PROTECTION COORDINATION EE-040, EE-057, EE-061, EE-062, EE-066

Electrical Power System Protection (EE-455)

ETAP PROJECT
PROTECTION COORDINATION

Group Members:

Syed Faizan Ali EE-040

Syed Ibtihaj EE-057
Dareer Bin Khalid EE-061
Muhammad Ali Siddiqui EE-062
Arslan Shahnawaz EE-066

Section: B
Batch: 2011-12
Submitted To: Dr. Muhammad Ali Memon

NED University of Engineering & Technology

Department of Electrical Engineering

Page 1 of 10
PROTECTION COORDINATION EE-040, EE-057, EE-061, EE-062, EE-066

CHAPTER 1 - INTRODUCTION:

Electrical Transient and Analysis Program (ETAP) is simulation software that allows the
engineer to analyses any electrical system in terms of the load flow analysis, fault analysis,
short circuit analysis, relay coordination, transient analysis, etc. Besides these, ETAP also
calculates other Electrical parameters efficiently as well. This makes ETAP the most
comprehensive environment for the designing, implementation and the study of the Electrical
power systems.

In our project we are going to design and implement an Electrical power system, and will do the
protection design the coordination schemes using overcurrent relays, Circuit breakers and fuses. But
first let’s get familiar with the ETAP Environment.

On opening the ETAP, we start by clicking on the “create new a project”, after defining the
name of project and other general details we finally enter into the ETAP environment. The
window opens is the editor mode for the SLD's. In the window it can be seen that there are
symbols for different components for the SLD's.

Load flow analysis of the SLD can be done. In the upper right corner of the window there are
symbols regarding different types of analysis of the SLD. A side bar appears in the window
which displays the options regarding the load flow analysis. First option is the display options
through which different values can be displays in the windows at each node of the SLD. This
values can be of current, voltage and power factor. Then there is the option of the alert view
which shows that either any node is behaving abnormally that is under voltage or over voltage.
Finally to generate a load flow report there is an option just below the alert view. It generates
a PDF file for all the calculations of the load flow analysis. The report can be made detailed as
well as précised depending upon the requirement of the user.

The short circuit analysis of the SLD can also be done. In the upper right corner of the editor
window there is an option of short circuit analysis through which short circuit analysis can be
done. A fault is generated on a bus by right clicking it and selecting the fault option and then
the required calculations were seen by the display options.

Finally, we can do protection coordination of the SLD through star view where we can see
curves of different protection devices and thereby doing protection coordination.

Page 2 of 10
PROTECTION COORDINATION EE-040, EE-057, EE-061, EE-062, EE-066

CHAPTER 2- BACKGROUND STUDY

For the proper implementation of the design scheme this will require some background
knowledge of the different types of faults, their severity and damage to the power system and
how such faults can be rectified. For this purpose, we have designed a simple power system to
understand the designing, implementation and working of ETAP. A model has been created in
the ETAP software which is shown in Figure 1

Figure 1: Implementation of Simple Power system. The load flow analysis is done

Faults are created at buses 1 and 4 in the above model in order to study the short circuit analysis
of the system.

Faults at Bus 1:
We have made Bus 1 faulty, and then we have applied different fault at Bus 1 like L-G fault,
L-L fault, L-L-G fault and 3phase symmetrical fault. And the power flow analysis were
observed as shown in Figure 2;

Figure 2: Different Faults on Bus 1

Page 3 of 10
PROTECTION COORDINATION EE-040, EE-057, EE-061, EE-062, EE-066

Fault at Bus 4

As previously, we have now made Bus 4 faulty, and then we have applied different fault at
Bus 1 like L-G fault, L-L fault, L-L-G fault and 3phase symmetrical fault. And the power
flow analysis were observed as in Figure 3;

Figure 2: Different Faults on Bus 4

It is verified from the diagrams and analysis that by doing any fault analysis, sequence
components and the fault current can easily be analyzed.

Page 4 of 10
PROTECTION COORDINATION EE-040, EE-057, EE-061, EE-062, EE-066

CHAPTER 3- PROJECT MODELLING AND FAULT

ANALYSIS

After getting the Familiar with ETAP Environment and getting the background knowledge, we
are now ready to design out Electrical Power system Model. Our Model comprises of three
generating units each of 3MW and 2 lumped loads of 2MVA. In between the connections have
been made through step up and step down transformers along with a cable and transmission
line. The model made in the project is given Figure 4.

Figure 4: Modelled Project. And for Protection, OCRs and CTs are also implemented

Page 5 of 10
PROTECTION COORDINATION EE-040, EE-057, EE-061, EE-062, EE-066

We will first do the load flow analysis of this system to get to know the normal active and
reactive power flowing in our system. The observation of Load flow analysis is shown in
Figure. 5

Figure 5: Load Flow Analysis of Modelled Project

Short Circuit Analysis of Our Project:

Now we are going to apply fault at bus 1 and bus 8 individually. The fault analysis of short
circuit at swing is in shown in Figure 6.

Figure 6: Short Circuit Analysis in Bus 1 and Bus 8 respectively

Page 6 of 10
PROTECTION COORDINATION EE-040, EE-057, EE-061, EE-062, EE-066

CHAPTER 4 - PROTECTION COORDINATION:

Protective device coordination is the process of determining the "best fit" timing of current interruption
when abnormal electrical conditions occur. The goal is to minimize an outage to the greatest extent
possible. To ensure proper coordination is being done. For correct operation, breaker nearest to
the fault should trip first.

Now we apply fault cases and check the time curves of relays, fuses and breakers to ensure
proper coordination is being done. For correct operation, breaker nearest to the fault should
trip first.

Following in Figure 7, are the combined time current characteristics curves for the relays and
fuses used

Figure 7: Time characteristic curves of relay and fuses

Following are the results that verify proper co-ordination between relays when fault scenarios
were created on all the bus bars:
Page 7 of 10
PROTECTION COORDINATION EE-040, EE-057, EE-061, EE-062, EE-066

Faults at different buses were placed separately to verify that successful protection is
achieved.

Fault at bus 1

When a fault was created on Bus-1, all the three circuit breakers tripped with CB1 going out
first. Bus 1 (fault section) was isolated and hence supply from main generators is thus
disconnected from the rest of the power system. This was done via providing a time delay for
the all the three CTs.

Fault at Bus 4:

Page 8 of 10
PROTECTION COORDINATION EE-040, EE-057, EE-061, EE-062, EE-066

When fault at bus 4 was made, the CB11 being nearest to fault trips first correctly. It is
followed by CB9 and CB8 by providing a time delay through TMS setting.

Fault on Bus6:

When fault on Bus 6 was made, CB13 trips first correctly, isolating the fault from network.

Page 9 of 10
PROTECTION COORDINATION EE-040, EE-057, EE-061, EE-062, EE-066

Fault at Bus 8:

When fault at bus8 was made, CB15 trips first, isolating the fault from system.

In case of fault on remote feeder end bus 12, the low voltage circuit breaker CB12 which was
closest to the fault tripped first. Then CB10 and CB9 also tripped with definite time delays.
In case of fault on remote feeder end bus 15, the low voltage circuit breaker CB19 which was
closest to the fault tripped first. Then CB12 and CB9 also tripped with definite time delays.

Chapter 5 - Results and Conclusion:

This was basically a study project and its purpose was to get us familiar with the ETAP
Environment. We have studied our project completely and have designed and implementation
a Electrical power network and then has provided the proper Protection coordination to it.
After doing the proper calculation of the TMS and PMS settings of a relay, as shown in
Figure, it is observed and calculated that placing the fault at any bus will result the proper
sequential tripping of the Circuit breakers that isolates the fault completely from the system.
Hence the protection coordination of this system is successfully achieved and studied.

Page 10 of 10