Plastics (2023), the global market for
biodegradable plastics forecasts market will grow at a CAGR of 15.2% from 2022 to 2030. The
Rise of Paper Straws: The Dominant Choice in the Era of Plastic-Free Drinking Straws (2023),
states that the increasing demand for sustainable packaging solutions is driving the growth of the
biodegradable plastics market, this led to the production of biodegradable products such as bio-
cutlery and paper straw.
Theme 2: Optimizing Biodegradable Straw
Paper straws have emerged as a promising alternative to traditional plastic straws, which
have been identified as a significant contributor to land and water pollution (Polystar, 2020). Paper
straws are biodegradable and compostable, offering a more environmentally friendly solution.
According to H.B. Fuller (2020), and The World Wildlife Fund (WWF) (2018), the use of single-
use plastics, including plastic straws, has had a devastating impact on our environment. Paper
straws are a more sustainable alternative to plastic straws, as they are made from renewable
resources and can be composted or biodegraded.
Paper straws are typically made from renewable resources, such as sustainably sourced
paper pulp from trees and bamboo (The World Wildlife Fund, 2018). This ensures that the
production process does not contribute to deforestation or the depletion of finite resources. The
manufacturing process of paper straws involves fewer chemicals compared to plastic straw
production; this reduces the overall environmental impact associated with the production phase
(University of British Columbia, 2018). Conducting a life cycle analysis of paper straws compared
to plastic straws helps evaluate their overall environmental impact. According to According to
Evaluation and future development direction of paper straw and plastic straw (Ningxin Qiu et al,
2022), a number of life cycle assessment studies on paper straws and found that the results are
generally consistent in showing that paper straws have a lower environmental impact than plastic
straws. The study also identified some methodological challenges in conducting life cycle
assessments of paper straws and suggested areas for further research.
On a study published by Parnejford (2022), he concludes that enzymes can be used to

enhance the biodegradability of biopolymer surface treatment and that material combinations such
as PLA and PBAT can be used to create biodegradable straws with desirable properties. The author
also recommends that future research should focus on optimizing the enzyme concentration and
reaction time to improve the biodegradability of the straws. Additionally, the author suggests that
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further research should be conducted to evaluate the environmental impact and cost-effectiveness
of producing biodegradable straws on a large scale. Finally, the author proposes that the design of
biodegradable straws should be optimized to meet the needs and preferences of consumers while
also being environmentally friendly. In terms of economic factors, a report by the World Wildlife
Fund (2016), found that the global market for biodegradable straws is expected to reach $1 billion
by 2025. The report attributes this growth to the growing awareness of the environmental impact of
plastic straws. The report also found that there is a growing demand for biodegradable straws from
consumers, businesses, and governments.
Theme 3: Agricultural waste as a raw material for paper straw production
Deforestation, fueled by the demand for paper production, has become a critical
environmental issue with far-reaching consequences according to National Geographic (2019).
Forests are essential for carbon sequestration, biodiversity conservation, and maintaining ecological
balance, the depletion of forests not only disrupts these vital functions but also contributes
significantly to climate change. Efforts to address this challenge include exploring alternative raw
materials for paper production, hence, researchers are actively seeking innovative solutions to
reconcile human needs for paper with the imperative to preserve ecosystems (El-sayed et al, 2020).
One promising avenue involves the utilization of unconventional sources, such as agricultural
residues and recycled fibers.
Corn husk, frequently overlooked in agricultural practices, unveils a treasure trove of

untapped potential through its diverse physical and chemical properties (Alagbe, 2019). This theme
navigates through various studies that illuminate the multifaceted nature of corn husk, examining
its attributes and feasibility for diverse industrial and environmental applications (Alagbe, 2019).
(Castrillón et al, 2021), expands upon existing knowledge by exploring the potential of corn husks
as a new source of creation. It delves into the unique physical, chemical, and mechanical properties
of this readily available waste material, revealing its remarkable versatility for various applications.
By showcasing innovative methods for transforming corn husks into valuable resources, the project
adds to the growing body of research advocating for the use of recycled materials in creative
processes. This approach promises to significantly reduce the environmental impact of traditional
methods and pave the way for a more sustainable future. Adding to this spectrum of knowledge,
Mendez (2020), delved into a comprehensive characterization of corn husk residue. His exploration
covered the chemical, physical, mechanical, thermal, and morphological properties of corn husk
residue, highlighting the material’s high cellulose content, low ash content, thermal stability, and
commendable mechanical properties, this study further illuminates the potential of corn husk in
varied applications.
Now let’s move on to bananas, bananas are one of the most important fruit crops cultivated
in tropical and subtropical regions of the world. Banana farming generates a huge quantity of
biomass, much of which goes as waste. The pseudo-stem and peduncle of the banana plant are
particularly rich sources of fiber, a study conducted by Preethi (2013), found that the fibers
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extracted from commercial banana cultivars grown in Tamil Nadu State have promising physical
and chemical properties for a variety of industrial applications. According to Subagyo (2018) they
found that the potential applications of banana pseudo-stem fiber, which include the production of
textiles, paper, cardboard, and composites. The study also mentioned its potential use as an
absorbent material, as well as in the agriculture industry for soil stabilization and erosion control.,
further research is needed to develop technologies for the production and commercialization of
banana fibers. The authors concluded that banana fibers are a promising natural fiber with several
potential applications. Fibers have the potential to be used in a variety of products, including
composites, textiles, and packaging materials (Bhatnaga, 2023).
In summary, the exploration of alternative raw materials for paper production, such as
maize residues and banana waste, represents a crucial step towards addressing deforestation and
other environmental issues specifically pollution, and promoting sustainability in the paper
industry. These efforts not only contribute to environmental conservation but also offer economic
opportunities by turning agricultural waste into valuable products.
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METHODS
<This generally describes the “what” and “how” of the research study>)
Research Design
<The general approach to be utilized/applied in the research study>
Locale of the Study

<This concisely presents where the study will be conducted>
Respondents/Participants/Informants of the Study

<This describes the population or sample population involved in the study. A discussion of
how the sample was selected should be mentioned>
Research Instruments
<This presents a detailed description of the data collection instruments, including the process
of preparation, information about administration, scoring and interpretation. Evidence of reliability
and validity should be presented>
Data Gathering Procedures

<This describes the summary of each step in the implementation of the research>
Data Analysis
<This describes and justifies the appropriateness of data analysis methods used to analyze or
evaluate data or information>
REFERENCES
<It must strictly adhere to APA 7th edition format.>
RESULTS
<This section logically presents the key results/findings of the study without any form of
interpretation. Provide explanations of the tables and figures to make them easily understandable.>
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DISCUSSION
<This covers the interpretation of the key results/findings. Draw conclusions, discuss
implications and limitations, and relate the findings with those of other studies >
CONCLUSION
<This is a general statement that is logically inferred from the results/findings of the
study.>
RECOMMENDATIONS
<This describes what can be done to further strengthen the results/findings of the study,
which includes suggestions which may affect policies, procedures, practices, etc.>
APPENDICES
Literature Matrix
Questionnaire
Letters
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Document No.

Utilization of Corn (Zea mays) Husk and Banana (Musa

A Research Proposal Presented

Joana Faye M. Binasoy

Matei, K. B. (2018, August 8). Agricultural waste.

Statistica Research Department. (2023, November 7). Agricultural industry.

Zafar, S. (2023, October 28). Agricultural resources. BioEnergy Consult:

Significance of the Study

Discussion of Literature by Themes

Theme 1: Demand for sustainable packaging solutions

Waste pollution stands as a formidable challenge in the contemporary world, casting a

According to the TONTOTON (2020) because of immense concern on the environmental

Theme 2: Optimizing Biodegradable Straw

On a study published by Parnejford (2022), he concludes that enzymes can be used to

Theme 3: Agricultural waste as a raw material for paper straw production

Corn husk, frequently overlooked in agricultural practices, unveils a treasure trove of

Locale of the Study

Respondents/Participants/Informants of the Study

Data Gathering Procedures

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