1ST SEMESTER MIDTERMS REVIEW where acid wastes are being

UTL 213 discharged

MODULE 06 :PLUMBING MATERIALS - Brittle and cracks easily, thus
Plubing Materials horizontal have to be supported at
Cast iron soil pipe every 1.5m interval to prevent
Acid-resistant cast iron pipe Sagging
Asbestos pipe - (obsolete) BITUMINOUS FIBER SEWER PIPE
Bituminous fiber sewer pipe
Vitrified clay pipe
Lead pipe
Galvanized steel pipe - Cheapest of all types of Pipes
Galvanized wrought iron pipe - A.k.a. As Orangeburg pipe
Brass pipe - Light in weight, slightly flexible and
Copper pipe can take slight soil movement
Plastic or synthetic pipe without danger of cracking or

.
Stainless steel pipe pulling out of its joints, It is thus

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suited for house sewer and septic
CAST IRON PIPES tank installations
- Most popular and generally - May be softened/ damaged by
specified material for drainage excessive hot water or chemical
installation, Extensively used in the flow
60s and 70s VITRIFIED CLAY PIPE
- Durable and conveniently installed
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- One of the oldest materials used
in buildings less than 25 storey
high
- Affected to some extent by
corrosion by acid formed by carbon
dioxide, sulfur Oxide, and Methane for sewer lines
A
gases that create rust Commercial - Highly resistant to most acids
Length: 6 meters - Because it is made up of clay, it is
- Diameters: 50mm-150mm brittle and cracks easily when laid
- Two types ofCast Iron Pipes: on unstable ground
SV Type - Generally used for - Made in short lengths of 750mm
L.

building installation LEAD PIPE

XV Type - Extra heavy duty: for
underground installation
ACID RESISTANT CAST IRON PIPE

- Oldest pipe used for plumbing

system
- Highly resistant to acid
- Poisonous and injurious, is
therefore not recommended to
- Made of an alloy of cast iron and convey water for human
silicon consumption.
- Installed in chemical laboratories,
industries and other installation
GALVANIZED IRON PIPE

PLASTIC OR SYNTHETIC PIPE

-Developed in Germany in 1935,
introduced in the Philippines in
- Made out of a mild steel drawn
the middle of 70’s
through a die and welded cast
-Most produced from synthetic resins
- 6 meters long
-Superior type of pipe because it weighs
- With usual lifespan of 15 to 25
less, is easy to cut, it is
years under normal condition
flexible, has smooth interior surface and
- Subject to deposits of salts and
cheaper than steel
lime which can cause and
Types of Plastic or Synthetic Pipes:
eventually choke the flow of water.
The Rigid Types:
1. PVC - Polyvinyl Chloride

.
2. cPVC - Chlorinated Polyvinyl

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Chloride
3. uPVC - Unplasticized Polyvinyl
BRASS PIPE
Chloride
- Most expensive
4. ABS - Acrylonitrile Butadiene
- Made of an alloy of zinc 15% and
Styrene
copper 85%
5. PPr - Polypropylene random
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- Resistant to acids and superior
6. SR Styrene Rubber
material for waste and water
installation because it has a
smooth interior surface
A
POLYVINYL CHLORIDE (PVC)
COPPER PIPE - PVC is the world's third-most
- Durable and extremely corrosive widely produced synthetic polymer
resistant of plastic (after polyethylene and
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- Easy to install polypropylene). PVC comes in two

- Smooth interior surface
- Classifications:
K type - Heaviest: recommended
for underground installations
L type- Lighter: Available in both
rigid and flexible form:
recommended for residential water
supply line and radiant
heating installations
M type - Thinnest: available only in
rigid form: for small water
supply line and radiant heating
installations.
basic forms:
- rigid (sometimes abbreviated as
RPVC) and flexible.
- The rigid form of PVC is used in
construction for pipe and in profile
applications such as doors and
windows. It is also used in making
plastic bottles, non-food
packaging, food-covering sheets,
and plastic cards (such as bank or
membership cards). It can be
made softer and more flexible by
the addition of plasticizers, the
most widely used being phthalates.
 In this form, it is also used in
plumbing, electrical cable
insulation, imitation leather,
flooring, signage, phonograph
records, inflatable products, and
many applications where it
replaces rubber.
- Buried PVC pipes in both water
and sanitary sewer applications
that are 100 mm (4 in) in diameter
and larger are typically joined by
means of a gasket-sealed joint.
.
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A
UNPLASTICIZED POLYVINYL
CHLORIDE PIPE
- uPVC is extensively used in the
L.
building industry as a
low-maintenance material,
- This material has almost entirely
replaced the use of cast iron for
plumbing and drainage, being used
for waste pipes, drainpipes,
gutters, and downspouts
- uPVC is known as having strong
resistance against chemicals,
sunlight, and oxidation from Water.
CHLORINATED POLYVINYL CHLORIDE
PIPE
- It is a thermoplastic that is
produced by chlorination of PVC
resin
- Can withstand higher
temperatures.
- Used in hot and cold water pipes,
industrial liquid handling etc.
POLYPROPYLENE RANDOM PIPE
- Polypropylene pipe is used in
many industrial settings due to its
chemical and thermal resistance,
affordability, and cost.
- Use PPR PN 10 for cold water
piping. Use PPR PN 20 for hot &
cold water piping.
POLYETHYLENE (PE) PIPE
- Polyethylene can be used in low
temperatures without the risk of
brittle failure. Thus, a major
application for certain PE piping
formulations is for low-temperature
heat transfer applications such as
radiant floor heating, snow melting,
ice rinks, and geothermal ground
source heat pump piping
- Ideal piping material for a broad
variety of applications such as
potable water service or
distribution lines, natural gas
distribution, lawn sprinklers,
sewers, waste disposal, and
drainage lines. PE materials are
generally resistant to most ordinary
chemicals.
 ➢ Must retain large amount of
standing water surface area
to prevent foul odor and
contamination.
● Shape. Water Closets are
PIPE CHARTS
classified into two (2) shapes
➢ Round type is intended for
installation on limited
space.
➢ Elongated type is more
comfortable but required
larger space. It also has
large amount of standing
water inside the bowl that is
>MODULE 7 more sanitary and easier to

.
PLUMBING FIXTURES maintain.

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- Plumbing fixtures are receptacle ● Color. Water Closets have several
intended to receive water, liquid, or kinds of pastel and bright colors.
water-carried wastes and PAIL FLUSH TYPE WATER CLOSET
discharge them into the drainage - Pail flush type is the cheapest,
system. smallest and simplest form of
● Water Closet water closet. It is designed without
● Lavatories water tank. The flushing action can
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● Bathtub be agitated by small amount of
● Bidet water. Intended for installation in
● Urinals limited space and budget.
● Kitchen Sink
WATER CLOSETS
A
- Water Closet is a plumbing fixture
used to convey organic body waste
to the plumbing system. Water SQUAT TYPE WATER CLOSET
closets are classified according to: - Squat type is another simple type
● Design. Water Closets come in of water closet. It is also designed
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various types of designs: without a water tank and installed

➢ Pail Flush type flat on the floor. It is used by
➢ Squat type squatting, as opposed to sitting.
➢ Wash Down type
➢ Reverse type
➢ Siphon Jet type
➢ Siphon Vortex
➢ Direct Flush Valve type
WASH DOWN TYPE WATER CLOSET
● Quality. Water Closets must
- Wash Down type is least efficient,
possess the following qualities:
noisiest, and less expensive type
➢ Flush down quietly.
of water closet. It is recognized by
➢ Flush down liquid and
the bulging shape in front and
waste completely.
flushes through a simple wash
➢ Must function efficiently.
down action.
 - It discharges waste into a trap-way
located at the front of the bowl. It is
more subject to clogging than other
types. The trap-way is irregular in
shape.
- It flushes by whirlpool motion,
followed by a flush down of liquid
and waste completely.
- It has a large amount of standing
water that mostly covers the bowl
interior making it very sanitary and
easy to clean.

REVERSE TYPE WATER CLOSET

- Reverse type is more expensive
than washdown. It is efficient but
DIRECT FLUSH VALVE TYPE WATER
moderately noisy but less likely to
CLOSET
be clogged.
- Direct flush valve type, which is
- It flushes through a siphon action

.
sometimes referred to as DFV is

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created in the roundtrap-way
installed in places where water
located at the rear of the bowl. It
supply has high pressure and is
retains large amount of surface
sufficient. It eliminates use of water
water as compared with wash
tank by flushing through a flush
valve that is directly connected to
the bowl. Preferred for commercial
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and institutional installations due to
its efficiency and ease of cleaning.

down type.
SIPHON JET TYPE WATER CLOSET
A
- Siphon Jet water closet is more
expensive than wash down and
reverse type, but it is more efficient
DETAIL OF A WATER CLOSET WATER
in service.
- It is very sanitary and easier to
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clean.
- It retains larger amount of standing
water that mostly covers bowl
interior, larger trap-way making it
less likely to clog and the flushing
action is silent than other types.

TANK
SIPHON VORTEX WATER CLOSET
- Siphon Vortex is very efficient,
less noisy, and most expensive.
 ● Under the Counter. Lavatory is
placed below the built-in counter
top.
BATHTUBS
- Bathtubs are now designed not
only for one person, but large
enough to accommodate bathing
LAVATORIES couples.
- Lavatory is a bowl or basin used - The size of the tub, its form, and
for washing face and hands. design were greatly improved. The
- The basin of a lavatory may be of lightest bathtub introduced is the
the following form:
● Rounded
● Square
● Oval

.
● Rectangular

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● Trapezoidal
● Triangular
Side elevation is either:
● Shallow or deep
● Nearly vertical or gradually sloping
side Fiberglass tubs, it is not as durable
Material could either be:
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as porcelain but it is easier to clean
● Porcelain and maintain.
● Formed Steel BIDETS
● Enameled Cast iron - Bidet is a fixture that appears
● Vitreous China more likely a water closet. It is
Another type of lavatory is modeled designed for cleaning the most
A
one-piece with integral countertop having delicate and well-guarded part of
the following variety: the body.
● Built-in Installation. Lavatory - Bidet also serve as a foot bath or
fittings are installed through a hole for any function that lower set of
bowl might perform. It is connected
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drilled at the counter top.

● Fitting Ledge Installation.
Lavatory fittings are installed in a
hole provided within the lavatory

itself. to a water supply and drain in the

same manner as bath tub or
shower stall.
URINALS
- Urinal is a plumbing fixture,
usually attached to a wall, for
urination. Urinals are often
installed in public toilets for male
users. There are two (2) basic
types of urinals:
● Bowl Urinals. Usually made of
vitreous china. It offers far more
privacy because it accommodates
.
one user at a time.
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● Trough Urinals. Usually made of
stainless steel. It can
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accommodate multiple users
simultaneously but requires a
single waste pipe.
A
KITCHEN SINKS
- Kitchen sink is a bowl-shaped
plumbing fixture commonly utilized
for dishwashing, washing hands,
rinsing and more.
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Kitchen sinks are classified
according to:
● Materials. Kitchen sinks are made
from either of the following
materials:
➢ Cast iron enamel
➢ Formed steel coated with
porcelain material
➢ Stainless steel
● Configurations. Different
configurations are available that fit
the preferences setup that works
best.
➢ Single Well
➢ Double Well
➢ Triple Well
➢ Corner Sink
● Depth. Kitchen sink have different
depth depending on the height to
whom it would serve.
➢ Shallow Well. Less than 6 inches
in depth.
➢ Deep Well. Depth of 6 inches, up
to 12 inches.
>MODULE 08:
PUMPS AND PUMPING SYSTEM
- Pumps are used whenever the
water supply at its natural pressure
cannot be directly piped to a
building, tank or reservoir. 3
Classifications:
A. Lifting water by suction to the level
of a pump situated above the
source.
B. Raising the water by forcing it to an
elevation above a pump situated in
the source.
C. Both lifting the water to the pump
by suction and in addition forcing
the water to an elevation above the
pump.
TYPES OF APPARATUS TO ACHIEVE
THESE ENDS. ( pumps )
1. Lift pump
2. Force pump
3. Reciprocating
4. Rotary
5. Centrifugal
6. Hydraulic Rams
OTHER TYPES
a. Deep well reciprocating pump
b. Turbine pump
c. Deep well ejector
d. Submersible pump
1. Lift Pump
- Consist of a piston traveling up and
down within a cylinder which is
connected with a pipe extending
down into the source. The piston
 and the bottom of the cylinder are
each provided with a valve opening
upward. Upon the piston's
upstroke,valve a closes and valve
b opens. Upon the piston's down
stroke valve a opens and b closes.
2. Force Pump
- used to deliver water at a point
higher than the position of the
pump itself, when the plunger
descends, the valve a is closed
and the water in the cylinder is
forced out through the valve b and
up to the storage. When the
plunger is raised valve b is closed
.
and 8 open to admit water to the
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cylinder.
3. Reciprocating Pump
- include that class class of pumps
in which the piston moves to and
from either horizontally or
vertically.
- 1. Power Pumps
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A. Horizontal Reciprocating
Pumps- known as double or single
acting piston pumps. Adapted to all
purposes where the suction lift, is
not over 22 ft. (6. 70 mts) at sea
A
level. B. Vertical Reciprocating
Pump- for suction lifts of less than
22 feet (6. 70 mts) are composed
of 3 vertical cylinders placed side
by side.
L.
- 2. Direct Acting - Steam Pumps
A. Deep Well Plunger Pumps -
are used when the water level of
the source is more than 22 feet (6.
70mts) below the ground, they
consist of a cylinder installed below
the water level and connected to
the driving mechanism at or near
the ground level by a wood or steel
rod.
4. Centrifugal Pumps
- posses moving parts without
valves, revolving around an axis
and centrifugal action is utilized in
delivering the water under
pressure. The curved blades
revolve around an axis and traps
the water that enters and hurls it
outward by centrifugal force.
5. Hydraulic Rams
- are automatic and require no motor
since they depend for operation
upon water hammer that is the
surging back and forth in a pipe
when suddenly brought to rest.
6. Power-Operated Deep Well
Reciprocating Pumps
- They are used to lift the water
when the depth of the water table
is more than 6.0 m or so. As the
cylinder is kept below the water
table, these pumps have only to lift
the water. No suction pipe is
provided in these pumps. The
strainer is directly fixed to the
cylinder.
7. Turbine pumps
- are commonly used in installations
which require high head, low flow,
and compact design. A vertical
turbine pump commonly removes
water from an underground well or
reservoir. The electric motor is
located at the top of the pump
above the liquid allowing the pump
to operate without the need for
mechanical seals. As such,
standard electric motors can be
used instead of specialized
submersible motors.
8. Booster pump - is a machine
which increases the pressure of a
fluid. It may be used with liquids or
gases, and the construction details
vary depending on the fluid. A gas
booster is similar to a gas
compressor, but generally a
simpler mechanism which often
has only a single stage of
compression, and is used to
increase pressure of a gas already
above ambient pressure.

9. Deep-well ejectors
- area connect to compatible
deep-well or convertible well jet
pumps for wells more than 25-ft.
deep. They are a nozzle and a
venturi attached to deep well jet
pumps to create a vacuum that
draws water up the well.
10. SUBMERSIBLE PUMP
- is a device which has a
hermetically sealed motor
close-coupled yo the pump body.
11. Jockey pump
.
- also know as a pressure
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maintenance pump, maintains the
pressure in the fire sprinkler
system to avoid non-emergency
starting of the main fire pump. This
keeps the main fire pump from
short cycling, which shortens its life
span.
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Sump Pumps (Ejectors)
- There are generally two types of
basement water pumps: pedestal
and submersible.
- The pedestal pump's motor is
A
mounted above the pit, where it is
more easily serviced but also more
conspicuous.
- The submersible pump is entirely
mounted inside the pit, and is
L.
specially sealed to prevent
electrical short circuits. Although
the submersible models are known
for quieter operation, they are
considerably more expensive.
Although there is no considerable
difference in performance, and
both styles are considered fine for
basement water drainage
purposes.
1. Grinder Pump
- All solids are ground into fine
particles, allowing them to pass
easily through the pump, check
valve and small diameter pipelines.
Even objects that are not normally
found in sewage, such as plastic,
rubber, fiber, wood, etc., are
ground into fine particles. The
grinder is designed not to jam and
for minimum wear to the grinding
mechanism.
- The AMGP comes complete with a
self-contained level control system,
eliminating troublesome float
switches. The grinder pump is
automatically activated. It runs
infrequently for very short periods.
The annual energy consumption is
typically that of a 40‐watt light
bulb. The 1 1/4" slide face
discharge connection is adaptable
to any existing discharge piping.
- The internal check valve assembly,
located on the grinder pump, is
custom designed for non‐clog,
trouble‐free operation. Units are
available with a number of
discharge hose lengths to
accommodate a wide range of
existing tank depths.
2. Effluent Pump
- Effluent pumps are designed to
pump liquid human waste only, and
for that reason they cannot replace
standard sewage or grinder
pumps.
- They are usually installed in a
septic tank, pumping the liquid
from the tank out to the leaching
bed, or in any other location where
liquid human waste must be
pumped to another site.
3. Sumps or Tanks
- Sewage tanks, unlike storm tanks,
must be completely water and air
tight Only piping that is too low to
drain into a building sewer by
gravity shall be drained to a sump
or receiving tank. Where the sump
or tank receives sanitary sewage it
shall be water and air tight and
shall be vented.
 - Equipment such as a pump or - Suction Tanks are used so that the
ejector that can lis the contents of pneumatic tank or other pumps
the sump or tank and discharge it sucks the water f.torn this suction
into the sanitary building drain or tank and not from the Public Main
sanitary building sewer shall be so that it will not deprive. The
installed. Where the equipment
does not operate automatically the
capacity of the sump shall be
sufficient to hold at least a 24
hours accumulation of liquid
Classification of Pumps as to Casing
Design:
1. Horizontal Split Case
2. Vertical Split Case
3. Submerged

.
Classification of Pumps as to

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Mounting:
1. Base Mounted
2. In – line Mounted
Tanks
- may be used either for the
collection of water without
consideration of pressure, or for
.S
storing water under air pressure or
neighbor of water due to pressure.
under a static HEAD for future
distribution by pneumatic or gravity
means.
- Materials Used:
A
● Wood
● Steel
● Galvanized iron(G .I.)
● Reinforced concrete
● Polyvinyl chloride (PVC).
L.

1. Suction Tank
- are constructed of riveted or
welded steel plate; the larger tanks
often being divided into two
compartments.
- They should be large enough to
contain at least one days' supply
for the entire building in case the
City main is temporarily shut off.
The suction pipe from the pump to
the tank should be across >MODULE 09:
connected to the City main so that PLUMBING AND SANITARY SYSTEM
the water may be pumped directly LAYOUT
from the main in case of Fire.
L.
A
.S
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.
 >MODULE 10:
PLUMBING SYMBOLS
- Plumbing symbols are used to
represent different plumbing
fixtures and fittings on architectural
drawings. Some common plumbing

.
symbols include:

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● Piping symbols: used to represent
different types of pipes, such as
hot water pipes, cold water pipes,
and gas pipes.
● Valve symbols: used to represent
different types of valves, such as
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gate valves, ball valves, and check
valves.
● Drainage symbols: used to
represent different types of
drainage systems, such as floor
drains, roof drains, and cleanouts.
A
● Fixture symbols: used to represent
different types of plumbing fixtures,
such as sinks, toilets, and
showers.
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Under the Plumbing Notes and
Specifications, it is usually composed of
the five (5) main category:
.
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>MODULE 11:
GENERAL NOTES AND
SPECIFICATIONS
GENERAL NOTES
A
- General notes provide information
and direction to the contractor by
clarifying design details or
construction practices. General
notes are project-specific and must
L.
not restate, broaden or reduce in
extent of the requirements in the
Standard Specifications or
Standard Plans
SPECIFICATIONS
- Specification is one of the primary
working documents used by a
contractor to execute a project.
Specifications are the written
documents that go with the
construction documents and
describe the materials as well as
the installation methods.
PLUMBING GENERAL NOTES AND
SPECIFICATION
- Plumbing Works have standard
details that are in line with the
Code. But its general notes and
specifications are project-specific,
meaning it cannot be a generic
notes that would simply apply on
all projects. Most of the time, it is a
case-to-case basis in terms of the
notes and specifications.
● General.
● Materials. Various commodities
used in the plumbing industry
● Alternative Materials. Alternative
commodities used in plumbing.
● Installation. Physical installation
incorporating one or more
Products, for the reticulation,
heating or other conduct or
treatment of water and which is
integral to a permanent or
temporary structure.
● Rough-in. Initial stage of
installation for plumbing. It involves
the installation of the necessary
components and structural
elements that are needed to
provide the basic framework for a
finished product.
A. GENERAL
- All work shall be done under the
direct supervision of a licensed
plumber and in strict accordance
with these specifications and of the
methods as prescribed by the
National Plumbing Code of the
Philippines.
B. MATERIALS
- All piping of plumbing systems
shall be of durable NAMPAP
(National Master Plumbers
Association of the Philippines)
APPROVED materials, free form
defective workmanship, designed
and constructed by Registered
 Master Plumbers to ensure
satisfactory service.\
Sample Material Specification (under
Plumbing Notes and Specifications)
1. Cast Iron Soil Pipe for Sewer
and Cement Drainage Pipes – T
and G ASTM C-14 and ASTM-75
respectively.
2. Cast Iron Sewer Pipes and
Fittings – ASTM A-74 for soil pipe,
waste pipe, and vent pipes.
3. Caulking Lead – Federal spec.
QQ-56 or epoxy mix A and B.
4. Bronze Gate Valves – Federal
spec. WW-V-58.
.
5. Galvanized iron pipes and
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fittings – Schedule 40 for all hot
and cold water lines.
6. Water Closet – American
Standard brand. All toilets shall be
of Acacia Evolution close coupled
model except the second floor
owners toilet which shall be Neo
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Modern close coupled touchless
type. Vitreous china angle valves.
White in color.
7. Lavatories – Kohler brand.
Parliament Semi-recessed with a
A
single faucet hole, vitreous China
material. Complete with all chrome
finish fittings and accessories.
8. Kitchen Sink – Kohler brand, cast
iron acid resisting enameled finish
L.
inside. With back complete with
chrome finish U.S fittings and
accessories.
9. Soap and Tissue holders – Sefa
brand, Brent-420 model in 304
Stainless steel material and Birke
brand, Achilles model in black
powder coated 304 stainless steel
material, respectively.
10. Towel bars and hooks – Sefa
brand, or any approved equal, in
304 Stainless steel material.
11. Drains: Floor drains shall be high
grade strong, tough and
even-graine metals with adjustable
screwed cover nickel plated.
12. Shower head and Valve:
a. For the owner's toilet, use Grohe
brand, Model 247001, glossy brass
material, with 3-valve diverter.
b. For other toilets, use Kohler
brand, Taut model, brass material
in chrome finish with 2 - valve
diverter.
C. ALTERNATIVE MATERIALS
1. Alternate material allowed,
provided such alternate is
approved by the Architect, such as
PVC pipes for sewer and drainage
pipes.
2. Each length of pipe, fitting, trap,
fixture and device used in the
plumbing system shall have cast,
stamped or indelibly marked on it,
manufacturer's trademark or name
weight, type and classes or
product when so required.
D. INSTALLATION
1. Install plumbing fixtures free and
open to afford easy access for
cleaning.
2. Install plumbing fixtures as
indicated on drawings, furnishings
all brackets, cleats, plates and
anchorsrequired to support fixtures
rigidly in place.
3. Install all fixtures and accessories
in locations directed in accordance
with manufacturer's instructions,
minimizing pipe fittings.
4. Protecting items with approval
means to maintain perfect
conditions. Remove work damaged
or defective and replace it with
perfect work without extra cost to
OWNER.
5. All G.I. soil and drainage pipes
shall have a slope of about 2%.
6. Vertical pipes shall be secured
strongly by hooks to building
framing. Provide suitable brackets
or chairs at the floors from which
 they start. Where an end or circuit
vent pipe from any fixtures or line
of fixtures is connected to a vent
line serving other fixtures,
connection shall be at least four (4)
feet 1.20 M above floor on which
fixtures are located, to prevent use
of any vent line as a waste.
Horizontal pipes shall be supported
by well secured strap hangers.
7. Connection of water closets to soil
pipes shall be made by means of
flanged Plates and asbestos
packing without use of rubber putty
or cement.
.
8. Make all joints air and water-tight;
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for jointing pipes, the following
shall be used.
a. For bell and spigot jointed cast iron
and waste pipes, caulk with oakum
or jute and soft pig lead.
b. Lead to cast iron pipes use brass
ferrule wiped on the lead side and
.S
caulked into a ball of cast iron soil
pipe.
c. Concrete pipes: bell and spigot or
tongue and groove use yarning
material and cement mortar.
A
d. G.I. Pipes Use Teflon Tape or
white lead when tightening
threaded joints.
E. ROUGH-IN
1. Provide correctly located openings
L.
of proper sizes where required in
walls and floors for passing of
pipes.
2. All items to be embedded in
concrete shall be thoroughly clean
and free from all rust, scale and
paint
3. All changes in pipe sizes on soil,
wash and drain lines shall be
provided with reducing fittings or
recesses reducers. For changes in
pipe sizes provide reducing fittings.
4. High corrosive natural ground
within the site shall be taken into
account by plumber. Protective
features
shall be installed to prevent corrosion of all
water pipes in- stalled underground.
5. Extend piping to all fixtures, outlets
and equipment from gate valves
installed in the branch near the
riser.
6. All pipes shall be cut accurately to
measurements, and worked into
place without springing or forcing.
7. Care shall be taken as not to
weaken the structural portion of the
building.
>MODULE 12: FIRE PROTECTION
SYSTEMS
Fire Protection System Planning:
- The preservation of the structure
and its contents against fire
damage ordestruction, though
secondary in importance, is
nonetheless, of serious concernto
owner's and others having a
financial interest in property.
- Although the inclusion of
Fire-fighting equipment in buildings
is always desirableand increasingly
mandatory, good practice begins
with the design of the structure.
This is necessarily affected by the
permitted, building density in the
locality andby the flammability of
the building and its expected
contents.
Some of the materials and equipment
that must be considered are:
a. Fire resistance of the selected
structural type and material and
the contents ofthe building
b. . b. Limitations of Volumes within
Fire-resistant barriers in otherwise
vulnerable buildings.
c. Precautions against perforations of
approved and required barriers.
d. Exits and Fire Tower Stairs
e. Protection against fires caused by
defective electrical systems.
 f. Protection against fires caused by
lightning.
g. Detection and alarm system
h. Standpipe and hose systems
within and near buildings.
i. Automatic sprinkler systems
j. Automatic smoke and heat venting.
k. Smoke and heat shafts
l. Control of air-conditioning ducts.
m. Communication in high-rise
buildings
n. Elevator Contro
o. Fire command station in high-rise
buildings.
Definition of a high-rise building in
.
terms of Fire Protection.
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1. Too tall to be completely
accessible to fire-fighting
equipment from the ground. This
problem occurs anywhere from 6
to 12 stories. but usually 8 to 10
stories. depending upon the reach
of aerial ladder equipment
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available. It means that thefire
must be fought internally above the
levels.
2. Too tall to make complete
evacuation of occupants feasible.
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This occurs atabout 25 stories,
where complete evacuation would
take five minutestheoretically and
about 50 to 150 percent longer
than this· in reality . It meansthat
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provision for safety and life,
support for the occupants must be
made withinthe building.
3. Tall enough to make possible
chimney or stack effects for air and
smoke flow. This is to some extent
true in all buildings, but it becomes
especially pronouncedin buildings
about 8 stories high. This means
that provision must be made for
thecontrol of air flow and products
of combustion. For all office
Buildings occupied by 100 persons
.For all office Buildings
occupied by 100 persons above
or below street level or
more than a total of 500 persons
in the entire building:
FIRE SAFETY PLAN
1. Plan for Fire Drill and
evacuation procedures,
including appointment of
Fire Safety Director, Fire
brigade and Floor
Wardens.
2. Signs required at elevators
and stairs. For buildings
100 feet (30 meters) or
more in height:
FIRE STAIR DOORS
- Door to interior stairs shall
not be locked except:
1. On street floor to prevent
access to stairs.
2. On stair side if every four
stories or less, door is
operable.
3. Where fail safe electric
door lock, activated by any
detector, is provided.
CLASS E FIRE ALARM SYSTEM
1. Combination Fire Alarm
signal system consisting of
fire alarm and two-way
voice communication
system (direct wire radio, or
carrier current). With at
least one station per floor.
Activation of alarm station
will identify its floor location
at the Fire command
station, mechanical control
center, and the regularly
assigned location of the
Fire safety director, sound
alarm and notify
automatically Fire
department.
2. Fire Command Station,
located in lobby of building
containing communication
 capability (two-way voice) between
Fire command station and floor
warden
stations, mechanical control center
elevators, air handling control
rooms. Audible
alarm signal, visual display system
to indicate activation location on
each floor.
DETECTORS
1. On each elevator landing.
Activation shall stop all fans,
activate smoke exhaust
or stair pressurization fans, return
affected elevators to terminal
.
landing, and
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automatically sound alarm and
notify fire department.
2. At the return air shafts at each
floor.
COMPARTMENTATION
- (Applies to Floors located more
than 12 meters above grade
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served by multi·floor
air conditioning system)
1. Areas to be compartmented by
one hour separations, into spaces
not to exceed
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750 sq. m
2. Sub-division of area may be
increased to 1500 sq. m., provided
such area is
completely protected with space
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detectors.
3. Where total area exceeds 1,000
sq. m. at least one fire separation
shall be two
hour rated and create areas of
refuge.
SMOKE AND HEAT CONTROL
- (Applies to buildings served by
multi-floor air conditioning system).
1. Smoke shaft to exhaust heat and
smoke to outdoors.
2. Systems to be activated
automatically upon activation of
any detectors.
ELEVATORS
1. Elevators serving fire floor
to be recalled and retained
at terminal floor by
activation of landing
detectors or command
station control.
2. Three elevators servicing
each floor shall be
equipped with Firemen's
service
3. Interlock wiring for elevator
hoist way doors will be
required to be resistant to
high temperatures
SPRINKLERS
1. For show rooms exceeding
750 sq. m. located more
than 12m. above grade
shall be sprinklered. Use of
domestic water permitted.
2. When floor is completely
sprinklered,
compartmentation and
smoke shaft and stair
pressurization is exempted.
Sprinkler Heads-These
are of the quanzoid bulb
type. The bulb is
transparent and contains a
colored liquid. At 136°F the
bulb breaks and releases a
water stream.
Two Systems of Sprinklers:
1. Wet Pipe System - ordinarily with
water constantly filling both mains
and distribution pipes.
2. Dry Pipe System - generally
confined to unheated buildings.
There is no water in the distributing
pipes of the dry-pipe system
except during a fire. Remote
valves, may be actuated by
sensitive elements to admit water
to sprinklers heads.
Two Types of Sprinkler Heads:
1. Upright -This type is used above
piping when piping is exposed. It is
safer against damage by workers.
2. Pendent - This type projects through a
finished ceiling when piping is concealed.
Spacing of Sprinkler Heads is governed
by several factors:
a. Type of occupancy and total area.
b. Fire rating of the building (1 or 2
.
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hrs).
c. Construction of the Ceiling.
d. Spacing of Joists
- The coverage of one sprinkler
head varies from about 20 sq. m.
(200 sq.ft.) persprinkler for light
hazard occupancy (like hospital,
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residences) to about 9 or 10 sq.m.
(90 sq. ft.) for extra hazard
conditions (like chemical,
woodworking, aircrafthangars)
- Nozzles are set about 8 to 12 feet
A
2.40 m to 3.60 apart on the supply
pipes that, inturn, are spaced
about 10 to 14ft. apart (3.00-4.20
m) and are usually run at
rightangles exposed beams or
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panels.
Special Installation Requirements:
a. At least one fire department
connection on each frontage.
b. A master alarm valve control for all
water supplies other than the
department connections.
c. Special fire walls between
protected areas and unprotected
areas.
d. Sloping waterproof floors with
drains or scuppers to carry away
waste water.
WATER AND STANDBY POWER
- A very large industrial plant may
settle in a suburb or in a small
community where the local
company cannot entirely cope. In
such cases a reserve underground
storage of several hundred
thousand of gallons or an adjacent
artificial lake would not be unusual.
- When such reserves must be
delivered by pumping during a fire,
and electrical power outage could
be a tragedy; then standby power
must cut in. Diesel- powered
pumps take over. These units and
their fuel storage should be
separately housed in fire-resistant
enclosures. remote from the
possible locations of fire in the
main buildings.
A. STANDPIPES AND HOSES
- Fire companies with their
apparatus find difficulty in fighting
fires from the street in tall
structures. Standpipes and hoses
with a separate water reserve
orupfeed pumping are extremely
valuable in any building but
become highly essential in tall
buildings.
- The figure drawn here shows such
a system, which is intended for use
by the building personnel until the
fire engines arrive and thereafter
 by the trained staff of the fire
department. It is not practical to
store enough water on the roof for
a protracted fire-fighting period and
it is usually assumed that a
half-hour's supply will be morethan
enough to provide for the short
period it takes the fire engines to
arrive. - After the engines are disconnected
- When the system is used by the from the Siamese, the water
Fire department its pumps are between the Siamese and the
attached to the street siamese to adjacent check valve drains out
deliver water from street hydrants through the ball drip. The overhead
or the building's 'secondarysource'. tank is considered a most
dependable source, but it

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sometimes requires a height that is

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architecturally undesirable. In this
case upfeed fire pumps operating
automatically to deliver water to
higher stories from lower suction
reserve tanks may be used.
- Another alternate in this case is a
pneumatic tank used to deliver
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water by the power of the air that is
compressed in the upper portion of
the tank. The water zones as
shown in the Figure of Hot and
cold water Zoning are also
A
generally followed in planning for
fire protection. Fire standpipes,
and their hoses are usually located
at are near fire stairs fromwhich
personnel or Fire Fighters can
L.

approach a Fir

Fire Protection Pump:

1. Jockey pump - also know as a
pressure maintenance pump,
maintains the pressure in the fire
sprinkler system to avoid
non-emergency starting of the
main fire pump. This keeps the
main fire pump from short cycling,
which shortens its life span.
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“I WISH YOU ALL GOODLUCK!”
- LASY
.S
A
L.