CHAPTER ONE

INTRODUCTION

1.1 Background Information

Corruption is a worldwide threat that influences corporate believability and

monetary supportability just as close to home security. There is a rising affirmation

that defilement is pervasive inside the development business and the acquirement

cycle specifically. There is abundant proof across the world that defilement ruins

financial turn of events; decreases social administrations; redirects interests in

foundation and social administrations and effects the poor excessively (Afzal et al.,

2017). A few examinations have uncovered impressive shortcomings in the

acquisition process and infer that incentive for cash isn't accomplished in the

obtainment of public foundation because of corruption (Adeagbo et al., 2016).

Corrupt practices in the development business are a worldwide peculiarity.

Reasonably, it has drawn in the consideration of scientists from various nations of

the world (Skitmore 2019). Accessible examination in this space focuses to

dynamism in the idea of the issue and to its setting conditions (Mondejar, 2017). Le

et al. (2014) appropriately saw that unscrupulous practices are available in both

creating and created economies. All things considered, development related

examination discoveries from agricultural nations are often divergent from those

from the created world, which might be associated with the poor institutional

1
structures, absence of advancement and managerial slips in such nations (Ofori,

2007). Added to this, particularly in the field of morals, contrasting associations,

state run administrations, social practices and moral ways of thinking involve that

examination should be setting explicit (Andawei et al. 2018). Bowen, Edwards and

Chuka (2015) created four topical issues in their investigation of development

industry defilement. These remember association for corruption, types of

defilement, factors that might lead to ruin exercises and method for fighting

corruption. The result of the examination of any of these subjects will rely upon the

frameworks and establishments where the defilement is inserted. In Nigeria,

nonetheless, look at the pervasiveness of defilement among bureaucratic and state

legislatures.

According to Ernest (2018), there is proof of defilement at all levels, including:

restrictive data encroachments and "taking of drawings during the plan stage; tricky

offering during the offering stage, cash affectations (pay off) for over-esteeming

work performed during the site tasks stage; carelessness as low quality archives

during creation documentation stage and fake lead, like concealing helpless

workmanship during site tasks. Faith (2016) detailed that the development industry

is reliably positioned as one of the worst: the installment of huge measure of cash

for the reasons for acquiring or changing agreements and dodge guidelines.

2
Development contracts normally include colossal amounts of cash, making them

alluring to ruin people. In such agreements, exploitative practices at different

phases of acquisition ensuing to the delicate stage can be better taken care of if

deceptive offering rehearses were forestalled. The project aims at evaluating factors

susceptible to corruptible tendencies in procurement of public sector construction

project

1.2 Problem Statement

The impacts of corruptible tendencies in Nigerian development industry requires a

genuine worry to one and all as corruptible propensities have turned into the

standard in each feature of our economy as a country. In actuality, defilement is

fundamental as its tendencies show in each area of the economy including the

development business prompting ceaseless breakdown of structures and related

death toll and properties, low quality task conveyance, and the deserting of

undertakings among others. Ijewereme et al.(2019) presented that the development

industry is seen to be more vulnerable to dishonest propensities to a great extent

because of its highlights inciting corruptible tendencies having clear impact on

every one of the phases of development directly from the arranging stage, through

the delicate stage lastly to the consummation stage.

As indicated by Ijewereme et al. (2019), there has been an expansion in instances

of maltreatment of public acquirement framework in Nigeria that has finished into

3
the deficiency of gigantic amounts of cash and different assets. They further

expressed that the nation might have additionally has lost billions of naira

(Nigerian cash) in the past generally because of the maltreatment of strategies,

contract swelling, absence of straightforwardness, absence of a skill based rivalry

which are central fixings in the honor of government contracts. Like disease,

Kasimu (2019) fight that debasement strikes every one of the little hiding spots of

society by delivering the social, political and financial areas useless and pointless.

As believed by Ameh and Ogundare (2015), the Nigerian government on

supposition of office in 1999 observed that the methodology in leading government

business was not a huge deal. It arrived at a point where public assistance rules,

monetary guidelines, and the essential standards of public help were abandoned,

either because of expert carelessness or egotistical thought processes. The

discoveries of the public authority after series of examinations uncovered that

Nigerian was losing a whooping more than forty (40) billion naira (267 million

USD) by and large before 1999 yearly because of different sorts of controls in the

techniques of granting public agreements. Theories controls as per Ameh and

Ogundare (2013) originated from the expansion of agreement totals and other

corruptible propensities intrinsic in the development business. The results from this

unwholesome demonstration required this exploration work with the end goal of

changing this appalling pattern and converse all hazy situations frequently over

4
looked by the significant partners, specialist co-ops and government while likewise

participating in the battle against this beast called defilement with the end goal of

stopping it from the beginning where vital.

1.3 Objectives of the Study

The objective of the study is to evaluate the factors susceptible to corruptible

tendencies in procurement of public sector construction project. The specific

objectives are:

i. To identify corruptible tendencies commonly found in procurement of public

sector construction project.

ii. To identify how such corruptible tendencies manifest in procurement of

public sector construction project.

iii. To identify ways of curtailing/curbing corruptible tendencies in procurement

of public sector construction project

1.4Research Questions

i. What are the corruptible tendencies commonly found in procurement of

public sector construction project?

ii. How do such corruptible tendencies manifest in procurement of public sector

construction project?

iii. What are the ways of curtailing/curbing corruptible tendencies in

procurement of public sector construction project?

5
1.5Research Hypotheses

H01: Corruptible tendencies manifestation has no significant effect on procurement

of public sector construction project

1.6 Significance of the Study

This assists the public authority with achieving its responsiveness and obligation

towards the requirements of the residents. It is consequently applicable for an

investigation of this nature to be attempted to feature spaces of accomplishment

and difficulties where government, associations and accomplices can apply to

assess the quality and viability of acquirement frameworks and activities to help an

honorable course. This will offer more prominent adequacy in the utilization of

assets in gathering their commitments. It will likewise assist them with planning a

limit advancement plan and techniques to further develop acquisition frameworks.

At last the review is additionally planned to offer some incentive option via

distinguishing holes and make suggestions to shrivel the holes in acquisition

exercises for consumer loyalty.

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1.7 Scope of the Study

The study is restricted to only Headorac associates Limited, located at 61 Mbaise

Road, Owerri. It evaluates the factors susceptible to corruptible tendencies in

procurement of public sector construction project. The population of the study will

be limited to employees of employees of Headorac associates Limited.

7
 CHAPTER TWO

LITERATURE REVIEW

2.1 Conceptual Review

2.1.1 Corruption Defined

Mbamali et al., (2018) unequivocally characterized "corruption as a demonstration

or an authority or trustee who unlawfully and unjustly utilizes his station or

character to obtain some advantage for himself or for someone else, in opposition

to obligation and the freedoms of others. It is the giving and getting of something

of significant worth (for example cash, sex, gifts, and so forth), whether or not

requested, to impact the collector's activity well towards the provider".

Corruption as per Soreide (2014) can be characterized as the abuse of public office

for private addition. The harming impact of this abuse originates from the effect on

decisions just as the presentation of failures in a framework. Soreide (2014) further

expressed that public consumption increments because of swelled costs and not

because of the offering systems took on.

That quality might surrender for a pay off coming about to the development of a

street with a great deal of windows coming about from there on and specialists

being not able to exhortation the workers for hire. Soreide (2014) at long last

expressed that in degenerate endemic nations, lease looking for turns into a

significant issue that is influencing a considerable piece of public life which

8
prompts the subverting of the overall certainty and regard for the civil servant,

political, and formal laws and guidelines of a country.

2.1.2 Tendering Ethics of Contractors

Around the world, deceptive practices by project workers are known to incorporate

under-offering, bid shopping, bid cutting, pay off and tips, front-end stacking,

claims game, uncalled for or unscrupulous lead, cover valuing or withdrawal of

delicate, among others (Rahman et al. 2017). It is conceivable that as a result of

varieties in the appropriate sets of accepted rules and acquirement laws, the sign of

deceptive practices will vary for various climes. For Nigeria's situation, Nwankwo

(2017) saw that workers for hire acquire essential undertaking data by paying some

cash to the getting substances and that the likelihood of winning an agreement in

Nigeria similarly relied upon the installment of payoffs to authorities of the

obtaining element. It isn't certain if these exploitative practices endure today. The

PPA 2007 restricts both the giving and the getting of satisfactions, howsoever

named, during development acquirement. Especially, the presentation of the Bank

Confirmation Number (BVN) in the Nigerian financial framework makes it simple

for examiners to follow monies offered as payoffs by incentive providers to the pay

off recipients (Omodunbi et al. 2016). Accordingly, deceptive people in the

Nigerian development industry might have designed various methodologies for the

transmission of pay-offs and tips during offering that require examination.

9
2.1.3 Concepts of Procurement

The term procurement is normally mistaken for buying. Acquisition is current,

complex and has a more extensive term than buying. According to Sohail (2016),

obtainment by and large incorporates exercises before the demonstration of

procurement, for example, ID and meaning of a business needs; studying the

market to distinguish likely providers and assemble knowledge. They contended

that customary meanings of buying are obsolete and inadequate with regards to

what authoritative purchasers really do (Kenny, 2017). They infer that buying is

receptive, conditional, and strategic while acquisition is proactive, social, and vital

and plays coordinated part of the capacity in current associations. It tends to be

closed from the clarification over that procurement is a business work that secure

data sources (labor and products) for the association corresponding to the right

value, source, amount, and time, source to address the issues of clients and

furthermore add to the association monetary and corporate goals (Kenny, 2017).

2.1.4 Manifestations of Corruption in the Nigerian Construction Industry

Oyedele (2013) rather stressed on the unorganized nature of the industry stemming

from its complex and divers nature, as a matter of fact, it is not organized neither is

it controlled, it was further reported that there is no clear distinction between

contractors and as some of them are just in the business of construction to make

profit solely in spite of the nature of the type of work involved. Uwak et al.(2016)

10
buttressed home the fact that in the Nigerian construction industry, most

construction projects fail as a result of corruption on the part of the construction

personnel whom the management and responsibility of the construction rests solely

on.

It is even more worrisome today that the industry is filled with quacks, mediocre,

political contractors who lacked the certification to practice as well as those who

have little or no knowledge of the construction process and management (Oyedele,

2013). It was noted that the use of quacks and technicians instead of professionals

whose technical and managerial capabilities are not in doubt and have upheld their

professional ethics so high are some of the reasons for some of these structural

failures noticed. As a matter of fact, Oyedele (2013) further stressed that the life

span of construction projects in Nigeria is unpredictable, an indication of the

presence of corruption associated with the abandonment of projects all over the

nation largely due to issues bordering on improper planning as well as bribery and

corruption.

The nature of the construction industry as well as the manner in which

infrastructure services are constructed creates structural vulnerabilities that can

encourage corruptible tendencies. Hawkins (2013) further argues that corruption in

public, infrastructure and other areas of public service provision is linked to weak

governance, both in policy, legal and regulatory systems as well as in institutional

11
capacity. Oyewobi et al. (2013) in their study gave a list of manifestations of

corruptible tendencies in the industry to include: distortion of pre-qualification

process by consultants where the contractor who bribed the consultant wins the

contract. The bidders may collude together where a contractor wins the tender; a

fraudulent qualification where the contractor makes false claims on his profile and

asset declaration. The tender process may be corrupted by international pressure

due to interests in certain quota by either the consultant or client to win the

contract. All these are said to occur during pre-tender stage.

According to Anigbogu (2018), corruption in relation to construction can manifest

in two major areas, these are in the provision and management of financing for a

project and during the execution of project; all these stems from the planning and

design; prequalification and tendering; project execution and completion phases.

2.1.5 Corruption and Nature of Corruption in Procurement

Corruption happens when customer authorities endowed with obtainment plot with

providers and workers for hire and overstep the law in quest for individual interests

(Mawenya, 2018). Pay off, misappropriation, payoffs, delicate control and

misrepresentations are noticed defilement rehearses in the Ghanaian framework

projects conveyance framework (Tutu et al, 2019). Pay off ordinarily includes a

level of extortion since it must be hidden by cheating and duplicity. Despite the fact

that pays off ordinarily draws in more prominent public consideration, fake

12
acquirement rehearses frequently lead to higher monetary wastage. There is both

negligible and terrific corruption in open obtainment. Unimportant corruption

exists essentially in more modest agreements, remarkably those including products,

administrations and minor undertakings for nearby government specialists. Bigger

agreements are uncommon focuses for great defilement. Essentially focal states,

through own or contributor subsidizing, execute these. Degenerate public

authorities and government officials in organization regularly target them with

corrupt business companies or their representatives (Mawenya, 2018). Corruption

might occur at any phase of the obtainment cycle (Straightforwardness Global,

2005). During pre-capability and offering stages, for instance, customer authorities

and agents might twist acquisition rules to lean toward favored bidders in return for

pay-offs. Degenerate providers, workers for hire and advisors are driven by at least

one of a few intentions. The most well-known is to win business. It is regularly

showed when an expected project worker/provider looking for an unreasonable

upper hand pay-offs an authority to (I.C.A.C, 2004):

i. Gain access to confidential information

ii. Be included in the pre-qualified list

iii. Eliminate a competitor from the pre-qualified list

iv. Influence the proposal evaluation process

v. Level the playing field just in case all other competitors are offering bribes

13
Suppliers, contractors and consultants who pay bribes to win business are

sometimes depicted as innocent parties forced by ruthless officials to provide

kickbacks. In reality, both parties are guilty, ultimately, of defrauding the client

(Krishnan, 2019). During the contract execution phase, there is wide scope for

corruption. Compromised suppliers, contractors and consultants usually have a

deliberate intention to get unjustified compensation or to embezzle public funds.

They use ingenious ploys to inflate claims or vary contract terms. Consultants are

normally accomplices. They approve fraudulent payments for defective work or for

goods and services not actually supplied; and they approve artificial claims,

unjustified variations and extensions of time, etc (Krishnan, 2019).

2.1.6 Ways of Curtailing/Curbing Corruptible Tendencies in the Industry

Hawkins (2013) in his words states the followings as ways of curtailing corruption

in the industry:

i. Separate profit and labour cost from the rates for materials and equipment in

the bills of quantities. This provides greater transparency of contractors’

costs.

ii. Enforce payment periods to reduce the work of petty corruption.

iii. Opt for new forms of contracts that promote fair allocation of risk and open

book accounting based on actual cost.

14
iv. Explore the use of project bank accounts whereby all contractors,

subcontractors and supervising consultants are paid from a single bank

account held in trust. This provides the donor and procuring entity with

transparency of payments.

v. Separate the role of the supervising engineer by appointing

Consider training community monitors to observe the progress and quality of

the project.

2.2 Theoretical Review

2.2.1 Principal – Agent Theory

The principal –agent model clarifies the sort of relationship that stays alive between

the head and his representative where the previous is consistently in a more

grounded position to convince the last option to play out specific capacities that

best meet the chief's advantages (Wellbeing and Norman, 2004). In this hypothesis,

the connection between the directors, for example, organization investors and

specialists or organization leaders and chiefs is unmistakably characterized. As

indicated by the hypothesis, proprietors of the organization (investors) utilize staff

(specialists) to play out certain assignments for their benefit. The everyday running

of the business is designated to the supervisors by the administrators. In this

relationship, chiefs are really the investors' representatives (Clarke, 2004). In view

of the head – specialist hypothesis, acquirement supervisors and all open authorities

15
engaged with public obtainment exercises should play the specialist job for chose

delegates. This is extremely obvious in Tanzania where the Public Acquisition Act

gives the obligation of consistence with public obtainment legitimate system on the

Bookkeeping Officials of the securing substances. Nonetheless, as called attention

to by Langevoort (2002), consistence with acquirement rules and guidelines might

address a head – specialist issue.

2.2.2 The Legitimacy Theory

Derived from the concept of organisational legitimacy, Dowling and Pfeiffer

(1975) defined legitimacy theory as a condition or status which exists when an

entity’s value system is congruent with the value system of the larger social system

of which the entity is a part. However, when a disparity subsists between the two

value systems, there is a threat to the entity’s legitimacy (Guthrie, Cuganesan &

Ward, 2007). In order to obtain or maintain legitimacy, four (4) courses of actions

can be taken by organisations as advocated by Lindblom (1994), namely educate

and inform its relevant publics about the organisation’s activities and performance;

change the perception of the relevant publics; manipulate perception by deflecting

attention from the issue of concern to other related issues and change external

perception of its performance. The legitimacy theory states that the organisation is

responsible for disclosing its practices to the stakeholders, especially to the public

and justifies its existence within the boundaries of society (Wilmshurst & Frost,

16
2000). This theory, which focuses on the relationship and interaction between an

organisation and the society, provides a sufficient and superior lens for

understanding government procurement system (Tukamuhabwa, 2012; Hui et al.,

2011). Witting (1999) argues that public procurement is a process within a political

system, as such public officials responsible for the procurement processes and

decisions are accountable to representatives of the public whose money is spent.

From this theory, the perceived legitimacy of public procurement rules has been

identified as one of the prerequisites of public procurement compliance behaviour.

Legitimacy of public procurement on the other hand is perceived by the level of

integrity and transparency of the procurement staff and procurement process

respectively (OECD, 2006; Straub et al., 2010).

2.3 Empirical Review

Aqsa 2014 evaluated the most frequent corrupt actions and the causes behind

during procurement of infrastructure projects in Pakistan, in addition to exploring

the ways to enhance institutional-based trust between the participants of the

procurement process. Consequently the study aims to provide a conceptual

framework to control corruption in infrastructure procurement while proposing the

institutional trust-building mechanisms. Both qualitative and quantitative

approaches are utilised in this study to achieve this research aim. Quantitative

research data is collected using a questionnaire survey. A total of 450

17
questionnaires were sent to various people engaged in procurement of

infrastructure projects in Pakistan. The response rate was 36.7% (n=165). The

questionnaire comprises of two main questions; one is about the most frequent

corrupt actions in traditional and Public Private Partnership (PPP) infrastructure

procurement processes while other question asks about the perceived institutional

trust-building mechanisms in context of infrastructure procurement market in

Pakistan. Various appropriate statistical methods, including Mean Ranking and

ANOVA were utilised to analyse the collected data. The questionnaire survey was

followed by 15 in depth semi-structured interviews with a variety of stakeholders.

These interviews provided information on various causes of corruption and reasons

as to why people do not for example report a known incident of corruption. A

traditional content analysis approach was used to analyse the data collected using

interviews. From the analysis a cyclical framework of corruption control emerged,

and this is outlined within the thesis. The goal of this framework is to facilitate

procurement stakeholders (individuals, groups, or organisations), to improve their

anti-corruption plans from project to project. This research study has filled the

knowledge gap through identifying the top twenty potential corrupt practices in

traditional and PPP infrastructure procurement processes in Pakistan and explored

the causes behind their occurrence. The study also recommends the solutions to

mitigate this problem throughout the life cycle of procurement process. In addition,

18
the study proposes the institutional trust-building mechanisms in the context of

infrastructure procurement market in Pakistan to cater for the likely loss in trust due

to perceived level of corruption in this sector. The study has also introduced a

conceptual framework to control corruption in infrastructure procurement process

in general and particularly in Pakistan. The framework does not intend to introduce

new alternatives but instead builds on existing practices so that users can more

easily adapt to the improvement. The findings of this research are believed to be

useful for all practitioners who are either considering or currently involved in

infrastructure procurement process in Pakistan and trying to avoid or minimise the

influence of corruption.

Abiola et al., 2016 examined corruptible tendencies in the Nigerian construction

industry by identifying the common corruptible tendencies, how they manifest, the

different phases they occur and also proffering remedies for curtailing/curbing

corruption in the Nigerian construction industry. A database of publications

published in the area of corruption in the construction industry was reviewed with a

view to achieving the objectives of this paper. The literature reviewed articles that

were specifically on factors that precipitate corruptible tendencies as well as ways

of curbing/ameliorating corruptible tendencies. This study deployed a literature

review as its methodology via a content analysis. The findings from the research

indicate that bribery in winning a contract was more prevalent in the construction

19
industry amongst others. On the aspect of manifestations of corruptible tendencies,

the findings further shows that corruption occurs/manifests at the procurement

phase with overbidding as the most pronounced, while at the pre-tender stage,

project owner’s nondisclosure of financial status with the intent that the contractor

may not likely commence work if aware of the client’s financial difficulties. While

at the tendering stage, bribery in the form of cash inducement, gifts, favours etc

occurs. At the Handover, operations and maintenance phase, corruption manifests

specifically by an agreement on the part of the supervising engineer to accept poor

quality work or work below the specification. In curtailing/curbing corruptible

tendencies in the industry, the study found that

engaging certified construction professionals is a sure way of curbing/curtailing the

menace. The research recommends that construction professionals should desist

from including false and extra cost into their contract claims as well as cover

pricing when tendering for construction projects.

CHAPTER THREE

20
 RESEARCH METHODLOGY

3.1 Introduction

This chapter discusses the methods, strategies and approaches adopted for this

study. The research methodology aids researchers in establishing a set of

procedures that can be repeated to test the results of a study in different

environments. This chapter shall discuss the research strategy, research design,

research approach, data collection processes and the tools adopted to analyze the

data collected.

3.2 Research design

Research design can be described as the logical steps employed in other to achieve

the objectives of a study by providing answers to the research questions (Creswell,

2009). This study adopted the explanatory research design. The explanatory

research design was to evaluate the factors susceptible to corruptible tendencies in

procurement of public sector construction project in Headorac associates Limited,

located at 61 Mbaise Road, Owerri.

3.3Sample and sampling method

Sample is the set people or items which constitute part of a given population

sampling. The sample population of 52 respondents is employed for this research

work. For the purposes of this study, a total of 52 respondents constituted the target

population and a percentage of this total population size was taken as the sample. In

21
order to choose a fair representative sample from the sample population, a random

sampling technique was adopted. The sample Due to large size of the target

population, the researcher used the Taro Yamani formula to arrive at the sample

population of the study.

n= N

1+N(e)2

n= 125

1+125(0.05)2

= 125

1+125(0.0025)

= 110

3.4 Data Collection Procedure

For purposes of triangulation (Ghauri and Grönhaug, 2005) both primary and

secondary sources of data were used. According to Kumar (2005) primary sources

are sources of data collection where the data is collected for the specific purpose at

the time of collection. The primary sources of data were collected primarily

through survey of the staffs using questionnaires. The study also made used

secondary sources of data. To Ghauri and Grönhaug (2005) secondary sources of

data are data that were collected, recorded and used previously. The secondary

sources of data were from featured periodicals, company websites and journals.

22
3.4.1 Questionnaire development

An elaborate questionnaire was developed based on the objectives of the study.

Questionnaires are effective means of collecting and analyzing data (Spector,

2006). The questionnaire had two (2) sections. The first section concentrated on the

background of the respondents. Also, the section B of the questionnaire had four

(4) questions. The first question was to identify corruptible tendencies commonly

found in procurement of public sector construction project. The second question

asked the respondents to identify how such corruptible tendencies manifest in

procurement of public sector construction project. The third question was to

identify ways of curtailing/curbing corruptible tendencies in procurement of public

sector construction project.

3.5 Data analysis

The data collected was coded and entered into the Statistical Package of Social

Scientist (SPSS) version 21. The data were analyzed using mean score ranking for

both objective one and two. The responses obtained from respondents in public

sector construction project in Headorac associates Limited formed data. The data

were treated statistically in accordance with research questions generated from the

study. Tables and simple percentage were used as techniques of analyzing the

research questions while Descriptive statistics and relative importance index (RII)

were used in the analysis.

23
3.5.1 Decision Rule

Accept the null hypothesis if the calculated value is less than the tabulated value

otherwise reject the null hypothesis at 5% level of significance.

24
 CHAPTER FOUR

RESULT AND DISCUSSION

4.1 Preamble

Statistics
Level of Professional
Gender Age Education Profession Experience
N Valid 110 110 110 110 110
Missing 0 0 0 0 0

Gender

Cumulative
Frequency Percent Valid Percent Percent
Valid Male 49 44.5 44.5 44.5
Female 61 55.5 55.5 100.0
Total 110 100.0 100.0

Source: primary data

From the table above, we see that the percentage of male is 44.5% and that of
female is 55.5%. This means that there is higher response from Females compared
to Male.

Age

Cumulative
Frequency Percent Valid Percent Percent
Valid 20-24 years 19 17.3 17.3 17.3
25-29 years 29 26.4 26.4 43.6
30-34 years 29 26.4 26.4 70.0
35-39 years 13 11.8 11.8 81.8
40 and above 20 18.2 18.2 100.0
Total 110 100.0 100.0

25
Source: Primary data
The table above shows the percentage difference in ages of the respondents, and from the data we
see that 17.3% are within the age range of 20-24, 26.4% are within the age range of 25-29, 26.4%
are within the age range of 30-34%,11.8% are within the age range of 35-39, and lastly 18.2% are
40 and above. This shows a higher number of respondent are within the age range of 25-34
years.

Level of Education
Cumulative
Frequency Percent Valid Percent Percent
Valid HND 21 19.1 19.1 19.1
B.sc / B.Eng. / B-Tech 34 30.9 30.9 50.0
M.sc / M-Eng. / M-Tech 30 27.3 27.3 77.3
PHD 25 22.7 22.7 100.0
Total 110 100.0 100.0

Source: Primary data.

The table above shows the academic qualification of the respondents, and from the
data we get19.1% to have a qualification of HND, 30.9% have qualification
ofB.sc / B.Eng. / B-Tech, 27.3%have qualification of M.sc / M-Eng. / M-
Tech,while 22.7% have a PHD Degree. The table simply means there are higher
number of people whose qualification falls under B.sc / B.Eng. / B-Tech.

Profession

Cumulative
Frequency Percent Valid Percent Percent
Valid Civil Engineering 23 20.9 20.9 20.9
Quantity Surveyor 24 21.8 21.8 42.7
Architect 24 21.8 21.8 64.5
Project Manager 18 16.4 16.4 80.9
Builder 21 19.1 19.1 100.0

26
 Total 110 100.0 100.0

Source: Primary data.

The table above shows the percentage respondent professions from a scale of 100%, and after
analysis we get, Civil engineering to have 20.9%, quantity Surveyor to have 21.8%, Architect to
have 21.8%, Project Manager have 16.4% while Builder have a total of 19.1%. this table shows
that higher numbers of respondent fall between Quantity surveyor and Architect.

Professional Experience

Cumulative
Frequency Percent Valid Percent Percent
Valid 1-5 years 23 20.9 20.9 20.9
5-10 years 26 23.6 23.6 44.5
10-15 years 11 10.0 10.0 54.5
15-20 years 22 20.0 20.0 74.5
20 years and above 28 25.5 25.5 100.0
Total 110 100.0 100.0

Source Primary data.

From the able above the 1-5 years consist of 20.9%, 5-10 years consist of 23.6%,
10-15 years consist of 10%, 15-20 years have a total percentage of 20%, while
25.5% goes to people above the age of 20. This means that there are higher number
of people(respondent) are within the range from 20 years and above.

4.2 TEST OF HYPOTHESIS

To test the originally formulated hypothesis, the researcher selected an appropriate
test statistic i.e., one-sample T-test for the hypothesis to be tested.
4.2.1 Statement of hypothesis
H01: Corruptible tendencies manifestation has no significant effect on procurement

of public sector construction project

27
H02: Corruptible tendencies manifestation has a significant effect on procurement

of public sector construction project

=0.05

One-Sample Statistics

N Mean Std. Deviation Std. Error Mean

Project monitoring 110 2.98 1.414 .135
Progress reporting 110 3.01 1.338 .128
Site measurement 110 2.80 1.387 .132
Interim certificate 110 3.05 1.432 .137
Variation/ Claims 110 3.20 1.439 .137
Project closure 110 2.84 1.456 .139
/commissioning
Post completion/ occupancy 110 2.88 1.360 .130
evaluation
Pre contract planning 110 3.20 1.393 .133
Site mobilization 110 3.09 1.424 .136
Construction stages 110 2.84 1.324 .126

One-Sample Test
Test Value = 95
t df Sig. (2-tailed)
Project monitoring -682.482 109 .000
Progress reporting -721.352 109 .000
Site measurement -697.340 109 .000
Interim certificate -673.183 109 .000
Variation/ Claims -669.241 109 .000
Project closure -663.914 109 .000
/commissioning
Post completion/ occupancy -710.651 109 .000
evaluation
Pre contract planning -691.026 109 .000

28
Site mobilization -676.835 109 .000
Construction stages -730.114 109 .000

Decision Rule
Since Significance (2-tailed) values of the t-test are lower than = 0.05, we reject

the null hypothesis and accept the alternate hypothesis which conclude

thatCorruptible tendencies manifestation has a significant effect on procurement

of public sector construction project.

4.2.2 Statement of hypothesis

H01: Causes of corruption found has no significant effect on procurement of public

sector construction project

H02: Causes of corruption found has a significant effect on procurement of public

sector construction project

=0.05

One-Sample Statistics

N Mean Std. Deviation Std. Error Mean

Principal/Agent situation 110 2.97 1.487 .142
Lack of transparency 110 3.11 1.370 .131
Weak system 110 2.95 1.468 .140
Incompetent personnel 110 3.05 1.360 .130
Conflict of interest 110 3.11 1.416 .135
Urgent tender 110 2.90 1.361 .130

29
 One-Sample Test

Test Value = 95
t df Sig. (2-tailed)
Principal/Agent situation -649.219 109 .000
Lack of transparency -703.287 109 .000
Weak system -657.791 109 .000
Incompetent personnel -708.951 109 .000
Conflict of interest -680.404 109 .000
Urgent tender -709.743 109 .000

Decision Rule
Since Significance (2-tailed) values of the t-test are lower than = 0.05, we reject

the null hypothesis and accept the alternate hypothesis which conclude thatCauses

of corruption found has a significant effect on procurement of public sector

construction project.

4.2.3 Statement of hypothesis

H01: Curtailing / Curbing corruptible tendencies has no significant effect on

procurement of public sector construction project

H02: Curtailing / Curbing corruptible tendencies has significant effect on

procurement of public sector construction project

=0.05

30
 One-Sample Statistics
N Mean Std. Deviation Std. Error Mean
Approved construction 110 2.93 1.406 .134
designs from certified
professionals
Transparency and 110 2.94 1.383 .132
accountability in contract
administration
Enforce payment periods to 110 2.81 1.385 .132
reduce the risk of petty
corruption
Whistle blower protection” 110 2.82 1.441 .137
came last on the list

One-Sample Test

Test Value = 95
t df Sig. (2-tailed)
Approved construction -686.909 109 .000
designs from certified
professionals
Transparency and -698.052 109 .000
accountability in contract
administration
Enforce payment periods to -698.287 109 .000
reduce the risk of petty
corruption
Whistle blower protection” -670.890 109 .000
came last on the list

Decision Rule
Since Significance (2-tailed) values of the t-test are lower than = 0.05, we reject

the null hypothesis and accept the alternate hypothesis which conclude

31
thatCurtailing / Curbing corruptible tendencies has significant effect on

procurement of public sector construction project.

32
 Chapter five

Conclusion and Recommendation

5.1 Conclusion

The study revealed the top among the factors which leads to corruptible tendencies

commonly found in procurement of public sector construction project which

includes, Project monitoring, Progress Reporting, Site measurement, Interim

certificate, Project closure / Commissioning, Post completion / occupancy

evaluation, Pre contract planning. All these factors require due consideration to

ensure effective quality management in procurement of public sector in

construction project. Similarly, the study revealed causes of corruption found in

procurement project which are, Principal / Agent situation, Lack of transparency,

Weak System, Incompetent Personnel, Conflict of Interest and Urgent tender. This

study has clearly established the fact that most of the factors affecting effective

public procurement construction project were generated by the government,

professionals, quality organization agencies and other construction workers.

5.2 Recommendations

Base on the result gotten from the analysis, recommendations were put forward to

provide some direction for improvement procurement constructions:

 Approved construction designs from certified professionals

33
 Transparency and accountability in contract administration.

 Enforce paymentperiods to reduce the risk of petty corruption.

34
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38
Section A: Demographic characteristics of Respondents

1. Respondents by Gender

Male

Female

2. Respondents by Age

20-24

25-29

30-34

35-39

40 and Above

3. Respondents by level of Education

HND

BSc/BEng/BTech

M.Sc/M Eng/M Tech

PhD

4. Respondents by Profession

Civil Engineer

Quantity Surveyor

Architect

Project Manager

39
Builder

5. Respondents by professional experience

1-5 yrs

5-10 yrs

10-15 yrs

15-20 yrs

20yrs and above

Section B: Corruptible tendencies commonly found in procurement of public

sector construction project

S/N Variables SA A N D SD

Project monitoring

Progress reporting

Site measurement

Interim certificate

Variation/ Claims

Project closure /commissioning

Post completion/ occupancy evaluation

Pre contract planning

Site mobilization

Construction stages

40
Section C: Causes of the corruption found in procurement

S/N Variables SA A N D SD

Principal/Agent situation

Lack of transparency

Weak system

Incompetent personnel

Conflict of interest

Urgent tender

Section D: Curtailing/curbing corruptible tendencies in procurement

S/N Variables SA A N D SD

Approved construction designs from

certified professionals

Transparency and accountability in

contract administration

Enforce payment periods to reduce the risk

of petty corruption

Whistle blower protection” came last on

the list

41
42