COAL AND PETROLEUM

INTRODUCTION TO CRUDE
OIL PRODUCTION
 Crude oil production is defined as the quantities of oil
extracted from the ground after the removal of inert
matter or impurities. It includes crude oil, natural gas
liquids (NGLs) and additives. This indicator is measured
in thousand tonne of oil equivalent (toe).

 Crude oil-is a mineral oil consisting of a mixture of

hydrocarbons of natural origin, yellow to black in colour,
and of variable density and viscosity.
 NGLs- They are the liquid or liquefied hydrocarbons
produced in the manufacture, purification and
stabilisation of natural gas.
 Additives- Additives are non-hydrocarbon substances
added to or blended with a product to modify its
properties, for example, to improve its combustion
characteristics (e.g. MTBE and tetraethyl lead)
 Refinery production- It refers to the output of secondary
oil products from an oil refinery.

MAJOR OIL-PRODUCING
COUNTRIES
 
HOW PETROLEUM PRODUARE
EXTRACTED FROM CRUDE OIL?

Extracting petroleum products from crude oil is a technical and

lengthy process, here we are sharing the complete extraction
process.

 First use oil exploration takes place after drilling, extraction, and
recovery.
 Crude oil recovered can’t be directly used it needs to be changed or
converted to usable forms.
 Heating crude oil till it boils is the first step in refining it.
 In a distillation process, the boiling liquid is separated into liquids and
gases. Petrol, paraffin, diesel fuel, etc. are made from these liquids.
 As the gases ascend the column, they cool until they condense (turn back
into liquid again). After cleaning and further processing, the separated
liquids and gases are used to manufacture a variety of products.
 After that liquids can be further changed to other useful forms by some
processes. More the liquid is heavier less is its demand.
 Outgoing finished products are temporarily held in massive tanks on a
refinery’s tank farm. Final products are transported from storage tanks to
desired locations through automobiles.
REFINING CRUDE OIL TO
VARIOUS PRODCUTS
 MAJOR OBTAINED PRODCUTS
AFTER REFINING:

1.Gasoline:
 Gasoline is mostly obtained in quantity from crude oil after refining. It constitutes 46% of the
total obtained products.

 Also known as petrol and is highly flammable.
 It is a commonly used primary fuel in IC engines.
 It’s also used for dry cleaning.

2.Diesel and other fuels:

 Diesel oil constitutes 20% and other fuels constitute 6 % of the total obtained products.
 Diesel oil is flammable and is mostly used in heavy automobiles.
 Diesel oil is less explosive in nature and hence it’s preferably used in tanks and trucks.
 Moreover, diesel is used to run big electric generators as well.

3.Kerosene:
 Also known as paraffin oil derived from petroleum constitutes 8% of the total.
 It is pale yellow and flammable in nature.
 Mainly used for household purposes such as the burning of lamps, stoves, furnaces, etc.

4.Paraffin Wax:
 Paraffin wax is a solid also derived from crude oil during refining processes.
 Paraffin wax is famous in the candle industry.
 Other common uses are lubrication, ointments, ink, and electrical insulation.
Asphalt:
 Asphalt constitutes 3% of the total products obtained.
 It is liquid or semi-solid in nature.
 The primary use of asphalt is in the building of roads.
 Also used in waterproofing the rooftop ceilings.
Lubricants:
 Lubricants constitute 1% of the total.
 Lubricants are usually used to reduce friction between things.
 Lubricants may be such as motor oils, or greases.
 Also used to reduce corrosion of machines.

LPG:
 Liquified Petroleum Gas is highly flammable in nature.
 LPG in the household is used mainly for heating purposes. Besides, it is also used in industries.
Other obtained products might be in less quantity may include:
 Petroleum Coke.
 Sulphur.
 Naphtha.
 Tar.
 Jet fuel.