Industrial/Practical Training for III year

Training Report

submitted in partial fulfilment of the requirements

for the award of the degree of

BACHELOR OF TECHNOLOGY
IN

Civil Engineering

By

AKSHAT SAINI
21ESKCE006

B210355

III B.Tech. V Semester (2021-25)

DEPARTMENT OF CIVIL ENGINEERING

SWAMI KESHVANAND INSTITUTE OF TECHNOLOGY,
MANAGEMENT AND GRAMOTHAN, JAIPUR
 Industrial/Practical Training for III year

Training Report
submitted in partial fulfilment of the requirements
for the award of the degree of

BACHELOR OF TECHNOLOGY
(Civil Engineering)

SUBMITTED TO SUBMITTED BY
Dr. ABHISKEK JAIN AKSHAT SAINI
Assistant Professor 21ESKCE006

DEPARTMENT OF CIVIL ENGINEERING

SWAMI KESHVANAND INSTITUTE OF TECHNOLOGY,
MANAGEMENT AND GRAMOTHAN, JAIPUR
September 2023
 Contents
ACKNOWLEDGEMENT .....................................................................................................................................................4
CERTIFICATE .....................................................................................................................................................................5
PWD INTRODUCTION ......................................................................................................................................................6
INTRODUCTION TO BITUMINOUS ROAD .........................................................................................................................7
ROAD LAYERS ...................................................................................................................................................................9
Granular Sub base (GSB) .....................................................................................................................................10
TEST ...............................................................................................................................................................................12
BITUMENOUS ROAD CONSTRUCTION STEPS ................................................................................................................14
I. Preparation of base ................................................................................................................................................14
2. Application of Tuck Coat ....................................................................................................................................14
3.Preparation and placing of Premix .........................................................................................................................14
4. Rolling ....................................................................................................................................................................15
5. Quality control of bituminous concrete construction .......................................................................................16
MACHINERIES FOR THE PAVEMENT OF THE ROAD .......................................................................................................18
 ACKNOWLEDGEMENT
It is my pleasure to be indebted to varec’s people, who directly or indirectly contribute in the development
of proposed work and who influenced my thinking, behaviour, old acts during the of study
I am sincere gratitude to Mr Dinesh Sharma , Professor and Head, Department of civil
engineering and Engineering for providing me an opportunity to undergo out-house Internship
programme at cliirawll rajasthan. I am thankful to Mr.naveel) , coordinator his support,
cooperation and motivation provided during the internship for constant inspiration, presence and
blc%ings. I also extend no' sinner apprefiati011 to dr abhisok Jain.

I Also extend Iny sincere appreciation to Mr. Deepak sharma who provided Iris valuable
suggestions and precious time in accomplishing my report.

At last I express my sincere heartfelt gratitude to All the stair inelnbers of Department of Civil
Engineering, who lwlpcd me directly or indirectly during the of work.

Akshat Saini
21ESKCEOO6
CERTIFICATE
 PWD INTRODUCTION
Point of view geographic and populalion of is the larges! state. State industrial, economie
and social developmet"t of the state and the population of each village is absolutely necessary
re-connect go roads, addition slate important roads, roads and district roads and
their proper broad be made to improve the quality of traffic point of view is of particular
importance. Public Works Department to build roads and improve

connectivity in rural zones. Other District Road and State broad and improvement ofrural roads and main
narrow construction and depleted bridges brides reconslruction of the bases are transacted on a priority
basis . Also under PradhanMantr[ Gram Sadak Yoiana and prefabricated construcqion ofrural roads
linking the work of other district roads broad Suddikrn the seate bases are edited,

Successful operation ofvarious schemes for the Public Works Department engineers and
supervisory boards in different districts ofthe engineer's otY1ee has bCen settled. Activities by
planning, execution, and quality control etc. remove impediments find joy in relation to the
supervision over the aetivities focused. Various schemes operated by the Department of(he
Office of the Regional Chief Engineers and Chief Engineers onice.
 INTRODUCTION TO BITUMINOUS ROAD
Bituminous road is a road constructed by using bitumen.
It is also called flexible pavement road.
. Because it changes its shape according to nature of load and sub base.
A road or pavement is a structure consisting or superimposed of processed material
above the natural soil sub-grade, whose primary function is to distribute the applied
vehicle loads to the sub-grade .
This type or pavement has four layers , namely , Sub-grade (bottom layer
),subbase,base, and wearipg surface (top most).

tea
 ROAD LAYERS

I.SUB GRADE LAYER

The sub grade is the layer of naturally
occuring material or the fill material the road is built upon.

. The strength of the subgrade layer is measured using the CBR test.
The strength Of the subgrade layer is an important factor influencing
the thickness of the road pavement design.

. Where the subgrade is weak, i.e a low CBR, it will be necessary to

eapping layer over the subgrade to increase the actual road pavement
thickness is designed.

2.CAPPING LAYER

When the California Bearing Ratio (CBR) of

the sub grade is than 5 % ,if is normal to require a suitable capping
layer of low cost material .
. This eapping layer is usally a granular type material designed
provide a working platfor on which sub-grade construction can
proceed with minimum intersuption from wet weather.

.Capping is also to minimize the effect of a weak subgrade pavement

strength

3.SUB BASE LAVER

This particular layer in road pavement construction.

The primary function Of sub base layer are -

,ImprOve drainage
.Minimize frost action damage .
,Provide a working platform for construction .
. The material used in this layer-
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 Granular Sub base (GSB)
Cement bound material

GSR Type-I
This material is typically crushed stone ,crushed slag ,
crushed concrete or non-plastic well-burnt shale .
GSR Type -2
It is a much finer material , has a much wider grading
envelope and is or a lesser "engineering" qualify than GSB "ISpe -
I. Therefor it does not generate as much interlock as a type I and is
consequently not a strong

4.ROAD BASE (BASE)

The road base is the main loadLbearing ,

load ,load sepreading layer , In road structure usally 100 mm or more
thick depending on the loading of the traffic for which the road is
designed .
.The road base is usally a bituminous material ,dense bitumen
macadam (asphalt concrete hot rolled asphalt.

5.BINDER COURSE
This is the layer of material below the surface
course and above road base

*The base course (binder course ) is a load spreading layer, spreading

the load imposed on the wearing course (surface course ) over a
wider area of the road base .
Base course (binder course) is most commonly a bituminous
material, can be either Hot rolled asphalt or dense bitumen
Macadam (a sphalt concrete).

.This is n strengthening layer of the pavement and should be at least

40 mm ,preferably 50 mm thick.
6.WEARING COURSE OR SURFACE COURSE
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 The wearing
course is top layer Of the road pavement and is designed -
be impervious to the ingress (entering )ofwater ,
.To have an even running surface .
.To be durable , and have a high resistsnce to skidding, and
be chosen so as not to deform the weight of tratic .
SOME OTHEER LAVERS-

LSOAL COAT- It is a thin surface treatment used to water proof

the surface and to provide skid resistsnee.

2.TACK COAT-It is very light application or asphalt , usually

asphalt emulsion diluted with water .it provide proper bonding
between two layer of binder course and must be thin ,uniformly
cover the entire surface ,and set very fast.

3,PRlME COAT-It is an application or low viscous cutback bitumen

to an absorbent surface like granular bases on which binder layer
is placed . Unlike tack coat ,prime coat penetrates into the layer

below ,plugs the voids ,and forms a water tight surface

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 TEST

THE MARSHALL STABILITY OF BITUMINOUS MIXTURE

This test is done to determine the Marshall Stability of
bituminous mixture as per ASTM D 1559.The principle of this test
is that Marshall Stability is the resistance to plastic flow of
cylindrical specimen of bituminous mixture loaded on the lateral
surface eit is the load carrying capacity of the mix at 60'c and is
measured in kg-The apparatus needed to determine Marshall
stability of bituminous mimixture is -

1. Marshall stability apparatus

2. Balance and water bath

The sample needed is -

From Marshall stability graph select proportions

Of coarse aggregates, fine aggregates and filler in such a Way as to
fulfill the required specification, The total weight Of mix should be
1200 gram.

PROCEDURE TO DETERMINE MARSHALL STABILITY OF

BITUMINOUS MIXTURE-:

1.Heat the weighed aggregates and the bitumen separately upto

170'C and 163'C respectively

2.Mix them throughly ,transfer the mixed material to the compaction

mould arranged on the compaction pedestal

3.Give 75 blows on the top side the specimen mix with a standard
ha• mmer ( 45 cm,4.86 kg).Reverse the specimen and cool it for
a few minutes.

12
4-Remove the specimen from the mould by gentle pushing

, Mark the specimen and Care it at room temperature oernight.

Series Of specimen are prepared by a similar method with varying
quantities of bitumen content ,with an increment of 0.5 % (3 specimen)
or i bitumen content .
6.Before testing of the mould ikeep the mould in the water bath having
a temperature Of 60'C for half an hour

7.Check the stability of the mould on the Marshall Stability apparatus.

REPORTING OF RESULT

Plot Of bitumen content on the X-axis

and stability in kg on the Y-axis to get maximum Marshall stability
of the bitumen mix, A sample plot is given ,
 MARSHALL STABILITY CURVE
1200

BITU MINOUS ROAD CONSTRUCTIONS STEPS

13
 BITUMENOUS ROAD CONSTRUCTION STEPS

I. Preparation of base
W.B.M. base
As base material W.B.M. Road; stone ballast, concrete I ('-15cm layer are used. For
bonding between concrete slab & W,B.M. used 1 cement wash on W.B.M -

Granular medium material layer

10-15cm composite layer of sand , moorum, bgiriare usedfor better drainage
facilities

Stabilizations Oil

2. Application of Tuck Coat

It is desirable to lay AC layer over a bituminous base Of binder course. A tack coat Of bitumen
is applied at 6.0 to 7.5 kg per 10 sq.marea, this quantity may be increased to 7.5 to 10 kg for
nonbituminous base.

3.Preparation and placing of Premix

The premix is prepared in a hot mix plant Ora required capnciiy with the desired quality
control. The bitumen may be heated upto 1 50 — 1 77 deg C and the aggregate temperature
should not differ by over 14 deg C from the binder temperature. The hot mixed material is
collected from the mixture by the transporters, carried to the location is Spread by mechanical
paver at a temperature of 1 21 to 1 63 deg C. the camber and the thickness of the layer are
accurately verified. The control ofthe temperatures during the mixing and the compaction are of
great significance in the strength Of the resulting pavement Structure

14
 4. Rolling
A mix after it is placed on the base course is thoroughly compacted by rolling at a speed noi
5km per hour.

The initial or break down rolling is done by to 12 ionnes roller and the intermediate rolling is
done with a fixed wheel pneumaiie roller Of 15 io 30 tonnes having a tyre pressure 0T7kg
per sq.em. the wheels Of the roller are kept damp •with water.

The number Of passes required depends on the thickness or the layer. In warm weather
rolling on the next day, helps to increase the density if the initial rolling was not adequate.
The final rolling or finishing is done by 8 to 10 tonne tandem roller.

15
 Tandem Roller

5. Quality control of bituminous concrete construction

The routine checks are carried out at site to ensure the quality of the resulting pavement
mixture and the pavement surface,
Periodical cheeks are made for
a) Aggregate grading
b) Grade Of bitumen
c)Temperature of aggregate
d)Temperature Of paving mix during mixing and compaction.

At least one sample ror every 100 tonnes orthe mix discharged by the hot mix plant is
collected and tested for above requirements. Marshall tests are also conducted. For every 100
sq.m of the compacted surface, one test Of the field density is conducted to cheek whether it
is atleast 95% Of the density Obtained in the laboratory. The variation in the thickness
allowed is 6mm per 4.5m length or construction.
6. Finished surface:

16
7.0pen to traffic
Road is open tramc as soon as bitumen gets cooled its surrounding temperatur

17
MACHINERIES FOR THE PAVEMENT OF THE ROAD

• ROLLERS
• DOZERS
• GRADERS
• PLAT COMPACTOR
• PLANERS
• ASPHALT PAVERS
• TANDOM VIBRATORY ROLLER
• PAVER
• BITUMEN SPRAYER
• MILLERS
• ASPHALT SPLITTING MACHINES

18