This document discusses key concepts in vector calculus including:
- Scalar and vector point functions which assign values to points in a region.
- The vector operator del (∇) and its application to scalar point functions to obtain the gradient and directional derivative.
- The divergence and curl of vector point functions, which measure how a vector field changes in space.
- Irrotational and solenoidal vector fields where the curl or divergence is zero everywhere.
- Applying del twice to point functions and the products of point functions using vector calculus identities.
This document discusses key concepts in vector calculus including:
- Scalar and vector point functions which assign values to points in a region.
- The vector operator del (∇) and its application to scalar point functions to obtain the gradient and directional derivative.
- The divergence and curl of vector point functions, which measure how a vector field changes in space.
- Irrotational and solenoidal vector fields where the curl or divergence is zero everywhere.
- Applying del twice to point functions and the products of point functions using vector calculus identities.
This document discusses key concepts in vector calculus including:
- Scalar and vector point functions which assign values to points in a region.
- The vector operator del (∇) and its application to scalar point functions to obtain the gradient and directional derivative.
- The divergence and curl of vector point functions, which measure how a vector field changes in space.
- Irrotational and solenoidal vector fields where the curl or divergence is zero everywhere.
- Applying del twice to point functions and the products of point functions using vector calculus identities.
ASSOCIATE PROFESSOR DEPARTMENT OF MATHEMATICS NATIONAL INSTITUTE OF TECHNOLOGY TIRUCHIRAPPALLI. E-MAIL: velulakshmanan@nitt.edu SCALAR AND VECTOR POINT FUNCTIONS SCALAR POINT FUNCTION: If to each point 𝑃 𝑅 of a region 𝑬 in space there corresponds a definite scalar denoted by 𝑓 𝑅 , then 𝑓 𝑅 is called a scalar point function in 𝑬. The region 𝑬 so defined is called a scalar field. EXAMPLES: The temperature at any instant, density of a body and potential due to gravitational matter are all examples of scalar point functions. VECTOR POINT FUNCTION: If to each point 𝑃 𝑅 of a region 𝑬 in space there corresponds a definite vector denoted by 𝐹 𝑅 , then it is called the vector point function in 𝑬. The region 𝑬 so defined is called a vector field. The velocity of a moving fluid at any instant, the gravitational intensity of force are examples of vector point functions. VECTOR OPERATOR DEL. ! ! ! The operator on the right side of the equation 𝑑𝐹 = 𝑑𝑥 + 𝑑𝑦 + 𝑑𝑧 𝐹 is in !" !# !$ ! ! ! the form of a scalar product of 𝐼 !"+ 𝐽 !# + 𝐾 !$ and 𝐼𝑑𝑥 + 𝐽𝑑𝑦 + 𝐾𝑑𝑧. ! ! ! ! ! If ∇ be defined by the equation ∇= 𝐼 !" + 𝐽 !# + 𝐾 !$ then 𝑑𝐹 = -!" 𝑑𝑥 + !# 𝑑𝑦 + ! !$ 𝑑𝑧 .may be written as 𝑑𝐹 = ∇ / 𝑑𝑅 𝐹 for when 𝑅 = 𝑥𝐼 + 𝑦𝐽 + 𝑧𝐾, 𝑑𝑅 = 𝐼𝑑𝑥 + 𝐽𝑑𝑦 + 𝐾𝑑𝑧. DEL APPLIED TO SCALAR POINT FUNCTIONS-GRADIENT: The vector function ∇𝑓 is defined as the gradient of the scalar point function 𝑓 and is written as 𝒈𝒓𝒂𝒅 𝒇. 𝝏𝒇 𝝏𝒇 𝝏𝒇 Thus 𝒈𝒓𝒂𝒅 𝒇 = 𝜵𝒇 = 𝑰 + 𝑱 + 𝑲 . 𝝏𝒙 𝝏𝒚 𝝏𝒛 Thus 𝑔𝑟𝑎𝑑 𝑓 is a vector normal to the surface 𝑓 = constant and has a magnitude equal to the rate of change of 𝑓 along this normal. DIRECTIONAL DERIVATIVE The directional derivative of 𝑓 in the direction of 𝑁 ! is the resolved part of ∇𝑓 in the direction 𝑁′. Since∇𝑓. 𝑁 ! = ∇𝑓 cos 𝛼 ≤ ∇𝑓 Thus ∇𝑓 gives the maximum rate of change of 𝑓. Problems: 1) Prove that ∇𝑟 " = 𝑛𝑟 "#$ 𝑅, where 𝑅 = 𝑥𝐼 + 𝑦𝐽 + 𝑧𝐾. 2) Find the values of constants 𝑎, 𝑏, 𝑐 so that the directional derivative of 𝑝 = 𝑎𝑥𝑦 $ + 𝑏𝑦𝑧 + 𝑐𝑧 $ 𝑥 % at (1,2, −1) has a maximum magnitude 64 in the direction parallel to the 𝑧 −axis. Problems: 3) Find the directional derivation of 𝜙 = 𝑥 & + 𝑦 & + 𝑧 & at the point 𝐴 1, −2,1 in the direction 𝐴𝐵 where 𝐵 is (2, 6, −1). Also find the maximum directional derivative of 𝜙 at (1, −2, 1). 4) In what direction from 3,1, −2 is the directional derivative of 𝜙 = 𝑥 $ 𝑦 $ 𝑧 & maximum? Find also the magnitude of this maximum. 5) Calculate the angle between the normals to the surfaces 𝑥𝑦 = 𝑧 $ at the points (4,1,2) and (3,3, −3). 6) Find the values of 𝑎 and 𝑏 so that the surface 5𝑥 $ − 2𝑦𝑧 − 9𝑧 = 0 may cut the surface 𝑎𝑥 $ + 𝑏𝑦 % = 4 orthogonally at (1, −1,2). Divergence The divergence of a continuously differentiable vector point function 𝐹 is denoted by 𝑑𝑖𝑣 𝐹 and is defined by the equation 𝜕𝐹 𝜕𝐹 𝜕𝐹 𝑑𝑖𝑣 𝐹 = ∇. 𝐹 = 𝐼. + 𝐽. + 𝐾. 𝜕𝑥 𝜕𝑦 𝜕𝑧 If 𝐹 = 𝑓𝐼 + 𝜙𝐽 + 𝜓𝐾 then 𝜕 𝜕 𝜕 𝜕𝑓 𝜕𝜙 𝜕𝜓 𝑑𝑖𝑣 𝐹 = ∇. 𝐹 = 𝐼 +𝐽 +𝐾 . 𝑓𝐼 + 𝜙𝐽 + 𝜓𝐾 = + + 𝜕𝑥 𝜕𝑦 𝜕𝑧 𝜕𝑥 𝜕𝑦 𝜕𝑧 Curl The curl of a continuously differentiable vector point function 𝐹 is defined by the !* !* !* equation 𝑐𝑢𝑟𝑙 𝐹 = ∇×𝐹 = 𝐼× !" + J× !# + 𝐾× !$ ! ! ! If 𝐹 = 𝑓𝐼 + 𝜙𝐽 + 𝜓𝐾 then 𝑐𝑢𝑟𝑙 𝐹 = ∇×𝐹 = (𝐼 !" + J !# + !$ )×(𝑓𝐼 + 𝜙𝐽 + 𝜓𝐾) 𝐼 𝐽 𝐾 ! ! ! !+ !, !- !+ !, !- = !" !# !$ =𝐼 !# − !$ +J !$ − !" + 𝐾( !" − !# ). 𝑓 𝜙 𝜓 Irrotational and solenoidal Let 𝑉 = 𝑣' 𝐼 + 𝑣( 𝐽 + 𝑣) 𝐾. 𝑑𝑖𝑣 𝑉 gives the rate at which fluid is originating at a point per unit volume. The 𝑐𝑢𝑟𝑙 of any vector point function gives the measure of the angular velocity at any point of the vector field. Irrotational: Any motion in which the curl of the velocity vector is zero is said to be irrotational, otherwise rotational. Solenoidal: If the flux entering any element of space is the same as that leaving it, i.e., 𝑑𝑖𝑣 𝑉 = 0 everywhere then such a point function is called a solenoidal vector function. DEL APPLIED TWICE TO POINT FUNCTIONS $ *!+ *!+ *!+ 1) 𝑑𝑖𝑣 𝑔𝑟𝑎𝑑 𝑓 = ∇ 𝑓 = *' ! + *( ! + *) ! 2) 𝑐𝑢𝑟𝑙 𝑔𝑟𝑎𝑑 𝑓 = ∇×∇𝑓 = 0 3) 𝑑𝑖𝑣 𝑐𝑢𝑟𝑙 𝐹 = ∇. ∇×𝐹 = 0 4) 𝑐𝑢𝑟𝑙 𝑐𝑢𝑟𝑙 𝐹 = 𝑔𝑟𝑎𝑑 𝑑𝑖𝑣 𝐹 − ∇$ 𝐹, i.e.,∇× ∇×𝐹 = ∇ ∇. 𝐹 − ∇$ 𝐹 5) 𝑔𝑟𝑎𝑑 𝑑𝑖𝑣 𝐹 = 𝑐𝑢𝑟𝑙 𝑐𝑢𝑟𝑙 𝐹 + ∇$ 𝐹, i.e., ∇ ∇. 𝐹 = ∇× ∇×𝐹 + ∇$ 𝐹 DEL APPLIED TO PRODUCTS OF POINT FUNCTIONS
2) 𝑑𝑖𝑣 𝑓𝐺 = 𝑔𝑟𝑎𝑑 𝑓 . 𝐺 + 𝑓(𝑑𝑖𝑣 𝐺) i.e., ∇ 𝑓𝐺 = ∇𝑓. 𝐺 + 𝑓∇. 𝐺 3) 𝑐𝑢𝑟𝑙 𝑓𝐺 = 𝑔𝑟𝑎𝑑 𝑓 ×𝐺 + 𝑓(𝑐𝑢𝑟𝑙 𝐺) i.e., ∇× 𝑓𝐺 = ∇𝑓×𝐺 + 𝑓∇×𝐺 4) 𝑔𝑟𝑎𝑑 𝐹. 𝐺 = 𝐹. ∇ 𝐺 + 𝐺. ∇ 𝐹 + 𝐹×𝑐𝑢𝑟𝑙 𝐺 + 𝐺×𝑐𝑢𝑟𝑙 𝐹 i.e., ∇ 𝐹. 𝐺 = 𝐹. ∇ 𝐺 + 𝐺. ∇ 𝐹 + 𝐹× ∇×𝐺 + 𝐺×( ∇×𝐹 5) 𝑑𝑖𝑣 𝐹×𝐺 = 𝐺. 𝑐𝑢𝑟𝑙 𝐹 − 𝐹. 𝑐𝑢𝑟𝑙 𝐺 i.e., ∇. 𝐹×𝐺 = 𝐺. ∇×𝐹 − 𝐹. (∇×𝐺) 6) 𝑐𝑢𝑟𝑙 𝐹×𝐺 = 𝐹 𝑑𝑖𝑣 𝐺 − 𝐺 𝑑𝑖𝑣 𝐹 + 𝐺. ∇ 𝐹 − 𝐹. ∇ 𝐺 i.e., ∇× 𝐹×𝐺 = 𝐹 ∇. 𝐺 − 𝐺 ∇. 𝐹 + 𝐺. ∇ 𝐹 − 𝐹. ∇ 𝐺 PROBLEMS: 1) Show that ∇$ 𝑟 " = 𝑛 𝑛 + 1 𝑟 "#$ 2) Evaluate 𝑑𝑖𝑣 𝐹 and 𝑐𝑢𝑟𝑙 𝐹 at the point (1,2,3) given 𝐹 = 𝑥 $ 𝑦𝑧𝐼 + 𝑥𝑦 $ 𝑧𝐽 + 𝑥𝑦𝑧 $ 𝐾. $ 3) If 𝐹 = 𝑥 + 𝑦 + 1 𝐼 + 𝐽 − 𝑥 + 𝑦 𝐾, show that ∇. 𝑉 = and ' ! ,( ! ,) ! ∇×∇= 0. 4) Find the value of 𝑎 if the vector 𝑎𝑥 $ 𝑦 + 𝑦𝑧 𝐼 + 𝑥𝑦 $ − 𝑥𝑧 $ 𝐽 + (2𝑥𝑦𝑧 − 2𝑥 $ 𝑦 $ )𝐾 has zero divergence. Find the 𝑐𝑢𝑟𝑙 of the above vector which has zero divergence. 5) If 𝐴 and 𝐵 are irrotational, prove that 𝐴×𝐵 is solenoidal. PROBLEMS: - $/ / 6) If 𝑅 = 𝑥𝐼 + 𝑦𝐽 + 𝑧𝐾 and 𝑟 ≠ 0, show that (i) ∇/(. !)=− . " ; ∇. .! = 1/𝑟 $ (ii)𝑑𝑖𝑣 𝑟 " 𝑅 = 𝑛 + 3 𝑟 " ; 𝑐𝑢𝑟𝑙 𝑟 " 𝑅 = 0 / $/ (iii) 𝑔𝑟𝑎𝑑 𝑑𝑖𝑣 =− . . .# 7) If 𝐴 is a constant vector and 𝑅 = 𝑥𝐼 + 𝑦𝐽 + 𝑧𝐾, prove that (i) 𝑔𝑟𝑎𝑑 𝐴. 𝑅 = 𝐴 (ii) 𝑑𝑖𝑣 𝐴×𝑅 = 0 (iii)𝑐𝑢𝑟𝑙 𝐴×𝑅 = 2𝐴 (iv)𝑐𝑢𝑟𝑙 𝐴. 𝑅 𝑅 = 𝐴×𝑅 8) For a solenoidal vector 𝐹, show that 𝑐𝑢𝑟𝑙 𝑐𝑢𝑟𝑙 𝑐𝑢𝑟𝑙 𝑐𝑢𝑟𝑙 𝐹 = ∇& 𝐹. 9) Find the directional derivative of ∇. (∇𝜙) at the point (1, −2,1) in the direction of the normal to the surface 𝑥𝑦 $ 𝑧 = 3𝑥 + 𝑧 $ , where 𝜙 = 2𝑥 % 𝑦 $ 𝑧 & . LINE INTEGRAL If 𝐹 𝑅 = 𝐼𝑓 𝑥, 𝑦, 𝑧 + 𝐽𝜙 𝑥, 𝑦, 𝑧 + 𝐾𝜓(𝑥, 𝑦, 𝑧) and 𝑑𝑅 = 𝐼𝑑𝑥 + 𝐽𝑑𝑦 + 𝐾𝑑𝑧 Then ∫0 𝐹(𝑅) . 𝑑𝑅 = ∫0 (𝑓𝑑𝑥 + 𝜙𝑑𝑦 + 𝜓𝑑𝑧). Circulation: If 𝐹 represents the velocity of a fluid particle then the line integral ∫0 𝐹. 𝑑𝑅 is called the circulation of 𝐹 around the curve. When the circulation of 𝐹 around every closed curve in a region 𝐸 vanishes, 𝐹 is said to be irrotational in 𝐸. Work: If 𝐹 represents the force acting on a particle moving along an arc 𝐴𝐵 then the work done during the small displacement 𝛿𝑅 = 𝐹. 𝛿𝑅. Thus the total work done by 𝐹 during the displacement from 𝐴 to 𝐵 is given by 2 the line integral ∫1 𝐹. 𝑑𝑅. Problems: 1) If 𝐹 = 3𝑥𝑦𝐼 − 𝑦 $ 𝐽, evaluate ∫ 𝐹. 𝑑𝑅, where 𝐶 is the curve in the 𝑥𝑦-plane 𝑦 = 2𝑥 $ from (0,0) to (1,2). 2) Find the work done in moving a particle in the force field 𝐹 = 3𝑥 $ 𝐼 + 2𝑥𝑧 − 𝑦 𝐽 + 𝑧𝐾, along (a) the straight line from (0,0,0) to (2,1,3). (b) The curve defined by 𝑥 $ = 4𝑦, 3𝑥 % = 8𝑧 from 𝑥 = 0 to 𝑥 = 2. 3) Compute the line integral ∫0 (𝑦 $ 𝑑𝑥 − 𝑥 $ 𝑑𝑦) about the triangle whose vertices are 1,0 , (0,1) and −1,0 . 4) If 𝐴 = 3𝑥 $ + 6𝑦 𝐼 − 14𝑦𝑧𝐽 + 20𝑥𝑧 $ 𝐾, evaluate ∫ 𝐴. 𝑑𝑅 from (0,0,0) to (1,1,1) along the path 𝑥 = 𝑡, 𝑦 = 𝑡 $ , 𝑧 = 𝑡 % . Problems: 5) Find the total work done by the force 𝐹 = 3𝑥𝑦𝐼 − 𝑦𝐽 + 2𝑧𝑥𝐾 in moving a particle around the circle 𝑥 $ + 𝑦 $ = 4. 6) Find the total work done in moving a particle in a force field given by 𝐹 = 3𝑥𝑦𝐼 − 5𝑧𝐽 + 10𝑥𝐾 along the curve 𝑥 = 𝑡 $ + 1, 𝑦 = 2𝑡 $ , 𝑧 = 𝑡 % from 𝑡 = 1 to 𝑡 = 2. 7) If 𝐹 = 2𝑦𝐼 − 𝑧𝐽 + 𝑥𝐾, evaluate ∫0 𝐹×𝑑𝑅 along the curve 𝑥 = cos 𝑡 , 𝑦 = sin 𝑡, 𝑧 = 2 cos 𝑡 from 𝑡 = 0 to 𝑡 = 𝜋/2. SURFACE INTEGRAL The surface integral ∫3 𝐹. 𝑑𝑆 or ∫3 𝐹. 𝑁𝑑𝑠 where 𝑁 is a unit outward normal at 𝑃 to 𝑆. Flux across a surface: If 𝐹 represent the velocity of a fluid particle then the total outward flux of 𝐹 across a closed surface 𝑆 is the surface integral ∫3 𝐹. 𝑑𝑆. Problems: 1) Evaluate ∫3 𝐹. 𝑁𝑑𝑠 where 𝐹 = 2𝑥 $ 𝑦𝐼 − 𝑦 $ 𝐽 + 4𝑥𝑧 $ 𝐾 and 𝑆 is the closed surface of the region in the first octant bounded by the cylinder 𝑦 $ + 𝑧 $ = 9 and the planes 𝑥 = 0, 𝑥 = 2, 𝑦 = 0 and 𝑧 = 0. 2) Evaluate ∫3 𝐹. 𝑑𝑆 where 𝐹 = 𝑥𝐼 + 𝑧 $ − 𝑧𝑥 𝐽 − 𝑥𝑦𝐾 and 𝑆 is the triangular surface with vertices (2,0,0), (0,2,0) and (0,0,4). 3) If 𝐹 = 2𝑦𝐼 − 3𝐽 + 𝑥 $ 𝐾 and 𝑆 is the surface of the parabolic cylinder 𝑦 $ = 8𝑥 in the first octant bounded by the planes 𝑦 = 4 and 𝑧 = 6, show that ∫3 𝐹. 𝑁 𝑑𝑠 = 132. GREEN’S THEOREM IN THE PLANE If 𝜙 𝑥, 𝑦 , 𝜓 𝑥, 𝑦 , 𝜙( and 𝜓' be continuous in a region 𝐸 of the 𝑥𝑦-plane bounded by a closed curve 𝐶, then 𝜕𝜓 𝜕𝜙 e 𝜙𝑑𝑥 + 𝜓𝑑𝑦 = f ( − ) 𝑑𝑥𝑑𝑦 0 4 𝜕𝑥 𝜕𝑦 Problem: 1) Verify Green’s theorem for ∫0 [ 𝑥𝑦 + 𝑦 $ 𝑑𝑥 + 𝑥 $ 𝑑𝑦], where 𝐶 is bounded by 𝑦 = 𝑥 and 𝑦 = 𝑥 $ . STOKE’S THEOREM If 𝑆 be an open surface bounded by a closed curve 𝐶 and 𝐹 = 𝑓- 𝐼 + 𝑓$ 𝐽 + 𝑓% 𝐾 be any continuously differentiable vector point function, then ∫0 𝐹. 𝑑𝑅 = ∫3 𝑐𝑢𝑟𝑙 𝐹. 𝑁 𝑑𝑠 where 𝑁 = cos 𝛼𝐼 + cos 𝛽𝐽 + cos 𝛾𝐾 is a unit external normal at any point of 𝑆. Problems: 1) Verify Stoke’s theorem for 𝐹 = 𝑥 $ + 𝑦 $ 𝐼 − 2𝑥𝑦𝐽 taken around the rectangle bounded by the lines 𝑥 = ±𝑎, 𝑦 = 0, 𝑦 = 𝑏. 2) Using Stoke’s theorem evaluate ∫0 [ 𝑥 + 𝑦 𝑑𝑥 + 2𝑥 − 𝑧 𝑑𝑦 + 𝑦 + 𝑧 𝑑𝑧] where 𝐶 is the boundary of the triangle with vertices 2,0,0 , (0,3,0) and (0,0,6). 3) Verify Stoke’s theorem for 𝐹 = 𝑦 − 𝑧 + 2 𝐼 + 𝑦𝑧 + 4 𝐽 − 𝑥𝑧𝐾 where 𝑆 is the surface of the cube 𝑥 = 0, 𝑦 = 0, 𝑧 = 0, 𝑥 = 2, 𝑦 = 2, 𝑧 = 2 above the 𝑥𝑦- plane. 4) If 𝑆 be the surface of the sphere 𝑥 $ + 𝑦 $ + 𝑧 $ = 1, prove that ∫3 𝑐𝑢𝑟𝑙 𝐹. 𝑑𝑆 = 0. 5) Use Stoke’s theorem to evaluate ∇×𝐹 . 𝑁 𝑑𝑠 where 𝐹 = 𝑦𝐼 + 𝑥 − 2𝑥𝑧 𝐽 − 𝑥𝑦𝐾 and 𝑆 is the surface of the sphere 𝑥 $ + 𝑦 $ + 𝑧 $ = 𝑎$ above the 𝑥𝑦-plane. GAUSS DIVERGENCE THEOREM If 𝐹 is a continuously differentiable vector function in the region 𝐸 bounded by the closed surface 𝑆, then ∫3 𝐹. 𝑁𝑑𝑠 = ∫4 𝑑𝑖𝑣 𝐹𝑑𝑣 where 𝑁 is the unit external normal vector. Problems: 1) Verify Divergence theorem for 𝐹 = 𝑥 $ − 𝑦𝑧 𝐼 + 𝑦 $ − 𝑧𝑥 𝐽 + 𝑧 $ − 𝑥𝑦 𝐾 taken over the rectangular parallelopiped 0 ≤ 𝑥 ≤ 𝑎, 0 ≤ 𝑦 ≤ 𝑏, 0 ≤ 𝑧 ≤ 𝑐. 2) Evaluate ∫3 𝐹. 𝑑𝑠 where 𝐹 = 4𝑥𝐼 − 2𝑦 $ 𝐽 + 𝑧 $ 𝐾 and 𝑆 is the surface bounding the region 𝑥 $ + 𝑦 $ = 4, 𝑧 = 0 and 𝑧 = 3. Problems: 3) Using divergence theorem, prove that (i) ∫3 𝑅. 𝑑𝑆 = 3𝑉 (ii) ∫3 ∇𝑟 $ . 𝑑𝑆 = 6𝑉 Where 𝑆 is any closed surface enclosing a volume 𝑉 and 𝑟 $ = 𝑥 $ + 𝑦 $ + 𝑧 $ . 4) Using divergence theorem, evaluate ∫3 𝑅. 𝑁𝑑𝑠 where 𝑆 is the surface of the sphere 𝑥 $ + 𝑦 $ + 𝑧 $ = 9. 5) Evaluate ∬(𝑥𝑑𝑦𝑑𝑧 + 𝑦𝑑𝑧𝑑𝑥 + 𝑧𝑑𝑥𝑑𝑦) over the surface of a sphere of radius 𝑎. 6) Evaluate ∫3 𝐹. 𝑑𝑆 where 𝐹 = 𝑦 $ 𝑧 $ 𝐼 + 𝑧 $ 𝑥 $ 𝐽 + 𝑥 $ 𝑦 $ 𝐾 and 𝑆 is the upper part of the sphere 𝑥 $ + 𝑦 $ + 𝑧 $ = 𝑎$ above 𝑋𝑂𝑌 plane.