FACTORING POLYNOMIALS

Polynomial - a finite sum of terms each of which is a real number or the product of af
numerical factor and one or more variable factorws raised to a whole number power
Monomial - an algebraic expression consisting of one term
Binomial - an algebraic expression cisisting of two terms
Trinomial - algebraic expression consisting of three terms.
Polynomial - an irreducible polynomial with integral coefficient whose greatest
monomial factor is 1
Prime Number - a number greater than one which has only two positive factors: 1 and
itself.
Factoring - process of finding the factors of a polynomial
Common Factor- factor that repeatedly occurs in each term.
Greatest Common Factor (GCF) - is the greatest integer that is a factor of all the given
integers.
Greatest Common Monomial Factor (GCMF)- the greatest factor contained in every
term of an algebraic expression.
Difference of Two Squares - a binomial where the first and second terms are perfect
squares. The two terms are separated by subtraction sign.
Perfect Square - a number whose square root is a whole number
Perfect Cube - number whose cube root is a whole number
STEPS IN FACTORING POLYNOMIALS WITH COMMON MONOMIAL FACTOR
Step 1. Find the greatest common factor of the numerical coefficients.
Step 2. Find the common variable with the leawst exponent that appears in each term of
the polynomial.
Step 3. The product of the GCF in step 1 and step 2 is the GCMF of the polynomial
Step 4. To completely factor the vien polynomial, divide the polynomial by its GCMF
Example:
STEPS IN FACTORING POLYNOMIALS USING THE DIFFERENCE OF TWO
SQUARES
Step 1: Get the principal square root of each of the two squares
Step 2. Using the principal square roots, form two factors, on a sum and the other a
difference.
Example:

STEPS IN FACTORING THE SUM AND DIFFERENCE OF TWO CUBES

1. Get the cube root of each cube
2. Obtain a binomial factor using the cube roots.
3. Form a second trinomial factor as follows:
a. Square the first cube root
b. Take the negative product of the cube root
c. Square the second cube root
Example:
FACTORING GENERAL TRINOMIALS
Steps:
1. List factors and get one pair whose product equals the numerical coefficient of
the first and constant term.
2. Write the binomial factors in form (x+r)(x+s)
Example:
Example:

FACTORING PERFECT SQUARE TRINOMIALS

Steps:
1. Get the square roots of the first and last terms.
2. Use the sign of the middle term between the roots
3. Square the binomial obtained.
Example:
RATIONAL ALGEBRAIC EXPRESSIONS
Ratio of two polynomials provided that the denominator is not equal to zero.

Symbol: P=polynomial Q=not equal to zero

Ratio- comparison of two or more numbers that indicates how many times one number
contains another
ILLUSTRATING RATIONAL ALGEBRAIC EXPRESSIONS
Examples:

SIMPLIFYING RATIONAL ALGEBRAIC EXPRESSIONS

Steps:
1. Factor both numerator and denominator
2. Divide the numerator by the denominator using their GCF
3. Multiply the remaining factors and the product is the expression’s simplest form.
Example:
MULTIPLICATION OF RATIONAL ALGEBRAIC EXPRESSIONS
Steps:
1. Multiply the numerators
2. Multiply the denominators
3. Simplify
Example:

Alternate Solution:
1. Simplify
2. Follow the steps
Example:
x2 – 1
15 y3 – 3 1
5y4 – 1y
2x5 – 2x3
3 over 2x3y

DIVISION OF RATIONAL ALGEBRAIC EXPRESSIONS

Steps:
1. Find the reciprocal of the divisor
2. Multiply the dividend and the reciprocal
3. Simplify if needed
Example:

ADDITION OF SIMILAR RATIONAL ALGEBRAIC EXPRESSIONS

Steps:
 1. Add the numerators
2. Copy the same denominator
SUBTRACTION OF SIMILAR RATIONAL ALGEBRAIC EXPRESSIONS
Steps:
1. Subtract the numerators
2. Copy the same denominator
Example:

ADDITION OF DISSIMILAR RATIONAL ALGEBRAIC EXPRESSIONS

Steps:
1. Convert the dissimilar RAE to similar RAE as follows
a. Find the LCD (will be the denominator)
b. Divide the denominator by the LCD
c. Multiply the numerator by the LCS
2. Add the numerators
3. Copy the same denominator
SUBTRACTION OF DISSIMILAR RATIONAL ALGEBRAIC EXPRESSIONS
Steps:
1. Convert the dissimilar RAE to similar RAE as follows
a. Find the LCD (will be the denominator)
b. Divide the denominator by the LCD
c. Multiply the numerator by the LCD
2. Subtract the numerators
3. Copy the same denominator
Examples:
LINEAR EQUATIONS IN TWO VARIABLES
Numerical Coefficient - any constant term that is in front of one or more variables.
Constant - numbers without variables
Equation - mathematical statements that uses equal symbol to compare.
Variable - symbols, usually letters to represent an unknown number
Example:

SLOPE OF A LINE(m)
Can be computed by finding the quotient of the rise and the run.

Example:
DETERMINING SLOPE OF THE LINE (GRAPH)
To determine the slope of a line given the graph: First, we must identify two points on
the graph Second, from one point count the rise, then count the run.
The value of the slope m tells the trend of the graph.
m Graph Illustration
positive increasing from left to right

negative decresing from left to right

zero horizontal line

 undefined vertical line

DETERMINING SLOPE OF THE LINE (EQUATION)

Equation (slope-intercept): y=mx+b
m: slope
b: y-intercept

Equation (standard: Ax+By=C):

LINEAR EQUATIONS
STANDARD FORM TO SLOPE-INTERCEPT FORM
STEPS:
1. Transpose x to the other side of the equation
2. Divide the numerical coefficient of variable y by itself
3. Simplify
Examples:
Examples:

SLOPE-INTERCEPT FORM TO STANDARD FORM:

STEPS:
1. Transpose x to the other side of the equation
2. Multiply both sides with the denominator of the fraction involved.
3. Simplify
Examples:
SYSTEM OF LINEAR EQUATIONS

Consistent,
Consistent,
Independent
Dependent
LINEAR INEQUALITY IN TWO VARIABLES
ILLUSTRATING LINEAR INEQUALITY IN TWO VARIABLES

GRAPHING LINEAR INEQUALITY IN TWO VARIABLES

SYSTEM OF LINEAR INEQUALITIES IN TWO VARIABLES

SYSTEM OF LINEAR INEQUALITIES IN TWO VARIABLES

Example:

Example:
{y<-2x+5
y>4x - 3}
Solutions:
(x=1 y=-2)
y < -2 x + 5
-2 < -2 (1) + 5
-2 < -2 + 5
-2 < 3

LINEAR FUNCTION
Example 2: The cost (in dollars) of renting a car is represented by C(x) = 30 x + 20,
where x is the number of days the car is rented for. Then what is the cost of renting the
car for 10 days?
 Solution:

To find the cost of renting the car for 10 days, substitute x = 10 in the given linear
function.

C(10) = 30(10) + 20 = 300 + 20 = 320

Answer: The cost of renting the car for 10 days = $320.

REASONING
INDUCTIVE REASONING - uses examples to arrive at a conclusion
DEDUCTIVE REASONING - uses basic and/or general statements to arrive at a
conclusion.
Examples:
MATHEMATICAL SYSTEM
UNDEFINED TERMS
Terms that cannot be defined because they can only be described or illustrated. The
undefined terms are point, line and plane.
DEFINED TERMS
Examples:
Collinear points lie on the same line.
Coplanar points lie on the same plane.
Parallel lines do not intersect. Symbol: ||
Perpendicular lines form a right angle. Symbol: ⊥
Midpoint
Angle
Linear Pair
Angle Bisector
Segment Bisector
DEFINITION - meaning of a term or a word so that anyone using it will understand it in
the same way.
AXIOMS/POSTULATES
Statements that are assumed to be true without proof. There are reasons why it has no
proof for example:
1. The statement might be obvious. This means most people think it is clearly true.
2. The statment is based on physical laws and can be easily be observed.
3. The statement is a proposition.
Example: In any two points, we can only make exactly one line. Anything is equal to
itself (Reflexive Property)
THEOREMS
Statements that are accepted after it is proven. Examples: Pythagorean theorem and
Vertical angle theorem

TRIANGLE CONGRUENCE
TRIANGLE CONGRUENCE POSTULATES
SAS- (SIDE-ANGLE-SIDE) CONGRUENCE POSTULATE
If two sides and an included angle of one triangle are congruent to the corresponding
two sides and an included angle of another triangle, then the two triangles are
congruent.
ASA (ANGLE-SIDE-ANGLE) CONGRUENCE POSTULATE
If two angles and an included side of one triangle are congruent to the corresponding
two angles and an included side of another triangle, then the two triangles are
congruent.
SSS (SIDE-SIDE-SIDE) CONGRUENCE POSTULATE
If three sides of one triangle are congruent to the corresponding three sides of another
triangle, then the two triangles are congruent.
Corresponding Parts of Congruent Triangles
CPCTC – CONGRUENT PARTS OF A CONGRUENT TRIANGLE ARE CONGRUENT
If all the sides and angles of two triangles are congruent, then the two triangles are
congruent. By converse, we can say that if two triangles are congruent, then all the
sides and angles of two triangles are congruent.
SOLVING CORRESPONDING PARTS OF CONGRUENT TRIANGLES
PROVING STATEMENTS ON TRIANGLE CONGRUENCE
Examples:
TRIANGLE INEQUALITY

INEQUALITIES IN ONE TRIANGLE

TRIANGLE INEQUALITY THEOREM 1 (Ss - Aa)
The angle with the greatest measure is opposite the longest side of the triangle.
TRIANGLE INEQUALITY THEOREM 2 (Aa - Ss)
The longest side is opposite the angle with the greatest measure.
TRIANGLE INEQUALITY THEOREM 2 (S + S > S)
The sum of lengths of two sides of a triangle must be greater than the length of the third
straw to form a triangle
EXTERIOR ANGLE INEQUALITY THEREOM
The measure of the exterior angle of a triangle is greater than the measure of its interior
angles.
INEQUALITIES IN TWO TRIANGLES
HINGE THEOREM (A.K.A SAS INEQUALITY THEOREM)
If the two sides of both triangles are congruent with each other but the angle of the first
triangle is greater than the angle of the second then the third side of the first triangle is
longer than the second.
CONVERSE OF HINGE THEOREM
If two sides of one triangle are congruent to the corresponding two triangles of another
triangle but the third side of the first triangle is longer than the third side of the second,
then the third included angle of the first triangle is larger than the included angle of the
second triangle.

PROBABILITY

Experiment – the method of gathering data

Ex. Rolling a Dice
Sample Space – all possible outcomes
Ex. S = {1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6}
Event – subset of a sample space
Ex. E = {E-2, 4, 6}
= {O-1, 3, 5}
Outcome – results of the experiment.
Ex. Rolled a 5