Ankara University

Engineering Faculty
Department of Engineering Physics Chapter 3
PEN207
Circuit Responses
Circuit Design and Analysis

Prof. Dr. Hüseyin Sarı

Circuit Responses Circuit Responses

Content
7Ω

• Characteristics of Circuit Response I=?

+
• Natural Response 6V 10pF 5Ω
- 5H
• Response of More Complex Circuits
• Forced Response
• Initial Conditions What is the current on the 5Ω?
• Exact Response
7Ω
I=?
+
6V 10pF 5Ω
- 5H

 6V 
3 I =  = 0.5 A 4
 12Ω 

PEN207-Circuit Design & Analysis:Chapter-3 1

 Circuit Responses Characteristics of Circuit Response
The general characteristics of the circuit response will be explained by examining the
In this chapter, the response of circuit will be examined if circuit consisting of resistor R and capacitor C, below. Suppose that switch S is off
sudden change of current and voltage are applied to the until t=0 and the capacitor C is empty. There is no current in the circuit before t=0.
circuits. The circuit is stable.

S R v(t)
S R E
Current on capacitor Voltage on coil
+ + Switch S was turned

dvC (t ) + + di(t ) E vc C on t=0 t

vC vL (t ) = L
i (t ) = C v(t) C dt - - 0
dt - vL(t) -

L
If the switch is turned on at t = 0, the conditions start to change. Charges from the
vC(t)=? vL(t)=? voltage source start to flow through the circuit and reach the capacitor; this charge
flow continues (at the beginning it is fast and then it is slows down) until the
The current and voltage on capacitor and inductor are not voltage (vC) on the capacitor is equal to the source voltage (vC=E); a new state is
proportional to the magnitude of the current and voltage, but are established and the flow of charges stops.
5 6
proportional to change on current and voltage.

S R S R S R

S R R + + + + +
S E E vc E vc
vc=0 C C C
- - - - -
+ + +
E vc=0 C E vc C
- -
t=0 t > 0+ t >> 0
- vc(t)
t=0 t > 0+
E
Switch S was turned t > 0+: Just after
This transient period may
on t=0 switch is on
be long or short depending
on the circuit elements. t
vc(t) 0
Initial conditions Transient Steady-state region
Small C
response
E Chapter 4
Switch S was turned on t=0 Chapter 3
Large C This transition period can be long or short depending on the circuit elements. This transitional
t
period is the sum of the Natural response of the circuit elements and the Forced response
0
7 generated by the power source and is the subject of this chapter. 8

PEN207-Circuit Design & Analysis:Chapter-3 2

 Characteristics of Circuit Response Characteristics of Circuit Response
Full response is the sum of the Natural and Forced responses
vc(t)
A R
S R V Response of the circuit
Exact Response
observed immediately after + B S +
+ +
E vc C a sudden change in the E vc C
- - t
circuit (switch-off) - -
0
S R =
Natural Response Natural behavior of the
vc(t)
+ circuit with no power
vc C E
- t source
Switch S was at A
0 t
+ 0
Forced Response
+ + Voltage applied by the Switch S was at B Switch S was at A
E vc C power source to the
- - t circuit

9 10
0

Natural Response-RC Circuit Natural Response-RC Circuit

In this section, natural response of a RC circuit, in case there is no power source, will be
examined. Consider the circuit below as an example: v(t ) = Ke st s=−
1
RC
Current on the resistor iR iC Current on the capacitor
+ 1 s is in 1/time dimension and what physically it means will be
v (t )
i (t ) = R
R v(t) C dv (t )
i (t ) = C C s=− discussed in detail in the following sections.
R - dt RC

iR + iC = 0 v(t ) = Ke −t RC
This is first order (first derivative)
Kirchhoff’s Current Law dv(t ) 1 homogeneous (the right side of
(KCL) equation: C + v(t ) = 0 the equation is zero) differential
dt R equation. The value of the constant K is determined by using the initial value of v(t). In this
Since this equation contains derivatives it is called differential equation. case, since v(t=0)=Vo (v(t)=Vo at t=0), K=Vo is found.
(If the capacitor were initially empty then v(t=0)=0, K=0)
The solution must be a function If the constants s and K are known,
v(t ) = Ke st the solution can be obtained (K can
whose derivative is equal to itself
be found from initial conditions). In this case solution (Natural response of the circuit):
Remainder:
d 1 1
Derivative rule: C ( Ke st ) + Ke st = 0 Ke st ( sC + ) = 0 v(t ) = Vo e −t RC
y (t ) = Aebt dt R R
1 1
dy (t )
= Abebt = by (t ) sC + =0 s=− v(t) = Ke −t RC 11 12
dt R RC

PEN207-Circuit Design & Analysis:Chapter-3 3

 + +
R v(t) C R v(t) C v(t ) = Ke −t RC
- -

v(t ) = Ke −t RC v(t)
τ is in time dimension
τ ≡ RC V  Q   V  Q  Vo
[τ ] = [ RC ] =  =  = [T ]
 I   V   Q / T   V 
v(t) v(t ) = Vo e −t τ
Vo(1-1/e)
τ= RC; the time
Vo τ ≡ RC constant it takes
Vo/e for the initial
voltage (Vo) to fall
t
v(t ) = Vo e −t τ τ= RC; the time
0
to the Vo/e value

Vo/e constant it takes τ=RC 5τ

for the initial
voltage (Vo) to fall Charging or discharging phase of a capacitor has ended after 5τ
t to the Vo/e value
0 τ=RC Charging: v(t ) = Vo (1 − e −t τ ) ⇒ v(t = 5τ ) = Vo (1 − e −5τ τ ) = Vo (1 − e −5 ) = Vo (1 − 0.007) ≅ (0.993)Vo

13
Discharging: v(t ) = Vo e−t τ ⇒ v(t = 5τ ) = Vo e−5τ τ = Vo e−5 = Vo (0.007) ≅ (0.003)Vo 14

Example-3.1: In the RL circuit below:

+ (a) Find the natural response i(t)
R v(t)
-
C τ=RC (b) If i(0)=5A find the numerical value of i(t).

v(t ) = Ke −t RC R=4Ω

i(t)
v(t)
L=2H
Vo τ1< τ2 < τ3 C1< C2 < C3

v(t ) = Vo e −t RC = Vo e −t τ
Vo/e
t
0
τ1 τ2 τ3 15 16

PEN207-Circuit Design & Analysis:Chapter-3 4

 Solution:(a) Kirchhoff's Voltage Law(KVL) R=4Ω

R=4Ω di (t )
i(t) L + Ri(t ) = 0
dt
i(t) L=2H
VR + VL = 0
L=2H
τ is in time dimension

[τ ] = 
L   L  V /( I / T )   1   V 
di (t ) i(t) = = =
 R  V / I   V / I  V / I   I / T 
= [T ]

L + Ri(t ) = 0
dt Io
Solution of above differential equation: i (t ) = Ke st i(t ) = Ke − Rt L
d R
L ( Ke st ) + R( Ke st ) = 0 Ke st ( sL + R) = 0 sL + R = 0 s=− i(t ) = Ke− Rt L = Ke −t τ
dt L
Solution: i (t ) = Ke − Rt L Io/e
(b) When the values given in the problem are used (i(t=0)=5A) t
0 τ=L/R τ= L/R;
i(t = 0) = 5 A = Ke − (4 2)0
= K .1 ⇒ K = 5 A the time constant it
takes for the initial
i(t ) = 5e−2 t amper 17
current (Io) to fall to
18
the Io/e value

RC Circuit RL Circuit
Homework: Find the natural response of component of current i(t) of the LC
circuit below
+ i(t)
R v(t) C R L
-
LC Circuit
dv(t ) 1 di (t )
C + v(t ) = 0 L + Ri(t ) = 0
dt R dt i(t)
v(t)/Vo i(t)/Io L C
−α t
1.0 i(t ) = Ke 1.0
−t RC −t τ 1 i (t ) = I o e − R t L = I o e − t τ
v(t ) = Vo e = Vo e α≡
τ
No energy consumption (no resistance in the circuit!)
τ Time constant:
Vo/e Io/e
A scale of the length
of time required to
t
t disaapear the
0 τ natural response 0 τ
L
Time Constant τ ≡ RC Time Constant τ ≡ 20
R

PEN207-Circuit Design & Analysis:Chapter-3 5

 Example-3.2: Find the natural component of the v(t) response of the circuit Solution-3.2: The first step is to remove the effect of the source, since the
below. natural response component is asked. If the voltage source is
short-circuited, the effect of the source is removed.

R=3Ω R=3Ω R=3Ω a

R=3Ω

+ + + + +
+ + vs(t) C=1/2F v(t) L=2H vs=0 C=1/2F vn(t) L=2H vn(t)
vs(t) C=1/2F v(t) L=2H - - - - -
- - L=2H

The voltage at the terminals of the capacitor is forced to be zero due to the short circuit.
1 1 1 dv n (t ) 1
KCL: vn (t ) + ∫ v n (t )dt = 0 + v n (t ) = 0 First order differential
3 2 3 dt 2 equation
Solution: vn (t ) = Vo e st
1d 1 s 1 s 1
(Vo e st ) + Vo e st = 0 Vo e st ( + ) = 0 + =0 s = −1.5
3 dt 2 3 2 3 2
21 22
vn (t ) = Vo e− (1.5)t

Natural Response of More Complex Circuits Natural Response of More Complex Circuits
In the previous section, the circuit contained only one circuit element (capacitor In the previous section, the circuit contained single circuit element (capacitor or
or inductance) that stored the energy. inductor) that store energy. In this section, the natural responses of the circuits
containing more than one circuit elements storing energy will be examined.
R

R R L +
C C L vs(t) L
RC Circuit RL Circuit LC Circuit - C

Energy loss! Energy loss! No energy loss! di(t ) 1

Kirchhof’s Voltage Law (KVL): Ri(t ) + L + ∫ i (t )dt = vs (t )
dt C
v(t)/Vo v(t)/Vo v(t) This is a second order
Time constant Time constant ω Take derivative of (second derivation) non-
τ ≡ RC τ ≡ L/R d 2i (t ) di (t ) 1 v (t )
Vo
both side to get rid of L +R + i(t ) = s homogeneous (right side of
the integral form dt 2 dt C dt the equation is non-zero)
t
Vo/e Vo/e differential equation.
t t
0 τ 0 τ -Vo Natural reponse of the circuit, d 2in (t ) di (t ) 1
in(t) (in case of vs(t)=0)
L + R n + in (t ) = 0 24
dt 2 dt C

PEN207-Circuit Design & Analysis:Chapter-3 6

 Short remainder about differential equations and their solution:
R
d 2 y (t ) dy (t )
a +b + cy (t ) = 0
dt 2 dt
+
vs(t) in(t) L Solution: y (t ) = Ae st
- C
aAs 2 e st + bAse st + ce st = Ae st ( as 2 + bs + c) = 0
In general roots are
as 2 + bs + c = 0 s1,2 = d ± jk complex number
Natural response of the circuit in(t)

d 2in (t ) di (t ) 1
L + R n + in (t ) = 0 y (t ) = Ae− dt d≠0; k=0 (Real)
dt 2 dt C
1 st y (t ) = Ae− dt sin(kt ) d≠0; k≠0 (Complex)
Solution: in (t ) = Ke st s 2 LKe st + sRKe st + Ke = 0
C y (t ) = A sin( kt ) d=0; k≠0 (Imaginary)
y(t)
Since it is a quadratic,
1 1 A
Ke st ( s 2 L + sR + )=0 s 2 L + sR + =0 in general there are
C C two roots; s1 and s2
t
in (t ) = K1e s1t + K 2 e s2t
25 -A 26
K1 and K2 coefficients can be found from initial conditions.

Solution:
Example-3.3: The following circuit is triggered by a current source disconnected
at t=0. At the moment the current source is disconnected, the
capacitance voltage is 4V and inductance current (iL) is 1A. Find
the voltage v(t) for t> 0.
The response is the natural response since the source is disconnected
at t=0. First the solution of the natural response of the circuit will be
found and then the coefficients will be determined using the initial
conditions.

R=4/3Ω L=2H C=1/4F

iL(t)
+
R=4/3Ω v(t) L=2H Natural response of the circuit (vs(t)=0):
C=1/4F
- 3 1 dv(t ) 1
iL(t) Kirchhoff’s Current Law (KCL): v(t ) + + ∫ v(t )dt = 0 ax 2 + bx + c = 0
iR + iC + iL = 0 4 4 dt 2
1 dv(t ) 1
+ ∫ v(t ) dt = 0
−b ± b 2 − 4ac
R
v(t ) + C
dt L
x1,2 =
2 2a
Solution: v(t ) = Ke st d v(t ) dv(t )
+3 + 2v(t ) = 0
dt 2 dt
−3 ± 32 − 4.1.2 −3 ± 1
Ke st ( s 2 + 3s + 2) = 0 s 2 + 3s + 2 = 0 s1,2 =
2.1
=
2
s1 = −2; s2 = −1 s1 = −2 s2 = −1
Roots are real
K1 and K2 coefficients can be 28found
27
v(t ) = K1e −2 t + K 2 e −t from the initial conditions (t=0).

PEN207-Circuit Design & Analysis:Chapter-3 7

 Initial Conditions:
Let’s use initial conditions (t=0) to find K1 and K2 coefficients: 1- Voltage on capacitance is (vc)= 4V; when the power source is disconnected
2- Current on the inductor (iL)=1 A 3 1 dv(t ) 1
2∫
v(t ) + + v(t )dt = 0
4 4 dt
v(t ) = K1e −2 t + K 2 e −t KCL equation at t=0 iR (t = 0) + iC (t = 0) + iL (t = 0) = 0
3 1 dv(t = 0)
v(t = 0) + + iL (t = 0) = 0
R=4/3Ω L=2H C=1/4F
4 4 dt iL (t = 0) = 1A
3 1 dv(t = 0) dv(t = 0)
iL(t) 4+ +1 = 0 = −16
4 4 dt dt
Since there are two unknowns, we must obtain two equations. v(t = 0) = K + K = 4 K1 + K 2 = 4
1 2

At t=0; v(0)=4V Initial conditions:

dv(t = 0) 2 K1 + K 2 = 16
t=0 current the capacitance = −2 K1 − K 2 = −16
v(t = 0) = K1 + K 2 voltage is 4V and inductance dt K1 = 12; K 2 = −8
current (iL) is 1A.
v(t)
At t=0; derivative
4.0
dv(t = 0) What is the value of
Exact Solution: v(t ) = 12e−2 t − 8e−t
= −2 K1 − K 2 dv(t=0)/dt ?
dt 6.0 t
0.5
If the v(t=0) and dv(t=0)/dt values are known at t=0 then K1 and K2 0
29 30
coefficients can be found.

Solution: The response is the natural response since the source is disconnected
Example-3.4: The 1/5F capacitor in the following circuit is charged with a at t=0. First the natural response of the circuit will be found and then
second circuit (not shown) before time t=0. Since the capacitor is the coefficients will be found using the initial conditions.
charged enough before t<0, the voltage on it will be vc=10V. Find R=2Ω
the current i(t) in the circuit for t>0. S
+ +
R=2Ω vL(t) L=1H vC(t) C=1/5F
S
- i(t)=? -
+ +
vL(t) L=1H vC(t) C=1/5F Natural response (vs(t)=0).
- i(t)=? - di (t )
KVL: 1 + 2i(t ) + 5∫ i(t )dt = 0
dt
Take derivative to get rid of integral form −b ± b 2 − 4ac
s1,2 =
2 2a
d i(t ) di (t )
+2 + 5i (t ) = 0 s1,2 =
−2 ± 22 − 4.1.5 −2 ± j 4
=
st
dt 2 dt 2.1 2
Solution: i (t ) = Ke j: imaginary; j.j=-1
st 2 2 s1 = −1 + j 2 Roots are
Ke ( s + 2s + 2) = 0 s + 2s + 5 = 0 complex!
s2 = −1 − j 2
31 32
i (t ) = K1e( −1+ j 2) t + K 2 e − (1+ j 2) t

PEN207-Circuit Design & Analysis:Chapter-3 8

 From the initial conditions (K1 and K2): KVL equation at t=0
i (t ) = K1e ( −1+ j 2) t
+ K2e − (1+ j 2) t di (t = 0) di (t = 0)
1 + 2i (t = 0) − vC (t = 0) = 0 = 10
dt dt
factoring out e-t :
i (t ) = e − t ( K1e + j 2t + K 2 e− j 2t ) This can be rewritten in a
i(t = 0) = 0 vC (t = 0) = 10 V
simpler format.
± iθ
From Euler’s equation: e = cos θ ± j sin θ di (t = 0) di (t = 0)
= 2B = 2 B = 10 ⇒ B = 5
dt
i (t ) = e −t
[ K1 (cos 2t + j sin 2t ) + K 2 (cos 2t − j sin 2t )] dt
A ≡ K1 + K 2 Exact solution: i(t ) = 5e −t sin 2t amper
i (t ) = e −t [ A cos 2t + B sin 2t ] B ≡ j ( K1 − K 2 )
i(t)
To find K1 and K2 coefficients initial conditions (t=0) should be used.
6.0
i (t ) = 5e −t sin 2t
First initial condition i(t=0)=0
4.0
i (t = 0) = 0 = e −0 [ A cos 2.(0) + B sin 2(0) ] = A A =0 6.0 t (sec)
0.5
0.0
di(t )
Second initial conditions: B coeff. can be found: = e −t [ −2 A sin 2t + 2 B cos 2t ] − e− t [ A cos 2t + B sin 2t ]
dt -4.0
di (t = 0)
= 0( A = 0) + e−0 [ −2 A sin 2(0) + 2 B cos 2(0) ] = 2 B 33
-6.0 34
dt

PEN207-Circuit Design & Analysis:Chapter-3 9