Segmentation -The process of dividing a data packet into smaller units for transmission over the

network
Desegmentation -The loss or obliteration of division into segments.
Flow control -It determines the amount of data that sender can send.
Error Control -Combination of both error detection and error correction.
Lossless -It doesn't reduce the quality of the file at all.
Lossy -It removes some of a file's original data in order to reduce the file size.
Reference Notes -It is a conceptual framework for understanding relationships.

Framing - It breaks the stream into groups, with control information inserted in the header and trailer
as values in different fields.
Network -This layer specifies addressing and processes that enable Transport layer data to be
packaged and transported.
Network- This layer provides services to exchange the individual pieces of data over the network
between identified end devices.
Time-to-Live - This is an 8-bit binary value that indicates the remaining "life" of the packet.
Type- of Service -This field contains an 8-bit binary value that is used to determine the priority of
each packet.
IP Source Address -This field contains a 32-bit binary value that represents the packet source
Network Layer host address.
IP Destination Address -This field contains a 32-bit binary value that represents the packet
destination Network layer host address.
Fragment Offset Key -This field identifies the order in which to place the packet fragment in the
reconstruction.
Manchester Encoding Method -Dit values are represented as voltage transitions.
Protocol field -This enables the Network layer to pass the data to the appropriate upper-layer
protocol.
Logical networks-These are defined at the Network layer by the arrangement of the hierarchical
addressing scheme.
Data Link -This layer prepares a packet for transport across the local media by encapsulating it with a
header and a trailer to create a frame.
Encoding -It is a method of converting a stream of data bits into a predefined code.
Physical - This layer controls how data is placed on the communication media.
Physical -This layer provides the means to transport across the network media.
Bit time -It refers to each signal placed onto the media has a specific amount of time to occupy the
media.
Physical networks -It represents the interconnection of devices on a common media.
Encoding -It is grouping of bits prior to being presented to the media.
Non Return to Zero Signaling Method -The bit stream is transmitted as a series of voltage
values.
Header -It contains control information, such addressing, and is located at the beginning of the PDU.
Give the three basic forms of network media on which data is represented.
-Copper,Fiber,Wireless
Give the 5 Network Layer Protocols.
- Internet Protocol Version 4 (IPV4)
- Internet Protocol Version 6 (IPV6)
- Novell Internetwork Packet Exchange (IPX)
- Apple talk
- Connectionless Network Service (CLNS/DECnet)
What are the two Physical Layers purposes?
- To create the electrical, optical, or microwave signal that represents the bits in each frame. These
signals are then sent on the media one at a time.
- To retrieve these individual signals from the media, restore them to their bit representations, and
pass the bits up to the Data Link layer as a complete frame.

Give the three fundamental functions of the Physical layer.

-The physical componets
-Data encoding
-Signaling
What are the five Typical field types under data link layer-creating a frame?
-Start and stop indicator fields - The beginning and end limits of the frame
-Naming or addressing fields
-Type field - The type of PDU contained in the frame Quality - control fields
-A data field-The frame payload (Network layer packet

What does the acronym RPCP means? Remote Procedure Control Protocol
What does the acronym ISO SP OSI means? Open System Interconnection
What does the acronym PPTP means? Point to Point Tunelling Protocol
What does the acronym RTCP means? Real Time Transport Control Protocol
What does the acronym CCNA means? Cisco Certified Network Protocol
Give the three functions of the session layer protocols.
- Creating a connection
- managing multiple session
- Ending a session
What does the acronym TCP mean and give one example?2 pts Tranmission Control Protocol
EX. Email
What does the acronym UDP means and give one example? 2 pts. User Datagram Protocol
EX. Streaming
Give five examples of application protocols
- HTTP/2
-MQTT
-FTP
-SMTP
-DNS
Give the two specialist that will benefits from understanding application layer.
Information Technology Experts and Software Engineers
Give the four presentation layer protocols.
Apple Filling Protocol (AFP)
Secure Socket Layer (SSL)
Ligthweight Presentation Protocol (LPP)
Network Data Representation (NDR)