MATHEMATICS IN THE MODERN WORLD

Mathematics Language and

Symbols
Module 1- MMW
October 19, 2020
MATHEMATICS
LANGUAGE AND
SYMBOLS
Prepared by:
JESUSA C. OOI, LPT
September 11, 2023
 MATHEMATICS
Mathematics is the study of numbers,
number patterns and relationships,
counting, and measuring.
It is also a way to communicate and
analyze ideas, and a way of reasoning
that is unique to human beings.
 LANGUAGE
Language is defined as a systematic
means of communicating ideas or
feelings by the use of
conventionalized signs, sounds,
gestures, or marks having
understood meanings.
 MATHEMATICS
Mathematics is a system of
communication about objects like
numbers, shapes, variables, sets,
operations, functions and equations.
The aforementioned components, as
defined in the dictionary, are found
in Mathematics, thus Mathematics
qualifies as a language.
MATHEMATICS LANGUAGE
AND SYMBOLS

Mathematics is written in
a symbolic language that
is designed to express
mathematical thoughts.
 THE IMPORTANCE OF
MATHEMATICS LANGUAGE

“One very important element in

a student’s mathematical
success is his competence to
communicate mathematically” -
Michael Schiro (1997)
THE IMPORTANCE OF
MATHEMATICS
LANGUAGE
 MATHEMATICS
The familiar sign + for addition and the
– sign for subtraction first appeared in
1489 in a German arithmetic handbook.
They may have been borrowed from signs
used by merchants to mark certain
packages. + was marked on packages
with too much of whatever the package
contained, while a – meant too little.
 MATHEMATICS
The = sign for equals was invented in
1557 by the English mathematician
Robert Recorded. Another Englishman,
William Ought Red invented the x sign
for multiplication in 1631. The ÷ sign for
division was actually invented earlier by
the German mathematician Johann
Heinrich Rahn, but his book was not
published until 1659.
 THE NUMBER SYSTEM
Number System is a way to
represent numbers. We are used to
using the base-10 number system,
which is also called decimal.
Other common number systems
include base-16 (hexadecimal),
base-8 (octal), and base-2 (binary).
 𝑪𝒐𝒎𝒑𝒍𝒆𝒙 𝑵𝒖𝒎𝒃𝒆𝒓𝒔
𝐴 𝐶𝑜𝑚𝑝𝑙𝑒𝑥 𝑛𝑢𝑚𝑏𝑒𝑟 𝑖𝑠 𝑎 𝑛𝑢𝑚𝑏𝑒𝑟 𝑡ℎ𝑎𝑡 𝑐𝑎𝑛 𝑏𝑒 𝑒𝑥𝑝𝑟𝑒𝑠𝑠𝑒𝑑
𝑖𝑛 𝑡ℎ𝑒 𝑓𝑜𝑟𝑚 𝐚 + 𝐛𝒊
𝑤ℎ𝑒𝑟𝑒 𝐚 𝑎𝑛𝑑 𝐛 𝑎𝑟𝑒 𝑟𝑒𝑎𝑙 𝑛𝑢𝑚𝑏𝑒𝑟𝑠
𝑎𝑛𝑑 𝒊 𝑖𝑠 𝑎 𝑠𝑦𝑚𝑏𝑜𝑙 𝑐𝑎𝑙𝑙𝑒𝑑 𝑡ℎ𝑒 𝑖𝑚𝑎𝑔𝑖𝑛𝑎𝑟𝑦 𝑢𝑛𝑖𝑡
𝑠𝑎𝑡𝑖𝑠𝑓𝑦𝑖𝑛𝑔 𝑡ℎ𝑒 𝑒𝑞𝑢𝑎𝑡𝑖𝑜𝑛:
2
𝒊 = −𝟏 𝒊 𝑤𝑎𝑠 𝑐𝑎𝑙𝑙𝑒𝑑 𝑎𝑛
𝑖𝑚𝑎𝑔𝑖𝑛𝑎𝑟𝑦 𝑛𝑢𝑚𝑏𝑒𝑟
𝒊 = −𝟏 𝑏𝑦 𝑅𝑒𝑛𝑒 𝐷𝑒𝑠𝑐𝑎𝑟𝑡𝑒𝑠
THE NUMBER SYSTEM
 𝑪𝒐𝒎𝒑𝒍𝒆𝒙 𝑵𝒖𝒎𝒃𝒆𝒓𝒔
R𝒆𝒂𝒍 𝒏𝒖𝒎𝒃𝒆𝒓𝒔 𝒊𝒎𝒂𝒈𝒊𝒏𝒂𝒓𝒚
𝑹𝒂𝒕𝒊𝒐𝒏𝒂𝒍 𝑵𝒖𝒎𝒃𝒆𝒓𝒔 𝑰𝒓𝒓𝒂𝒕𝒊𝒐𝒏𝒂𝒍 𝑵𝒖𝒎𝒃𝒆𝒓𝒔
𝟏 𝟑 𝟕
𝒊
𝑭𝒓𝒂𝒄𝒕𝒊𝒐𝒏𝒔 , , ,…
𝟐 𝟒 𝟓
𝝅
𝑫𝒆𝒄𝒊𝒎𝒂𝒍𝒔 −𝟐 = 𝟐 𝒊
𝟏. 𝟓, 𝟐. 𝟕𝟓, 𝟐
𝑾𝒉𝒐𝒍𝒆 𝟎, 𝟏, 𝟐, 𝟑, … 𝟑 −𝟒 = 𝟐 𝒊
𝑰𝒏𝒕𝒆𝒈𝒆𝒓𝒔 −𝟐, −𝟏, 𝟎, 𝟏, 𝟐, 𝟑, … 𝟓
𝟒 −𝟖 = 𝟐 𝟐𝒊
𝑵𝒂𝒕𝒖𝒓𝒂𝒍 𝟏, 𝟐, 𝟑, … 𝟏𝟎
MATHEMATICS
LANGUAGE AND
SYMBOLS
Prepared by:
JESUSA C. OOI, LPT
September 18-22, 2023
 ALGEBRAIC EXPRESSION
Algebraic Expression can be a number, a
single variable or a combination of
numbers, letters and operation symbols.
In algebra, we begin to see variables, or
letters that are used to represent numbers.
 VARIABLE

Variable is any letter or symbol that

represents certain value.
Examples:
Letters of the different alphabets

a b x y z M
⍬ C ꞵ 𝝆 𝝁
 CONSTANT & COEFFICIENT
Constant is a number on its own.
𝟏
1 -5 2.5 𝟑
𝟐
Coefficient is a number used to multiply a variable.

𝟏
1a -5x 2.5c 𝒚 d w 𝟑𝒕
𝟐
1 is to 2 Ratio Ratio and Proportion
RECALL!
𝟏
1:2 = 𝟐 = 1÷2 = 0.5 = 50%
Equivalent Ratios
1:2 2:4 5:10 8:16 35:70
128:256 365:730
Proportion Ratio and Proportion
RECALL!
Equivalent Ratios
1:2 2:4 5:10 8:16 35:70
1:2 = 2:4 The product of the
Means is equal to
the product of the
4 = 4 Extremes
Proportion Ratio and Proportion
RECALL!
Equivalent Ratios
1:2 2:4 5:10 8:16 35:70
5:10 = 8:16 The product of the
Means is equal to
the product of the
80 = 80 Extremes
 Ratio and Proportion
Comparing Ratios RECALL!

3:5 ? 4:7
=
<
> 𝟑 𝟒
21 20
𝟓 > 𝟕
𝟑 𝟒
𝟓 𝟕 𝟎. 𝟔𝟎 > 𝟎. 𝟓𝟕
Comparing Ratios RECALL! Ratio and Proportion
A. There are 1100 positive cases of Covid-19 in one
day in Area A with 14 million population.
B. There are 600 positive cases of Covid-19 in a day
in Area B with 5million population.
600 : 5,000,000
1100 :14,000,000
1100
? 600
14,000,000 5,000,000
5.5B < 8.4B
0.000079 < 0.000120
Comparing Ratios RECALL! Ratio and Proportion
There are 1100 positive cases of Covid-19 in one
day in Area A with 14 million population.
There are 600 positive cases of Covid-19 in a day in
Area B with 5million population.
1100 :14,000,000 600 : 5,000,000

1100 1100 600 600

÷ ÷
14,000,000 1100 5,000,000 600
1 1
= =
12,727 8,333
 LANGUAGE OF SETS
Sets are collections of well-
defined distinct objects, ideas, or
numbers.
The groups are called sets for as long
as the objects in the group share a
characteristic and are thus, well
defined.
 ELEMENTS
Elements are objects contained in a set.
Examples:
The collection of all the athlete
students in a class.
The set of students in DHVSU
A collection of “Yellow flowers”
The set of vowels in the English Alphabet
The set of letters in the word PAMPANGA
SET NOTATIONS AND SYMBOLS
SET NOTATIONS AND SYMBOLS
 SET NOTATIONS AND SYMBOLS

Representations of Sets
a. Descriptive form – verbal description of its elements

b. Rule or Set builder form – describing a set by

indicating the properties that its members must satisfy.

c. Roster or Tabular form – listing the elements of a

set inside a pair of braces { }.
 SET NOTATIONS AND SYMBOLS

Descriptive form

A= The set of all vowels in English alphabet

Rule or set builder form

A= { x : x is a vowel in the English alphabet }

Roster or tabular form

A= { a, e, i, o, u }
 OPERATIONS ON SETS
Operation Notation Meaning

Union AՍB All elements which are in

both A and B

All elements which are in

Intersection AՈB either A or B (or both)

Difference A–B All elements which are in A

but not in B

Complement A’ All elements in the universal

set which are not in A.
 OPERATIONS ON SETS

Union AՍB All elements which are

in both A and B

A= {0, 1, 2, 3, 4}
B= {0, 2, 4, 6, 8}
C= {1, 3, 5, 7, 9}
A ᴜ B = { 0, 1, 2, 3, 4, 6 , 8 }
 OPERATIONS ON SETS

Union AՍB All elements which are

in both A and B

A= {0, 1, 2, 3, 4}
B= {0, 2, 4, 6, 8}
C= {1, 3, 5, 7, 9}
A ᴜ C = { 0, 1, 2, 3, 4, 5 , 7, 9}
 OPERATIONS ON SETS

Union AՍB All elements which are

in both A and B

A= {0, 1, 2, 3, 4}
B= {0, 2, 4, 6, 8}
C= {1, 3, 5, 7, 9}
A ᴜ B ᴜ C = { 0, 1, 2, 3, 4, 5 , 6, 7, 8, 9}
 OPERATIONS ON SETS

Intersection AՈB All elements which are in

either A or B (or both)

A= {1, 3, 5, 7, 9}
B= {3, 6, 9, 12}
A ∩ B = { 3, 9 }
 OPERATIONS ON SETS

Intersection AՈB All elements which are in

either A or B (or both)

A= {0, 1, 2, 3, 4}
B= {0, 2, 4, 6, 8}
A ∩ B = { 0, 2, 4 }
 OPERATIONS ON SETS
Complement A’ All elements in the
universal set which are
not in A.

Let: U = {0, 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8, 9}
A = {0, 2, 4, 6, 8}
A’ = { 1, 3, 5, 7, 9 }
 OPERATIONS ON SETS
Difference A-B All elements in the set
A which are not in B.

A = {0, 1, 2, 3, 4, 5 } B = {2, 4, 6, 8}

A-B = { 0, 1, 3, 5 }
 OPERATIONS ON SETS

Difference B-A All elements in the

set B which are
not in A.
A = {0, 1, 2, 3, 4, 5 } B = {2, 4, 6, 8}

B-A = { 6, 8 }