ra aN; v > / i 4TRUONG BAI HOC BACH KHOA HA NOI 50 NAM XAY DUNG VA PHAT TRIEN NGUYEN HOU DUNG CAC PHUONG PHAP PUC DAC BIET i NHA XUAT BAN KHOA HOC VA KY THUAT HANOILOI NOLDAU Dad nit it, hing nga nam reac, Lodi ngudi ad bie sit dug ughé thudt dite dé 1go va wbiing vat dung cin thidt cho cude sng vé dé trang siiv Kain dep cho con nguti. Cing vor st phat widn cia thoa hoc RY thadt ni chung, i die cing bdt kip su phdt widn ctia khow hoe k¥ thud dé dép ding nhiong yeu edu ctia san audt ngdy cdg hidn dai. Nay nay, ngodi nhitng phuong phdp dic wong kludn cét sé truyén thong, cic phiiong php dite dae bige da duge chit ¥ phit tién va dd 06 aiiitig thank tau tigi bd ky diets. Diie dee bist id plutong phap dite cb uhitng dae diém khde vai khudn edt sét thoug Huong. Niding didn dic biet ob thé la date bide vé nguyen lieu, dge bigt vé cong nghé, dc biét vé cdch rét va qué tinh dong dc khde voi trong writing. Diic dde bigt tai dura chia tin hai loui cong nghé dc bide @) Dac biét vé nguyen ligu va cong nghé lém khudn: cé the’ ke dé Khuda indu chuiy, kludur md chay, khudn ve gdm, kluan tam theo phucng phip A, M.D. ©, COs vd Khun V (vacuuny b) Dée biét vé cach dién déy va tao hinh vat dite: dé 14 dic dp he cao; dhic dp hye th, diic khéng dp: diie ly tdi; die hit chin khéng, dite bin ling, dic tien itte Ngay nay ching ia dd thay ning chi tiet me chi co die dde bid mdi cd thé’ gic quyci dette, thé dy, cdnh inabin: nbd may thug dégie, chive vii tau this eb 16x, tdin Tin ld thdn indy bay... Dite dic bigt da sir dung uhiing thank tan cita che niganlt kuie lant co so 18 thuyet dé’ tiép tuc phet widn, thi du, hién intong khuéch tan trong die composi, tinh déo uot wong dic dp tee vd dic rheocasting... Méi pintong phap chic dae bigt c6 niiing sey ve uluige didn catng uit Tink vite sit dung etice riéng mink. Vide dp dung phuong pluip dic nao cho titng chi tigh cu the phat duege can nheiv tren cor xd cde chi teu kink 18, RS huge clia cong nghé dsic 16 chung. Gido trink nay nhém cong caip cho ban doc mét x6 phutong phap dic dac diet hién dang duge dp dung rong rdi d Vidi Nam ciing wlue ede nese khée. Tde gid cling ¢6 gdng kéi hop nhinig kigte thite kink diehe voi whiting high tlie mai ve KSthudt dic dé ban doc ren tham khio. Trong qué trinh bién soan chéc chdn khéng thé tranh duge cde thiéie sé1, xin ban doc nhiing gdp ¥ chan thaw va nghiéne ite dé’ gido trinh ngdy cdug hoan thigh. Moi gdp § xin li vé: BG mon Var liu va Cong hig ngh? die, Khoa Khoa hoc va C Néi, $61 Dai Cé Viet, Ha Not ing ugh 1: Truéng Dai hyc Bach khoa Ha Xin chate thanh cdi on. Tae giaMUC LUC Trang Livi noi dau Chuong 1. BUC TRONG KHUON KIM LOAL 1.0. Dac digm dic trong khugn kim loa .. 9 1.1, Qua tanh nbiet trong khuon itn Jog 10 U1.1, Trugng abies do trong khuon kim logi lo 1.1.2. Cie phuong phip gia phuong uinh truyéa nhigt 12 1.1.3, Ché do nhigt ong khuon kim loai theo Vejnhie ..... 18 1.1.4, Surhiab think khe he khi 25 1.1.5. Lam ngugi khuon... 2 1.1.6. Két tink trong khuon kim foal... M 1.2. Khuén kim loai. 7 1.2.4. Dac didn «2 phan Jogi. 38 1.2.2, Vat ligu Vasa khuén kim lou 239 1.2.3, Vii vat dic izong Khudn 1.2.4, Chiéu day think khuon... 1.2.5. He théing thoat bei cho khuon kim loa. 1.3, Cong nghé khudn kita loai... 1.3.1. Tinh cong nghg va két edu var di 1.3.2. Ie thong r6t wong khuon kim log 1.3.3. Son khudu kim loi. 1.4.2. May dic €o khi hod 239 Chuong 2. BUC AP LUC QA ile AP Me CHO ec eeseeeseeen 63 2.1.1. Bac diém cua qué tinh, 63 2.1.2. Linh vue sirdung diic ap luc cao, 66 2.2. Thuy dong hoe qua tinh dién ddy khuon 67 2.2.1, Nguyen tac...Va dap eda dong nap len thinh khudn. . Dien day hoe khuan.... 2.4, Didu kign thuy doug hoe cl qua ¢rinh thot khi 2.5. Khuon die dp lye ca ben wy nh todin é then 2.2.7. inh he theing thoat hei. 2.2.8. May dite ip hye evo. 3. Die dud a 2.3.1, Kinié niém va phan Hoa... 2.3.2, Dale ip lye thaip 2.3.3, Drie dei sip ‘in khong Tue kbi dite chinh, Chuong 3. DUC LY TAM 3.8. Khai nigm 3.2, MOL sd wilt dé thuy Hue ct cong nghe diie Ly Lam. 3.2.1 Minh d. it diic. . 3.2.2. Late tic dung len vat Mia rong kim leg lon; nat thoiing cu 3.3, MAL si dae ism ctla cong nghg clic Ly tara 33.1. Dae tinh ahiet ly... 3.3.2, Chuyén dang tutong di cua chit 3.4.3, Ket tinh efi vat dew. 3.4, Cong nghe diie ly tam 4 Ki Khuda gu 34.1. Vi trt true quay. IAD. Toc de qt - 34.3. Nhigt do vi t6c dO 16 kim lou... SA4. Son phi Khuon dhe ty tan. 3.4.5. Khuéa dic ly tam... cua khuon 3.4.6. Phie Ly tam mot 56 chi et dign binh ... Chuong 4. DUC LIEN TUC 4.1. Dale Lin tue thing ding. LL. New ng nghé dic lien te nly vil ban chat cha qui tinh 4.03. Diie bin lien tue thing dimg dng gang din aude 4.1.4. Diie Tien wwe kim loai va agp kim mau nang. SLES. Die Tien tue thai hsp... 4.1.6. Mo hind hod dic lien tue thang dime... MUC LUG 8 FO JIS VW 84 eB 94 98 OS 99 108, AO 13 Ma maeey AL? LAS NB - 120 123, 127 127 \27 wo 129° wn 130 seen 133 coe pctseeceecestenstees FAR ~ 142 . 12 . 1 eos LAB. 150, wn ISS. . 16LCAC PHUONG PHAP UC BAC BIET 4.2. Dé lien tue nim ngang... 4.2.1, Ban chat quad rink... 4.2.2. Cau tao thing Ke inh 4.2.3. Bae didra die thép fién tue nam ngany sesseesie Chuong 5. CAC PHUONG PHAP DUC BAC BIET KHAC 5.1. Dic bin long (Semi-Solid Casting). 5.1.1. Khai nigm va nguyen Ly, 3.1.2. Prte Luu bid (Rhe 5.1.3. Bite ep long (Thixecasting)... sting 5.2. Dac ép. Dae mau chiy «20st foam casting) 53.1. Kh 5.3.2. Ché tae aniu polystyrol.. 5.3.3. Chait son miu... 534 nig ch chem mau wong khuon, 5.35. Yeu td cush hucing t6i qua tinh dign diy’ 3.4, Diic compozit SAL1 Dae dig va fink vue suds 5.4.2. Qua tink bink thand ving tigp Xie... 5.5. Diie trong khwon vo mong (Shell casting) ... 5.5.1. Bac digin va fink vye str dung .... 5.5.2. ng quan sé cat-nbure 3.5.3. Thanh phn hén hgp kam kiuén trong cong nghe hop adng .. 5.5.4. Cae phucng phiip boc nh Cie phuong phip dénh gid chat long hén hop Kun khubn vo mong “Thiet ke hg thdng rat 3.6.3, Cie phurong phiip che tac miu 5.64, Che tyo khudn gdm, Tai Hiéu tham hao... 164 164 167 168 173 13 VTS st . 8d LSS Iss, Is7 189) ial 192 198 V4 2195 197 197 Loe ace 209) 213 218 2m 220 203 204 136Chuong DUC TRONG KHUON KIM LOAI 1.0. DAC DIEM DUC TRONG KHUON KIM LOAT Dac trong khudn kim loai La thug ngé dé chi mot phong phap san xudt vat dic bang cach rot kim loai long vao khudn bang kim loai. Vat diie déng die dudi tée dung cla trong trudng ma khong chiu thém bat ky mot dp Tuc nio khac. Day la phuong php die rai phé bitin hién nay do né c6 nhitng dic diém sau day: 1) Khuon strdung duge nhiéu lin: 2) BO sach va dé chinh xdc cia vat duc duce nang cio ding ké. Digu nay sé lam gidim khdi long gia cong co khi; 3) Nang cao dé bén co hoc cba vat dic, dac biet 1 do bén 6 lép be mal tie’p gitip yi khuon kim loai; 4) Nang cao sin lvong hing nam do gidm duge kich thuoe dau ngét va phe phim dic: 5) Nang cao nang suat lao dong:10 Chuang 1, BUC TRONG KHUON KIM LOAT 6) Tiét kiém dién tich nén xuéng do khéng cdn ché tao hén hop Jim khuon va qua trinh lam khadn; 7) Giam gia thanh san phim: 8) Dé co khi va tu dong hod, diéu kién vé sinh lao dong tot. Tuy nhién, viée st dung cong nghé dic wong khuon kim logi cing e6 nhiing nhuge diém: Ché tao khuon kim loai phite tap va dat tién; dé bén Khuén bi han ché khi duic thép; khé dite nhing vat dic thinh mong va hink ding phic tap: 1én do khuén kim Joai ¢6 d6 cin co manh; vat dic gang dé bi bien trang; quy winh dic At diic 6 ting suat phai chat ché. Tuy c6 nhimg nhuge diém tren nhung cong nghé dic trong khudn kim loai yan duge str dung rong rii dé dic gang, hyp kim va kim loai mau trong si oat 16n bai loai, thi du, cde tam Ién cua than may bay. ca in xuait hing lat va 6 nhiing chi tiét khong thé ch go duge néu khong sir dung khuon kim chi tiét nhé nbung 4di héi bén cao wong dong co... 1.1. QUA TRINH NHIET TRONG KHUON KIM Loal 1.1.1. Trutmg nhiét dé trong khuon kim loai Khuén kim loai thong thudng 6 hé s6 din nhiét cao va hé sé tich nhigt cing tuong d6i én, béi vay, tc do truyén nhist wr vat dic qua khudn ra ngoAi md: trudng cing cao hon nhiéu so voi khudn cét. Qué trinh két tinh (t20 mdm va I6n len cia mam) cia vat die ciing bj thay déi, hién nhien, tinh chat cia vat dic cling thay déi nhung thay déi theo chiéu huéng tét hon, A Hinh 1.1 Trueng nhiét do trong ‘Ty Khuon die-vit die J. Kheon kim loa: 2. Lép son kbueny at, Ty: Nhiét d9 tigp xe son - khndn; Te: Nhigt 49 mat ngoai khuénCAC PHUGNG PHAP DUC DAC BIET iW Chiing ta hay khao it su phan bd nhiét do Wong khudn kim loai trong trudng bop théng thudng nhat. nic Li khudn co 1ép son bao ve. Trong thye té san xuat, lép son bilo vé thudng rat mong so voi chidu day vat dlic, va bdi vay, co thé coi: a) kha nang tich nhiét cia [6p sun 14 rat nho, khong dang ké so véi kha nang tich nhiét ca Khudn va cita vat dic: b) lép son duge coi la lip phiing. Voi nhiing gid thiét dé thi bai todn truyén nhiét qua l6p son c6 thé coi Hi wruyén nhiét qua thanh phing. Mé hinh truyén nhiét duge minh hoa tén hinh t.1 Do cé Iép son ma chénh lech nhiet do trong Iép son AT, = T, - T, Yn hon rat nhigu so véi_—chénh Iéch nhict dd trong khudn AT, = T, - Ts a hién tong nay chinh 1A do lp son c6 hé s6 dan nhiét nho hon rat 6 dan nhiét cua kim loai long, thi dy, hé s6 dan nhiét cua son nho hon 200 lin so véi thép va 760 Kin so Véi nhom. Lp son c6 nhigt trd kha lén va bai vay te do din nhiet va dong nbi¢t q thoat ra khdi kim loai long s€ bi gid di, Dong nhigt duoc tinh theo cong thie: trong dé: 2. - hé s6 chin nhidt cha lép son: x - chiéu diy Iép son. Nhu vay, bing céch thay ddi hé sti din nhiét cia tép son (thay déi thanh phdn ctia son) va thay doi chiéu day Iép son tren bé mat khudn, ¢6 thé diéu chinh duge dong nbiét (én bé mat khuon, va do dé, 6 thé diéu chinh (6c d6 ngudi cla vat dtic cho phir hop dé tha duge t6 chtéc kim loai cfing nhur tinh chat co hoc ctla vat dic theo you cdu Dé tim duge su phan bé nbier d6 teong khuén kim Jogi, gia thigt rang: khuon co dang tim phang va ¢6 he 96 dan niet 2,, Khoi long rigng p, vA hé sé din niet do a, khong phu thuge nbiét 46: truyén nbigt trong khudn 1A uyén nhiet mot chién Khong cd nguén niet: su tigp xtc gitta vat dtic wi Ip son 18 tigp xc 1¥ tuGng. Phuong tinh m6 t qué tinh truyén abiét trong khu6n die: ergot ay12 Chuong 1. BUC TRONG KHUON KIM LOAI Dieu jén baw ddu: Nhi¢t do ban dau cia thank khuon Ya khong déi va bang T, : T(x, 0) = Dida kién bien: - G bé mat tiep xtic giita khudn va khong khi: 4, Tan) ex Fay -Ty) (1.2) trong dé: oj, - hé 86 trao déi niet ca khuén voi mei trudng ben ngoai, keal/m7h'C: Thy = nhi¢t do bé mal Khuda tip xtic voi moi trudng (T, trong hinh 1.1); T,, - nhiét do moi truding xung quanh. at tip xtic khuon-Idp son: SOD LAST, ~T, at 13 ox By 2 ex as trong dé: Ag, 5, - hé sO din nhiet va chiéu day lép son. A, - hé sé dan nhiet ca kim loai. Giat phuong trinh (1.1) véi cdc diéu kign ban dau va diéu kién bien (1.2) va (1.3) sé thu duge su phan bé nhigt do wong khuén kim loai. Cé ohiéu cach gidi phuong trinh (1), Ngay nay bing phuong phdp sai phin hu han (Finite Differences Method-FDM) hoae phuong phap phiin tir hitu han (the Finite Element Method-FEM) cé thé tinh duoc nghiém cita (1.1) cho nhiing két qua gain dting vdi do chinh xdc cao. phuc vu cho viée m6 phong s6 cdc qua trinh dic. Cé thé gidi phuong trinh (1.1) bang phuong phip gidi tich song chi déi v6i nhiing bai todn don gian va két qua cua nd chi cé tic dung dé Ly gidi nhiing hign wong hay nhiing quy luat xay ra trong qué trinh dite, 1.1.2, Cac phuong phap gidi phuong trinh truyén nhiet a) Phuong phap phan ly bién sé Sau khi di ding phép bien déi dac big dé dua phviong tinh tuyén nhiet 6 ngudn vé phuong tinh uuyén nhigt khong c6 nguén bing céch swt dung nhigt dung luong duong nhvt di inh bay 6 gido tinh Mé hinh bod céc qua trink dong dic, bai (oan lruyén nhiét ie may chi Ti bai todn trayén niet khong cé nguén dang (1.1) va ¢6 thé giai duge bang phuung phap phan ly bicn so. Noi dung ctia phuong phdp phan ly bien so, vi hi¢t do EG ham cua khong gia x va thoi giant nén c6 thé coi mhiét 46 T(x, 1) 1a tich cia hai ham sé moe FA him X(x) chi phu thuge vio khong gian va ham nia 1 Z(t) chi pha thude vao thei gian,CAC PHUONG PHAP DUC DAC BIET 13 Tex, 1) = X(x)- ZY a4) Dao ham ‘V(X, 1) theo x va theo 1, thu duge: Thay, vio (lk: € xe & 1Le@&_1@x al Sopa aZ@e X Gx (5) Trong phuong tinh (1.5) cd 2 vé hoan toan déc lap vdi hau vi thuge t, vé phai chi phu thugc x, ching chi bing nhau khi ca hai khéng ai, goi 1a tk’: vé trdi chi phu ‘ing mot hang so (1.6) SS =tkeaZ ne (7) Phuong tinh (1.6) cho nghiém: © Néu lay gid tr +k? X=Ce+Ce* © Néu lay gid tri -k’ + X= C, cos(kx) + C,sin(kx) Gidi phuong trinh (1.7) vi lu ¥ rng qué trink tuyén nhiet Fa gidm nbigt d6 nén dZidt <0 dZ/Z. = -Kadt inZ=-Kat+C = Z=C.exp(-k'as) Thay vio (1.4) va dai cdc hing sé mdi, nghiém cua bai todn (1.1) sé 1a: ‘T(x, 1) = [ A sintkx) + B cos(kx)] exp(-k’a.t) (8) Cac hé sé A, Bk duct tinh theo céc diéu kign bién va digu kién ban dau. b) Phuong phap ddt bién phu Ta sé tim aghiém cua bai todn (1.1). tie 1a tim sy phu thude cla nhiét dé vio khong gian va thai gian, Dat bién méi 18 bién h = h(x,14 Chuong 1. BOC TRONG KHUON KIM LOAIL he a at ch aT x oe) = uo dha” dh 3 2/9 « Dao ham nhiét dg theo khong gian : av _dTéh_dT 1 x dhéx dh Jt . : L10) oT idT ax? ord? Thay cae gid tri (1.9) va (1.10) vao (1.1) ta c6: aT = LAL dh ap Chon nghiem rieng: =Ac™ 112) on (12) Voi A, b, n 1a nhiing hang 56. Lay dao him cap 2 cua nhiét dé T theo h va thay vao (1.12), nhan duge: Ae b= 2bAe™ bah" Biéu thie nay bing nhau khi va chi khi_n = 2 va b = a/4, thay vao (1.12): aT dh Ace We T=Afe""dh=B 1.13) Dat € = hy2a!? hi dé = dh/2a!®, h = x/t'? va thay vao biéu thie (1.13), thu duge: ae T, ‘ tay = Ava fe Pde +B = AU fe “de +B 14) i 3 Ham sai (error function, erf) va cde tinh chat eta né duge dinh nghia nhy sau:CAC PHUONG PHAP DUC BAC BIET 15 erf (0) =0; erf (%) = 1; ert (-2) V6i nhéng diéu kiga bien va diéu kign ban ddu, dé dang tinh due ede gid tri cba cde hé s6 wong cong thife (1.14). Thi dy, véi khuon dic gid thigt rang: © Diéu kien ban dau: T,,,=T,, (hig do moi trudng) « Diéu kin bién T,,,, Ta, =T (nhiet do tigp xde Khudn-vat dic) Thay didu kign trén vao (1.14), thu ditge: Tw =A'.0+B =T, > B=T, veape T,, 2 Toa = Thay cdc gid tri A’ va B vao (1.14) ta sé nhan duce nghiém cha bai toan (1.4); Tay = Tae + (Ta Ty eel (1.15) 2. Bai todn truéng nhiét d6 trong khuon dic cing duoc giai tuong w nbu teen, Nhiet dé trong khudn duc duye mo ta bi phuong tinh: x Ty = Ty + (Tp — Ty ert (1.16) Wat trong d6: Ty ~ ahigt dg khuon: T, - nhiét d6 roe Luu ¥, gid tri niet do tigp xdc T,, trong céng thite (1.15) va nhiét do khuon Ty trong (1.16) duoc coi {& khong déi cho nén cae nghiém néi trén cing khéng phai Fa holn todn chinh xéc. Trong thyc t€, nhiét dé khuén va nbiet do tigp xde khudn-v9t dic hoan toan phy thuge vao thdi gian. c) Phuong phap gan ding Vejnhik ing cach tinh toén qud winh can bang nhiét trong phan té thé ich nghién evtu (khuon va vat dic), Vejnhik da xay dung duoc cong thife thue nghigm sau day: ¢ Trudng nhigt do trong khuén duc:16 Chuong 1. DUC TRONG KHUON KIM Loal tute) trong 46: T,, - nhi¢t do iép xtc vat diic/ Khudn; T,y - nhiét do ban dau cia khuon, néu 1a khudn cat thi T;, chinh Ki nhigt d8 moi trudng. Trong khudn kim loai thi Ty, kbéc T,,: m, - chi s6 parabol cita trudng nhigt do, xe dinh bing thyc nghiem; X,- chiéu day khuGn die. © Trudng nhiet d6 wong val duc. Trong trudng hop nay ta coi gin diing nhigt d6 16t T,, = niet d6 dong dac T,. Gid sit tai thoi diém dang xét, vat dic da dong dac duge mot chigu day 6. Su phan bé nhiét do tong ving dé duce the hien: trong dé; n, - chi s6 parabol ella wudng nhiét do wong vat dic, duge xc dinh bang thyc nghigm. ) Plutong php sai phan hitu han Ta sé tm nghiem cia bai todn truyén nhigt (1.1) dudi dang sai phan gan ding. Khai uién Taylor gid ui T,,, , Jan can didm i: oT Thorn = Tan Poe (1.17) ér Woon = Tan > 5 (1.18) ar — Tye ax low > oT = ae trong dé @,,,, Sk sd du cua phép khai trign va phu thude vao céch chia khong Ax Lay (1.17) + (1.18) thu due:CAC PHUONG PHAP DUC DAC BIET 47 pr 498, -27; Meaty oT. visu Ey Néu bé qua nhiing s6 hang bic cao s€ 6: pret san (1.19) a 6T oT past pe hay: OT Lb ep ip 120 ay: at att i) (1.20) ‘Thay (1.19) va (1.20) vio (1.1) nbn dutoc: k aAt Ax? TH (Tey - 21 +7) (2b Nhu vay, dé tinh duge nhiét do tai cdc diém nut trén Ludi phan (truémg nhiét 0 cla vat dtc), thiét dign vat dic phi durge chia thanh cdc khoting Ax, thoi gian dugc chia thanh cde khodng At sao cho thod man diéu kién Courant (diéu kién én dinh cha cong thie 1.21): Bussc sai phan khéng gian Buc sai phan théi gian tong d6: x - chiéu day thin vat diic, m; t - tdi gian dong die ca vat dic, bh: va m - sé bude khong gian va thoi gian. Bé mat tigp xc vat duc - Khuon duge xdc¢ dinh theo diéu kién bién loai 4: at 2 4 at: dn, en, wong dé: 4, - hé sé dan nhiét cla vat dic, 2, - hé s6 dan nhiet cud khusn diic. Bé mat fiep xc khudn - mdi trudng duge xdc dinh theo digu kién bien loai 3;18 Chuong 1. BUC TRONG KHUON KIM LOAL cua méi trudng; 4, - hé sé dan nhiét cua khudn. Dé dam bdo tinh chinh x4c ctia két qua tinh tedn, tung nhiet do duge tinh theo luci sai phan voi diéu kign dn dinh; ‘Thi du vi mang hign Juskov, nhiét d6 tai nut (i, K+1) duoc tinh nhy sau pr oT ST AT) (1.22) ; 10 Hoac voi P = 1/2 wbiét dé trong vat dic cd thé tinh todn: P Th, =T) + —— 2P rl “=7) (ryt emit +7) (1.23) Nhu vay, nhiét d6 tai mér diém s€ duve tinh todn qua nhiét dO cia ba diém Lan can, Cae gid tr lan can nay duge biel trude qua céc digu kien ban dau va diéu kign bien. 1.1.3. Ché do nhiét trong khuén kim loai theo Vejnhic Chiing ta hay khdo sat quan hé phu thude cia nhigt do khudn duc, vat dic vaio thdi gian déng dac dua trén co sé phucng phap Vejnhic. Theo Vejnhic, qué tinh wuyén hi doan 1, khuon duge nung dé mot chiéu sau nhat dinh va né déng vai rd nhur mét vat truyén nbiét (t <4). Giai doan 2, khi chiéu sau tham nhiét cla khuGn di dat dén bé mar ngoai cia Khuda (t= cia vat dic duge chia lim bai giai doan. Gi .). bE mat ngoai Khuda duoc nung lén. gradient nhiét do theo chiéu day khudn bat dau gidm di. Khi dd, nhiét do trong khuon diic khi da ¢6 khe hé khf duge mé ta bang phutong tinh: 8=(0, aft) trong dé: 0, = T,- Ty; 6, = T,- Ty: x - toa do cla diém cé hist do 6; X, - chiéu day khuoén dic; n, - chi sé parabol ctia dubng cong nhigt do khuon.CAC PHUONG PHAP DUC DAC BIET 19 Luong nhiét ket tinh khi kim loai lang 66 niet do rét Ty vai nhigt do ket tinh T,: qy arte (T,-T,) (24) vi tr dnoobiét két tinh cla kim loai dic; ¢- nhiét dung riéng cha hgp kim. Trong giai doan ban dia do long nhiet truyén tit vat dic ra Khuda rat Ién, cho nén chiéu day Iép dong dae € tng nhanh. Quan hé phu thuge & vio thor gian dong coda Hinh 1.2. So d6 phan bo nhiét do trong khuon dite va vat die 1 (<3 Qe 3) I>, (m+ =) (I. c n+) } t-q= BO), -0 trong dé: p, va c, + mat do va nhigt dung cita kim loai rin; = Ay/Xq va on goi la do din nhiet cia khe ho khi Ay VAX, he sO dan nhiet va chiéu day cia khe hé khi hoae tp son Khun, Cong thie (1.25) 66 thé viel dudi dang chuan: FoF, Fuk +6) (1.26) i tong dé: Bi= BR on qa es —ti__z= = ‘ (8, ~ O34) 1, +10, 05,20 Chuong 1. DUC TRONG KHUON KIM LOAT 5d » Bae (rong dé: R - mot nita chiéu day vat dic; a,- hé s6 din nbiét 46 cita vat diic; 4- hé s6 dan nhiét cua vat dic. Cong thtic (1.25) dung véi khoiing thoi gian tong déi ngin, khi su thay ddi nhiét dT, va T; khé nho, Sit dung cong thite nay cling 6 sai sé nhung khong Idn, néu str dung cdc gid tri trung binh: 0), =Tyy- Tos 92, = Tan - Ty. Toan bd qua trink ¢6 thé chia Jam nhiéu giai doan nhd ma trong méi giai doan dé cé thé chap nhan ®, va 8, c6 gid tri khong déi va bang gid trt trung binh tong khoing thai gian At =t- (,, trong khoang thoi gian d6 di cé mot lp v6 rin AE = & - E) hinh thinh. Bude thoi gian chia cang nho, két qua tinh ton cing chinh xée. Nhiét do bé mat vat dic 8, c6 thé tinh theo céng thitc: 6, + PE dyn, 1+ BE aay a 8, (1.27) Chiéu sau tham nhiét ca khuén xe dink theo cong thie (22) (1.28) 2k ma, Trong cOng thite (1.27) va (1.28) khong cé théng s6 dc trung cho hish dang cia khuon diic vat dic, béi vay 6 thé ding dé tinh todn cho nhing vat die bat ky. Doi voi vat dic tim phing, nhigt dO bé mat khudn 8, tinh todn theo cng thite: ; we 6, = a Eee -09-(%+a (1.29) 4a tong dé: 68. BE ny +E R2+2.n, ny b30, BE+An, n+l Pp, BSA, 2CAC PHUONG PHAP DUC DAC BIET 21 vib, =Qxp,¢,)'” 1a hé $6 tich nhiét cita khuén Nhu vay, ¢6 thé sit dung teinh tur tinh toan nu sau: True hét, quy dinh chiéu day 6p vo dong dae ciia vat diic va xc dinh cde gid tri 0, va Q,, tidp theo 1a xée dinh cdc gid tri Ova 9, (gi tri trung binh trong timg giai doan), Thay cdc gid ti O,5 Oye, V8 Ory vio cong thie (1.25) vi (1.26) sé tim duge khong tang chiéu day lép vd & - 8. Tinh toan nhiet do 6, theo cong thife (1.29) d&a thai diém %, lie ma chiéu sau thdm nhiét cba khuén bing véi chiéu day khuén, X = X,, Trong giai doan tiép theo, nhiét do khuon duge tinh theo: 6, - ae 243 1.30) Xe: dy ( &p, Oy trong dé: an 8. f &:BS | Xp ° Berm A Lm tl omy tl Bp, | \ Biy= BX; /hy Nhiét 49 mat ngoai khuon xde dinh theo phuong trinh: 3p Khi duc nhimg vat duc Jém, lung nhiét truyén tit bé. mat bén ngoai khusn rat nho so VGi long nhiét tuyén tir vat dec sang khudn (chi khodng 1 - 2%) nén cé thé bd qua. Dé tinh todn duoc céc gid tri nhiét 46 néi trén, cain phai biét sy phan bd nhiét do trong lép vo dong dac. Gia ui eta chi s6 parabol n, phy thudc vao chi sé N véi N tinh theo cong thie: £8, 8) Te trong dé: ¢, - nhigt dung kim loat ling; @ = Ta — Two (nhiét 46 két tinh va nhier do khuon ban dau}; q, - dng nhiét trén bé mat khudn.N S Chuong 1. DUC TRONG KHUON KIM LOal Chi s6 n, cing duge xée dinh bang thuc nghiém dua tén viée xde dinh tigu chudn Bi va gid L. Khi da tinh duge gid tri L, ding giin dé. hinh 1.4 sé xde dinh duge gi tri n,. Hinit 1.3. Quan hé phu thuoc eiia chi sony tigw chuin N Minh tru; 3- Hink edu L-Var diie phing: Hinh 1.4, Quan hé phu thude ciia chi s6 n, vao tiéu chun Bi va L doi véiz Lam phaing (a); hinkt tru (b) va hinh edu (e) 1) Bis= 11: 2) 6; 3) 2.524) bs 5) 2: 6) 5:7) 3: 8) 1 9VQ.5; LOPS: M1): 12) 1: 13.0.8 Gid tin, trong moi trudng hop 1a gid tri trung binh trong khodng thi gian nung Khuon dau tién, cé nghia fa, xéc dinh gid tri n; twong ting voi nhiing gid tri & tai thai diém 1, khi séng nhiei do nung khudn dat 161 mat ngoai cia khuon Anh hudng cia cudng dé nung khuén dén n, thue chat chi cd tong téc nhigt ban dia. Trong khudn khdng Lim ngu lieu chudn Bi. hé s6 n, pidm xudng dén tr ¥ nghia trong théti hau nh doi véi tat cd cdc - 1,5. Cae 6 ligu cho trén hinh 1.4 thu duge vat dic dong dac trong khuon kich thude lin: X, > 2R Adi véi tain phing: X > R doi voi khuon hinh tru va X, > 2R/3 doi véi vat die dang edu. Trong nhimg khudn thanh mong, dac bidt fa khi Lim nguoi cudng bite, hop ni id tin, Gen rit nhanh dén 1. Trong rudng YY, sur phan bé nhiet do trong vat diie-khe hé khi-khuon-moi trudng tam ngudiCAC PHUONG PHAP DUC DAC BIET 23 6 thé tinh theo eong thie (1.27) hoae: ow (1.32) @,=—- 1.33) Bi, (1+ Bi, vail (rea Ayn wong d6: Bi, = aX,/ 2, ; a - hé s6 trao déi nhigt tren mat ngoai khuén. Voi nhing cong thie trén, cé thé tinh todn duge khodng thoi gian can thiet dé vat whic dong dic dutgc mot chigu day & cho true, hode thdi gian dong dac cika ton bd vat diic thee cong thite (1.25). Bai tap 1: Tinh toan dong dac cilia mi vat dic gang dang tim phang chiéu day 2R = 0.03 m trong khudn kim logi dang déi ximg chiéu day X,= 0.04 m, chigu day lép son X,= 0,1 mm; hé 56 din nhiét cua lép son Ay = 0,25 Wim"): T, = 200°C: Ts = 1150°C; T, = 1300°C; nhiét két tinh r = 250.10'Ikg; nhiét dung cita kim loai long ¢’, = 838 J/(ke’C); niet dung kim loai rin c, = 755 J/'C: hé sé dan nhigt cia kim loai long 2, = 37 W/m"C; khdi lugng rigng 9, = p; = 7200 kg/m’; c, = 500 I/kgC; A; = 50 Wim'C: by = 14,3 kW.s!"/m2"C). Vat duc hinh tru D6i véi vat diic hinh try, so 44 tink todn vA cdc gid tri nhiet do cing giéng nhu “anh L.2, Cong thiic xéc dinh chiéu day Iép dong dae phy thude vio thai gian c6 dang: 2a (- Bete Bi 88] (1.34) cy 2 7 n+l a +2 Viet dudi dang tigu chudn: (0-&) 845, 2281) Fo -Fo, =———2 | K) |- —-—+ 1- 3S, eee Bi, ye na] 39) Cc bigu thitc ¢é tinh toan gid tri 8, c6 dang:24 a tan = a trong d6: a -ane(1-) 3 P50 om +2 meh ym BE veh vt] n+l BL Ayn, ntl oy, ny +2°¢,p,R Ya = Chuong 1. DUC TRONG KHUON KIM LOAL yoo 100200 300 05,0 Hinh 1,3, Nghiém cia phuung trinh 1.36 theu phieng phap dé thi Phuong trinh (1.36) cd thé giai bing phwong phap dé thi (hinh 1.5). Trén he toa 9, truc hodah bigu dién nhigt dg ,, trac tung Id gid ti qy + qs. Tinh todn nhiét d6 0, theo phuong trinh (1.34) trudc thoi diém ma mat ding nhiét dich chuyén qua ton bd chiéu day khudn X,, Trong giai doan nay, cde nhigt do duge tinh nhu sau: trong dé:CAC PHUONG PHAP BUC BAC BIET 25 Gid ui n, 66 thé ta Wen binh 1.3, Chi sé n, wa én hinh [.4. Trong khuén hinh try mong thanh cé lam ngudi bang nude, gid tri n, & giai doan 2 (khi mat truyén nhitt da iéu day khudn i bat dau nang cao nhiet 46 moi trudng) sé tien nhanh dén gid (1.37) @, = 8,,Bi, mi (reB OTE : Ew | (1.38) F, Any trong dé: F, va F, ki dign tich bé mit trong va ngoai cia khudn kim loai. OF Su hinh thanh Khe ho khi Qué trinh truyén nhiét khi diic trong khudn kim loai khé phiie tap do viée nung néng, lam ngudi cla Khuén va vat diic khong déng déu, 1p son khudn bi chéy, khugn bi bien dang... Téng hyp cde qué trinh d6 Kim xudt hién mot khe hé gidra khuon dic diic va Hint (6. Swhinh thanh khe ho kh |! 1 - Nhiét do kim lowi fang: [a 2- Nhiét dé bé mat kbuion: ° 3- Chicu rong khe ho khi, = 2 z Thai gian26 Chuong 1. BUC TRONG KHUON KIM LOAT Khe hé khi 6 h hang chue lin cho nén dan nhigt thap, thap hon hé s6 dan nhidt ca kép son khudn i trd nhigt tres cua chat son khuon td nén khong dang ké nita. Trong khudn kim loai, lép son chi cd t4c dung Kam gidm va dap nhiét va gradient nhist tren bé mat khuon khi kim loai lang tip xe true tigp véi Khuda die khi khe hé khi chura hinh thanh. Thue nghiém da chimg minh duce ring, khe hé khi bit dav hinh thanh khi qué jc di kéo dai khoang 40 - 50% va tring voi théi diém nhiét do bé mat khuon ting dén gid tri cue dai (hinh 1.6). Tai thai diém ban dau méi rét khudn, kim loai tong vi khuén dc con tiép xtic vGi nhau, nhiét truyén tir kim loai sang khuon véi te a6 kha dn, nhi¢t do kim loai gidm rat nhanh va nhiét do bé mat khudn c&ing ting ahanh. Khi nhiet do khuon dat gid wi cuc dai cling 18 hic khe hé khi bat dau xuat tang lén vi cudng do tao déi nhiét qua khe ho khi cing gid ding ké, nhiet do bé mat khuén giam xudng. Khi chiéu rong khe ho khi din 6n dinh, déng thoi, khuon khong thé thai héi nhiet vao mdi trudng ma no van 66 he s6 tich nhiét nat dink, nhiat do bé mat khudn lai tiép tue ting. tinh dong ién, nhiét tre Khi khe hé khi xuat bién, diéu kién tuyén nhiét tir vat déic qua khudn ra ngoai moi trudng sé thay d6i di rat nhiéu. Bin chat cia khe hi khf bao gém ahiéu loai khi, nhung trong tinh todin ¢6 thé coi dé 1a Khong kh, cde thong s6 nhiét I¥ c6 thé ding cla khong khi dé tinh toin, Lie dé, digu kien bien trén bé mat tigp xtic Khuon-vat dit si or, ot V6i A, - h¢ 86 din nhi¢t cla khe hé khf mh'C: 6, - chigu day khe hé khi, m. Hien nay, ¢6 xu huéng chi dong tao khe hé khi nhan tao dé digu chinh tée do ngudi cla val dic. nang cao co tinh va khdée phyc mét sO khuyét tat cia vat dic, déng thei nang cao tinh én dinb va tinh bén viing cia khudn DE hidu va nim ving nhimg vin dé cua khe ho khi xudt bien khi dic trong khuon kim loai, ching ta hay khio sat cée hign tong xuit hign khi rot kim loai vao khuon, Chiéu day lép khe hé khi co thé tinh touin gain dting theo cong thie: X= Xt Xo trong dé X,, vii Xp LA chiéu day lép khi hinh thinh do vat duc co va su din nd cia Khudn. Hai chiéu day nay duoc xc dinh nhue sau:CAC PHUONG PHAP DUC DAC BIET 27 X,, =a, -T) Noy =e (5-58 trong dé @) va a} Ta he sé dan né did ciia vat dic va cia Khuda. T,* va Ty i nhiet do trung binh cua vat diic va khuén. Hé s6 din nhié wong ting: Ay MB, x, be Do din nbiet biic xa fi tinh theo: c(h) (i) €,.C, va C, 1a kbd nang baie xa eda cde be mat cua val dic, Iép son va wat den tuyér déi. (C, = 5.7Wim?K*). Do din nhiét toAn phan cira khe ho khé: poole B. #8, Nhiét do T,* tinh cho vat dic phing: ler, +7) (1.39) T, 2 Voi vat déc hinh tru: Ts A +21) (1.40) Gia wi Ty tinh cho vat dite taim phang: TT 2 a4 n, +l28 Chung 1. BUC TRONG KHUON KIM LOAT cho vat dite inh tru: ne bth (y, I a] (142) ntl ay+2°R Thi dy: Cang so ligu cita bai tap 1. tinh todn exe thong sé nhigt cla lép khe hé Khi gida vat déc-khudn dic tai thoi diém két thiic déng dac cua vat dite. Lay C = 4 Wink a) = 00 = 10% 24 = 0,06 Wim'C. Diéu chinh khe hi khi Khi duc rong khuén kim loai bing gang. lép bé mat vat dic dong dac véi we d6 tuong di [én Lam cho mot lugng Jén xementit ty do sé hinh thank ‘ong, kim loai, gang bj bien tring. Dé wanh hien tugng bign wing nay, c6 thé ding giai php thay déi khe ho khi. Noi dung nhu sau. Téc do dong dac kim loai é lép bé mat vat dic Suge x4c dinh theo phuong trinh: a BO, ~0) fa + G,,-0, ny +1 Doi vi val dic hin tru: - 1 dg _ B(8, -0,) 5) COW = 26 FS BO —0)) oy OP 2B _ Lag rr) [ast ye ne n+? ay (1.43) Hi Déi voi vat dic hinh cau: dé _ BO, -0,) > ary, Cy dt “ [sath 2808 y+ we Vl @, #2(n, +) Mac dé bign wang (%) phu thudc vao sé lugng xementit cimg tinh va xementit so cap: Pe a-[e pS -| c trong d6 100% 1 phiin xementit cing tinh vil xementit so dp tao thanh Cc Khi gang bi bién trang holin toin; C, - % cacbon cling tinh; C, - % ting cacbon;CAC PHUONG PHAP DUC BAC BIET 29 D =0.3¢ 100 — ByL00% Li phan sementit thir cap. Khi A > 0. qua tinh ket tinh 6 Kem theo vide tiét ra xementit tu do. Luong cachon lién két C, trong gang khong hap kim duce xac dinh theo gian dé 6 hink 1.7. Thi du, tinh toan toe dd dong dac cua lop bé mat vat duc gang dar cae x6 ligu sau day: 1 = 0: 0, = 0; 6, = 0, =1000'C: B = 2500 WAm*."C): C 19% 2 vi Si = G = ; IE Tir (1.34) ta cd. te do dong dac: = ee =0,92.10 mis dt 7200%276.10 +19 = Cavbon duong luong: © + Si = Tir gin d6 6 binh 1.7, tim duge: C/G, = 0.9: C, =C+ O33Si = 3,3 +0,33.1.9 = 3.93% 2 = 100% =41, 4.67 D =0.3100-41,3) = 17.6% Caley o9 / oo PAIN PI9) 44 45 4,5 AANST YL |S SF 57 ue Si 40] 92 4 46 O52 4 5.9 56 58 as os 03 005 of «ots «02 025 060 10 15 20 28 vis) Hink 1.7, Gin dé cau trae30 Chitong 1. BUC TRONG KHUON KIM LOAL A=(41.3+ 17,6}.0.9 - 176 = 354% A B c6 nghia [A 85% exebon duoc tiét ra khi dong dac 6 dang xementit ty do. Xementit ty do suat hign trong vat diic Kim cho vat dite e6 dé cting khong déng nha rat khé gia cong. Mudn gia cong co khi phi tién hanh O, viée nay fam kéo dai chu 4 tidu hao nhigu nang Iuong. Dé ngdn ngta hign tong bicn tring, phai thay 4éi bode LA thanh phiin hot hoc cia gang, hode la che dé nhiét cua khuon dic. Trong san xuat khong thé sir dung bign phap thir nha tinh san xual, lam xau chat lugng vat duc nang cao him Iveng C + Si sé han ché duge hién tuong bién trang nhung tai Lam xa chat Iugng kim loai, dae biét Ia gang sau ciing tinh. Vige diéu chinh ché do ngudi céa khudn dtic 6 thé 1ign hanh bang cach son len bé mat khudn mot lp son céich nhigt hose ché tao mt lép hén hop mong va, nhung céng nghé son va thiét bi son khong phai 6 dau vi Ide mio cing thue hign duge Mot bién phap hién nay dang duge 4p dung dé diéu chinh we do ngudi cla khudn kim loai 1a xé dich khuén (hinh 1.8). Nguyén Ly ctla phuong phiip duoe mo ta abu sau, R61 kim loai long vao khuén gém nhiéu minh, Git kim loai dong dae mot khoang thd gian ty dén thoi diém mé khudn, hic dé lép vo dong dac di dit bén dé chiu duwe dp Ive cia kim Joai long trong tam vat dic. Khoang thoi gian t, cling phai dii [Gn dé hinh thin mot khe hé khi, sau 46 sé dich chuyén céc manh khuén di mot khoang X, = 5+ 10 mm. Khi dé sy truyén nhigt doi luu sé gidm di hang tam lan va qua trinh truyén nhigt co ban chi 1A rruyén nhiét bite xa. Do qua trinh truyén nhiét gid dot got ma nhiét do bé mat khudn dic cong gkim di rat nhanh, tir nhigt do 500 - 550°C xudng chi con 350 - 380°C. Nhiét do bé mat vat dic lui tang dot ngot, tr 1090 - 1050"C ten 1120 - 130°C. Két qua 1a xementit di hinh thanh sé bi phan hiy. Qué inh déng dac uép theo cua v: dtic sé dign ra voi mot te do phy thuge vao khi nang dan vbiét cia khe hd khi. Vai rd chinh cla qua trinh chinh 14 cde thong 96 cua khe bo khi. nén cong nghé nay cé thé ap dung cho bat k¥ khudn nao cho di tén khuon da cé tép son va kKhudn cé nhiét do nhue thé nao, Phuong phép mo (4 trén co ahigu uu diém. Trude het, dé din nbiét cha khong khi oho hen do din nhiét ca Lép son hoac 1ép khuon méng vé khodng 5 dén 10 lan: Chiéu day I6p khe hé khi khong bi han ché, va c6 thé digu chinh duge trong khi dé chiéu day cla I6p son 1a c6 dinh vi khéng thé diéu chinh duoc khi da lip khudn va do dé, ché doCAC PHUONG PHAP DUC DAC BIET. 31 nhiét trong khi vat dic dong dic cing 66 thé tiep tue digu chinh duge, hi¢u qua cao hon ahiéu so véi ding son khuén hode l6p khudn mong v6. Sav khi phan hod xementit xong e6 thé lai dich chuyén cde manh khuon lai gin nhau dé ting We do ngudi o giai doan ket tinh ln 2. nang cao chat luong vat dite. The ian tigp xe ciia Khuén véi kim loai ong gidim di nhiéu nén tuéi tho cla khuon duge nang cao, Khoang th nt, dao dong trong khoaing 5 - 30 gidy, phu thude vao khdi luong va kich thude cia vat diic. Khi dé chidu day Ip vo dong die dat duge khoiing 3-6 mm Viée phan lich qua trinh truyén nhiét trong khe ho da ehi ra rang, shanh phan bite xa bang 180 - 2/0 W/mi.'C va he so dan nhiet quy doi f khi cé 16p son 0,1 mm cing chi 6 gid ti khoding 200 Wim’ !'C, Hink 1.8. So d6 Khuon kim toai cO Khe he khi nha a) Trae khi dich chuyén khudn: b) Sau klu ich chuyen khuon Tai thoi diém dich chuyén khuon, nhigt dd bé mat vat dite khong c6 bude nhiy dot ngot ma tung doi déu. Quan he gitta nhiet do va théi gian c6 thé xde dinh theo: 0, — 91, 6 1=t, ne (45) i 0, -8, %, +0 9%, tong d6: 0), = — Fa nhidt do bé mat vat dic di due thiet lap tai gid wi quy 1 2 BS A dinh cia & va.32 Chuong 1. bUC TRONG KHUON KIM LOAL 6, 1a nhiét do bé mat var dic tai thdi dig dich chuyen khuon: By OSE, +) Gid i 0, xc dinh theo cdng thie (1.29); Tit phuong trinh (1 can phai nhan thay 14, khi 0, tidn din dén Q, thi t tid dan dén vo cing. Boi vay chi can cho su khac biét cla 0, va O,, kha nhd, khong vai do. Déi véi tim phang: _ OX ny +X, (1 AG) Vige ning cao chigu day Iép vo trong giai doan chuycn tgp xe dinh theo: S@,-o)+ £ nyt) Ps, y-Omtt-t fae 8H, -03) GAD = (1.48) 0 X n,+1X ps t1 XX, 144 (1.49) Cin Iuu ¥ rng, sau khi dich chuyén khuon, cuding 46 trao Adi nhigt gidm di rat nhiéu va c6 thé chip nhan gid tri ny= 1. Bai tap: Tinh toda thdi gian dong dic cla vat dlc gang dang phing, khe hd khi sd dan nbiet B = 200 W/m?"C; 1, = 8.8 gidy: $= 5 mm: 0,.= 810'C: 6, 2 on, = 1,06. (Dap sd: t. = 213 gidy). nhan tao cé, 366°C: L1.5. Lam ngudi khuon Cong nghé dic trong khuon kim loai, chu trinh str dung khuén hay tan suat nung noéng va fam ngudi khuon cé ¢ nghia quyét dinh nang suat lao dong va tudi tho cha Khuon. Mat khdc, sau méi nip dtic, nhigt do cla khudn rat cao, bit bude phai chd mot thi gian dé nhier dd khuén gidm xudng nhidt dO thich hop cho 16¢ Khudn thi chu ky rotCAC PHUONG PHAP DUC DAC B 33 icp theo moi thé tiép tuc duge. Déi khi, cé ning vat liéu dtic lai cain 16¢ do ngudi sat Jon. lén hon ea t6e dé nyudi trong khudn kim Jogi. Trong truéng hop dé cén phai Jam ngudi cudng buc khudn dic, tlie 1a Jam ting cudmg do trao d6i nie. wén bé mat khuon kim loai. Thi nghiém df ching minh duge yang, lam ngudi cudng bite nh hudng dén giai doan kel tinh manh hon rat nhiéu so véi giai doan ngudi cia vat dde. Néu lay thoi gian kel tinh va théi gian nguéi cua vat duc J diéu kign bin thudng 181, vat, khi Lam ngudi khuon bang nude, khodng thai gian két tinh chi cd L/1,5 va thei gian ngudi chi edn Th 1,8 tuong ting. Trong giai doan dau cia qua trinh dong dac, do khudn va kim loai long con tiép xde vi nhau, nbigt do khuon tang rat nhanh, gradient ahigt do wong thanh kton cing Ién, béi vay. khuon 1 dé bi bin dang trong giai oan nay. Trong khuon duc phiing. dng suai duge tinh theo cong thife: (1-8) (1.50) trong dé: f - he s6 dan no dai cua vat ligu lam khudn; E - modun dan héi cia vat igus v - hé $6 Poisson, lay bing 0,3, T, yaT, nhiét do bé mat khudn khi khong Rum ngudi va c6 kam ngudi bing nude. Nhu vay. bang cach lam ngudi cudng biic 6 thé fim gidm dang ké chu tinh lam viéc cla khudn va thdi gian Jam ngudi vat dic trong Khudn: lam gidm niet do bé lun vide Khudn; khong Lim xiv Gang thai ting sual nhiét ctta khudn vi di tao ra mot ché d6 nhict hop ly dé Khudn khong bi bin dang déo. Tuy vay. vice lam ngudi cuding bite bang nude cling 66 nbuge diém. Hoi nude sé bi phan hoy trong hée khudn va gay bién tugng phun bin kim toai lng, dé gay bong cho cong nhan, mat khée, nhist di si eta nude chi La 100°C nén Kh6 dam bie nhiet do ban dau ctla khudn dat én 150"C sau khi ding rét dé tiép tuc cho chu k¥ sau. Lam ngudi bang dong khong khi Ding dong khong khi tit quat gié hoac voi phun tir may nén khi dé théi mat khudn, Higu qua lim ngudi 16 hon déi véi khuon cd mat phan khudn thing dime. vho bé kém hon déi khuén cé mat phan khuén nam agang. Két cau khudn tong trudng hop nay nén c6 tudng chin dé ning cao higu qua lam ngudi (hinh 1.9a). DE ning cao higu qua lam ngudi, khudn duge ché tao cé them cainh Lin nhiet nam song song vi hudng théi khi lam ng 01 Lam nguéi bing nue Khi lam nguai hing déng nude tudn hodn trong khudn, nhiét do bé mat thank34 Chuong 1. BUC TRONG KHUON KIM LOAT ben ngoai ctia Khoon khong thé vuct qué 100°C vi ring. ngay sau khi ngimg edip nude vao vong um ngudi, qué tinh ngudi van tiép tue Xiiy ra do nude Soi, Dé Inénh hién tuong qué nhiét cits thinh khuon, nhiet do nude trong vong Lim ngudi phai gin bing nhiet do Sor vi vide cap nude phai dimg ngay Rip wie sau khi phiin lin nhiét cla vat dic a thodt ra ngodi Khi dtic cae loui gang va thép trong khuén kim loai, vie phun nude vio hée Him ngugi duge tién hanh khi va chi khi vat dic con nam trong khudn, Viée ep nude Lim nguéi bat dau vao thoi diém khi chiéu sau thm nhiet bang voi chiéu day thanh khuon. Co the phun true Wép nude vio be mat khudn (hinh 1.9c), hoae cho dong nude chily twin hown trong khudn, hinh 1.9b, hoa¢ 1a lam nguoi bang ch nude va tho hi (hinh 19d). khong Vige tinh todn ché do im ngudi bing nude nhu: toc d> phun nude, his lugng. nhigt do ban div... kha phic tap, nhung van 6 thé tinh due thong qua tink toan tao d6i nhiet gid hai moi trudng. Tuy nhien, trong thue 1 ngudi ta lay cae 6 ligu thuc nghiem dé ip dung Hinh 1.9. Cac dang lam ngudi euong hire khuon kim Joal LL6. Ket tinh trong khuon kim loai Neuyén ly két tinh dit tong khudn cat hoac wong khuon kim Joai van la gidng nhau, nhumg trong khudn kim loai, te dé ngudi én hon rat nhiéy, va boi vay te do sinh mami, t6c do phat trién clu mam cing co nhing dic diém riéng. Cling chinh do do qua ngudi lon nén dé co ca vit dic trong Khuda kim loai cing lén hon so vdi khudn cat. Che do nhiet cia vat diic ket tinh trong khudn kim loai kha phite tap.n6 wy thude vao tinh chat nhiet ly cla kim loai dite, vat Ligu lam khudn va chiéu day thinh khudn wa dure mo ta nhur tren hinh 1.10CAC PHUONG PHAP DUC DAC BIET 35 Goi AT LA khoang nhiét do ket tinh; ST la do chéenh Ich nhiét dé thea chiéu day thinh vat duc (hinh 1.10). Tuy thude méi quan hé AT/ 8T ta cé ahitug kigu dong dac sau day. Hinh 1.10. Dang kél (inh trong khuon kim loai. Dong dac cé hung, hink 1.10a Day fy diéu kign dong dac ma thod maa quan hé: khodng nhiet do ket tinh AT rat nho so vi chénh léch nhié do 8T theo chiéu diy thinh vat dtic: AT <>I Day la wudng hop kim loai dtc c6 kheding dong fon va khudn dic dan nhiet nhanh. Giai doan dau, kim loai long két tinh va dich chuyén ty do dé bi co. Dén khi var duc da c6 khong 40% pha rin thi tong todn bo khei kin loai léng sé hinh thanh mot bo ludi (khung) bat dong. Ké tir thdi diém nay, viée dich chuyén kim loai long phai thong qua bd lui nay va hinh thinh co ché loc kim loai long thee quy Iwit tha mao dan Dasi. Qua trinh loc sé két thie khi dai cd 80% kim loai lang chuyén thinh pha ran va. qua trinh bi co khéng thé thye bién duge iia. Trong val die tn va thé tich Iém co sé gidm di. Dé khée phuc inh wang nay €6 thé ding c hinh thinh xép co phan e bién php nhir tac dung ngoai lye len kim Joai ong nhu ép them. rung... hodc thiét kE khudn hyp ly dé cd hudng dong thudn loi. Dong dac théng thuong Khi khoang dong AT c6 gid ui xip xi OT. vat diic sé ket tinh e6 ba ving 16 ret: ving long, ving hai pha ing rain, Qué tinh dich chuyén kim loai long dé bii co bat bude phii qua co ché Igc & viing hai pha. Co ch€ loc 6 ving hai pha {a aguyen nhan chinh gay ra hién wong x6p co ciing nhu Khuyét tat thién tich thudn va thién tich nghich trong vat diic. Kim loai long 6 duge loc qua ving nay hay khong, phu thudc chu yéu vao sife cing bé mat cua pha léng va khung xuong da binh thanh, vao luc hut tham cla 6ng mao din. Binh thudng, kim loai long duge loc qua hé thing khung luéi theo ding cde quan hé tren gidn dé trang thai. ‘Thanh phdn pha long bién déi theo dudng long. thanh phin pha rin bién déi theo dutng dic cla gidn dé. Véi hop kim c6 hé sé phan bé k, < 1, pha long cing vé au cing giau cdc nguyén t6 hyp kim, cd nghia 1a ede nguyéa 1 hop kim sé bi day dan vé phan vat duc dong dac sau ciing, thudng La tam vat dic. Tam vat dicCAC PHUONG PHAP DUC DAC BIET 37 giau cae nguyen W hop kim, vo vat dic gidu cde nguyen t6 nén, Day chinh 1a hign wong mhign lich thuan. VGi kim Joai c6 Khodng dong kha 16n, khi bo khuny xuong da hinh thaah, nhung trong khong gian gita cdc tinh thé dé dong dae vin 16n tai pha long. Do hign tuong co, phan kim loi lang nay sé bi kéo dan ra nhung khong c6 kisn loai lang khéc BS sung tat ché, tao thanh mat ehudi day ci Ong mao dan, phin kim loai dong 4: hut vao day xdp co nay va hinh thanh ving thién tich nghich. ip co te vi néi dai dén tan vng Lang. Do higu dng sau ching nhung giau cic nguyén 16 hgp kim sé bi Vat li hé s6 dan nhiét cao, cao hon rit nhieu so vai Khudn caét lum khudn bing kim loai nl gang, thép va hop kim cia déng thudng ¢6 A khuon pom, Bai vay, khi dae cling mét loai vat figu cd cing khoang dong, thi dg chénh lech nbigt do 8T cba vat dtic trong khuén kim loai s¢ Ién hon rat nhigu so véi cing vat die trong khudn cat, ket qua la. val dic wong Khuon kim togi cd xu bung thién vé ket tinh theo kiu ket tinh cé huéng manh hon, Mat khac, do c6 te dO agudi cuo hon khudn cal nén dO qué ngudi cla kim loai két tinh trong Khudn kim foai cing [én hon nhigu, Diéu nay sé lam thay déi diéu kien hinh thanh va phat trién cia mam ket tinh nhu bin kinh tdi han cla mam, téc dé tao mim ¥,, va téc dé phat trién mam ¥,, : Ye Ko = trong dé: K ~ hé sé thuc nghiém; o - ste cang bé mat kim loai long: AT - dd qua ngudi, Q - hoat nang nguyén tr kim loai. Tir hai cng thyfe tren thay 79 rang Ja, Khi tang do qua ngudi AT cde gid ui We do tao mam va te dé phat tién cua mém déu tang. Day li mot uu thé nita cla duc trong khuaén kim loi, 1.2, KHUON KIM LOAL 1.2.1. ae diém va phan loai Cong aghé dic trong khudn kim Joai 6 uu diém néi bat 1A khuon 06 a6 bén cao, sit dung nhidu in va kha nang din nhigt Wt. Digu nay Run cho cong nghé dic wong38 Chuong 1. BUC TRONG KHUON KI LOAL khuon kim Loai dé co khi hod, a dong he ap va ton kém. V vi mang kai higu qua kinh té rat cao. Tuy nhien, viée ché wo Khuda rit phite lua chon khudn kim loai va é duc phai thod min mot edu co bin sau day cia khuon trong suét qua trinh Jim viée: ngudi nhanh va, te dO ngudi déng déu, nang cao chat Juong vat dic, gidm kha nang xudit hién img suat trong vat duc: 2. Théo dé khuén va kay vat dic mot cach dé dang: 3. Bo tei hé thong rét, ngét thuan tign trong khudn, dim bao dign day tot, thoat khi thuan Igi Ket gidin va dé thodt khudn. Vat die phic tap phai ding khudn cé mat phan khudn. ‘Trong cong nghé khuon kim loai. het site fu Khuon ciing rat da dang. C6 thé ding khuén toin kkOi cho vat die don an ché ding mat phan khuon nam ngang do tinh phute tap ctla céc thao tie va tinh ning dién day kim logi long. Doi voi nhiing vat dic mat ngoai ¢6 dang d6i xting hoa hinh tru, nén ding khuon c6 kiéu canh cita dé dé thao tac Lip ghép kiuén. Doi voi cdc 1é rong wong vit dic, van phai dimg rwo1 dic, Ruot trong khuén kim loai c6 thé 1a ruét cét danh cho cde 14 réng cé hinh dang phic tap, mudt bing kim Loai 16 réng don gin va 06 hudng thodt khuon thudn loi Trong digu kign cdn ting te dd ngudi cho khuén, ngudi ta thigt ke ede cénh tan gt & phia ngoai, tiép xtic v6i khong khi. 1.2.2. Vat i¢u Lam khuon kim loai Do dae didm Run vige Li khuon kim loai phai chiu va dap ahiat vit tie dung abiet theo chu ky, nén vat liu lam khuén phai di: bén dé chiu dung duge cae tic dung tren ma khong bj nit hay cong vénh. Gang xiim 18-36 hoge 21-40 18 vat ligu thong dung nhat dé duc hop kim nhém va hop kim déng. Diic gang phai ding khuén thép, thi du thép C15; 15CrMn; thép 3% Mn hoac ding cde mac gang céiu GC 42-12, GC 45-5 nhung phai co ché 46 lm nguéi thich hgp. Trong tudng hop vat déc cin te do ngud ding khudn bang nhom dé dic dong nhung phiii due tam ngudi bing nude, tanh hign tugng néng chay khuon. Nhing miéng rdi hode uot c6 thé am bing thép hode bing déng. at lon, C6 the Nhiéu nghien edu di cheing t6 ring. khuon bang gang cau 6 tinh én dinh tt hon khuon bang gang xdm. Gang cau lam khuon can cé nén [a feril. Déi véi gang xam amCAC PHUGNG PHAP BUC DAC BIBT 39 khuon diic, cde nguyén 1 luu huynh, mangan va photpho lim giam tinh én dinh nhiét cua Khuda, Nhom lam tang tinh bén chong aut cia Khuon bang gang graphit tam, Kbi ten 1% Si ma hop kim hos them nhom, thi graphit sé két tinh dudi dang thd » gdm do bén chéng va dap hit cia gang. Dé xem xé1 tinh phil hgp eda val liu am khudn kim toai, ngudi ta sit dung met sé tidu chun diinh gid. Gis tri cde théng s6 dénh gid cing cao, vat ligu cdng 06 oh dnt dinh tot. Tién chin Kliubinxki: oA 2, =-S% ak asp trong d6: 6 - do bén tue thai; & = hé sé dn ohigt: ce - he s6 din né dai, E- medun dan héi. Dang trong diic kim loai_gidn, khudn 6 co lép son. Tidu chun Khramenchop: oe) K= ak (1.52) trong dé: 8 - dd din dati tuong déi: 2 hg sé dan mhiet; & - hé s6 din né nhiet. Dimng dé dic cdc kim loai c6 46 déo cao. 1.2.3 Vi tri vat duc trong khuon Vé nguyén tac, khi chon vi i vat die trong khuén can thod man cde yeu cau eo ban: 1) huéng dong cba cdc phn chi tiét phai thudn loi va céc bé mat quan trong hoac gia cong co nén dat ¢ phia dudi: 2) Dién day 16t va duOng di ca Kirn loai long 1a ngan oh: 3) DE lam sach bavia: 4) Sir dung 16i da ruot kim loais 5) Thost khidé tho d@ khuon thudn Igi- Vi tri vat dic trong Khu6n 1 thong sé rat quan trong trong cong aghé diic vi né anh huéag true tiép dén su phan bé nhiet dé trong khuén va vat dic, ché dé Jam viéc cla40 Chuong 1. )GC TRONG KHUON KIM LOAI khuon va do d6 anh hudng dén toi bén ctia khudn. Khi thiéi ké, cin cha ¥ dén nhiing gid tei vé khoang cach sau day (hinh 1.41): 1, Khodng cach gida hai thanh khéc khudn a nho nhit 12 20 mm: 2. Khodng dén hoe khudén b nho nhat 1a 2: mm dé tinh hién tugng qué nh ‘ich tir 6ng rdt cia he Khuon, gay gidm chat lugng vat dic. 3. Khoing cach tic mép khuén dén héc khuon © nbd nhat 1 30 mm. Néu khoang cach nay ahd hon 30 mm, mép khusn 6 thé bi . . sa np Hinh 1.11. Vitel vat dic trong khuon cong vénh va kim loai long sé bi uo ra ngoai do hign wong qué niet khong déu Bang 1.1. Do cin cua thin vat dic Mat trong (theo chigu etia rust kim toaiy | Vat fice die ki chigu eao thash, ano oun Gang j Thép cacbor Hop kim Nhom 50 2.0-2.5¢" Magie 30 20-30 Ding 70 3.03.54) Ken 20 10 ® So véli chiéu cao than vat diie © Yi va dic méng think 4. Cot dp thuy tinh phai da (én, d én hom 60 mm dé chim bao klud uing dign diy khudn, 3. Chiu dai rank din © én hon 13 mm dé tanh hign tugng qua nhiét wong Ac khuon.CAC PHUONG PHAP BUC BAC BIET 4l ‘Theo hudng thudt khudn. vat duc cia c6 do con thich hop dé dé thio dé wat dtc. Cae gid tri do con cé thé cham khdo tren bang 1.1 Bing 1.2. Kich thude 16 ti han khi dite trong khuén kim Toai | Fe Leb ef ma, min 19 con rw6K dee mm | Chiguding | Chiewngang | chin di f 2d | . 2 | 3a Ls Hap kim aions 38 wu | Hypkim ken | 6 2-3 Q- 6d 20-20 Ghi chit. Da com thanla vat die wing lai phy thade vie chicu cao vag deg, dudi50 51-100 101 - 500 Oo Chiéu cao thinh khudn, mm.. -70 20-50 10 Do nyhieng. chiéu cao khuon...... in to bir Nhung 16 hor trong vat dite rudt khang phai lic nio cting dic duoc do tink pluie lap cua rudt va kha ning ché tio. Boi vay, nhiing [6 ¢6 kich thuée nhé hon hich thuée té ban choo bing 1,2 s€ khong dde ma dé gia cong co. 1.2.4, Chiéu day thanh khuon be khuon den chit Itong vat dic. can b im ying obting quy lug anh hydng ck qué tinh cong aghé va chiéu diy khai nigm chigu sau thiim nbidt ctl khudn. Sau ai Khudn (T,,,) bang vei ahiét dg ban dau theo thiét Neu sau mdi chu k} diac, nhitt dé mat ngo’i cua kiwGn cao hon ohie do moi tnrng (hiah moi chu k¥ die, nbigt do mat ke (hinh 1.12a), ta ndéi rang, chiéu day thanh khudn bang voi chigu sau tham nhi 1.12b) ta adi rang, chicu sau tham nhist lon hon chiéu diy tinh khuoa. Hind 1.12. Khai niém vé ehigu sau thi ahiét khuon dic42 Chuong 1. BUC TRONG KHUON KIM LOAL Trong cong nghé dic trong khuén kim ogi, vige Iya chon va thiét ké chiéu day thanh khuén c6 ¥ nghia quyét dinh dén (uéi the eda khudn. Vige thay déi chiéu day thinh khudn sé lim thay d6i digu kién dong dic ciia vat diic, tic [A thay d6i We do dong dae cita vat dic trong khuon kim loa Doi véi nhiing vat ligu diic c6 nhigt dé néng chay tuong d6i thap, wing chiéu day thanh khudn sé 1am tang We dd ngudi. Véi nhimg khé néng chiy hoae nbigt do néng chiy cao, hi tang chigu day thinh khuon cng khong lam thay déi t6¢ dg ngudi nla vai thép hung lai Lim gidm te do ngudi déi vi dic Ti, Ni... Digu nay duce gidi thich nh quan hé gia khi ning tich nhiét cha khudn va kha nang truyén nbiét déi Inu cia khuon ra moi trudng xung quanh, Khi kim loai dic e6 nhiet 49 néng chay thap thi lugng nbigt tich trong khuén ¢6 vai 179 I6n hon so v6i lugng nhiét tod ra moi trudng xung quanh. Béi vay, néu tang chiéu day thinh khudn sé Lim ting te dO ngudi. Nhung véi kim loai long ¢6 nhigt do néng chay cao thi hién tuong lai nguye lai, tang chié day thanh khuon lai iam gidm toc do ngudi cla vat dic do Iugng nhiét ma kim loai long tod ra rat Idn, khudn diic khong thé Yich Iai tan bS Iugng nhigt néi tren. Lite dé muén tang t6c do ngudi cita vat dic din phai gidm chigu day thinh khuon. Cong thite kinh nghiém tinh chiéu day thank khuén kim loai theo Vejnhic: AlI+ nd ~ 1.53) \ Aa, trong dé; k - hé sd lap phu thude ket cau vat dic, ¢6 thé chon k= | trong ede truding hop théng thudng. © 6303(Ty — “sna a, = Ay X, Q=PX le - Ta) trong dé: X, - mét nita chiéu day thanh vat dic; ¢ - mhiét dung riéng (chi s6 1 cho vat diic, 2 cho l6p son va 3 cho khudn diic); r - dn nhigt két tinh; Ty va Ty - nhiét do dong dac va nhiét do rét: X, - chiéu day ldp son khuon. Trong cong thie wén tam chap nhan chigu day thanh khuén xap xi chiéu su thém nhigt cua khuen tai thdi diém bat dau dong dac. Khi chiéu day thanh khudn lén hon X,, ede diéu kign vé mbiét cua qua trinh binh thinh vat dic efing khong thay déi.CAC PHUGNG PHAP BUC PAC BIET. 4B Theo Petrichencd, chigu day thanh khuén xe dinh theo cong thie: (1.54) trong dé: B - hé sé da tinh dén kh nang cong vénh, oxy hod, lay B = 1,25 + 2.0; X, - mot mira chiéu diy thanh vat dic: K,= 2X, Ry Ky = by, R, - chiéu day quy déi ca thinh vat dic; b, va b.- hé s6 tich nhigt cua khudn va kim loai dic; T, va T,,. - nhiét do 16t va nhiét dé ban dau cia khuon: r, va c, - dn mhiét két tinh va nbidt dung rigng cua kim loai duc. Trong thuc té, déi v6i vat dic gang. cd. thé chon chiéu day khuon kim loai theo noon . Af 2R cong thie kinh nghiém fy,mm X, 19%, (ss) 20 43 80 Qe Ngodi ra, cd thé ding cdc gid ti 8 ar thyc nghiém dé xéc dinh chiéu day thanh khuon. DSi véi nhing vat dic co hinh a 10:20 mm 8 6.08 B12 X,/R, dang khic nhau cé thé tham khdo trén a) b) hinh 1.13. Hinh 1.13. Gian dé xic dinh chiéu day thinh la gidn dé dé wa cru hun kim loai ‘inh khuén cho vat dic phang, git tri X, thutng gach chéo va lay can Wén. Vat dtic phiic tap, 6 vau 1éi thuong lay gid tri can dudi. Vat dic ¢6 mot phia li ruot edt Uni chiéu day khudn X; xéc dinh theo theo gid tri 2 lan chiéu day thanh vat duc. ily trong mién Chiéu day thanh khuon X, doi voi vat dite hinh tru réng duge xac dinh theo tigu chudn X,/R,, chink 1.136), véi X, 12 mot nifa chiéu day cila thinh vat diic; R, 1a ban kinh ngoai vat diic, Vai vat die dac lay X, = 1L4R,. Anh hudng.ciia chiéu day thanh khuon dén qué tink dong die cla vat duc co lién quan chat ché dén kich thudc, hinh ding ciia vat duc, ede digu kign ctia qué wink trao déi nhigt. Doi vdi vat diic thép hode gang, Khi tang chigu diy thinh khun so véi chiéu day vat die, thi khodng thii gian dong dic hoan todn cita vat die ciing tang len44 Chong 1. BUC TRONG KHUON KIM LOAI mot chut (toc do dong lac ban dau gisim di) ty do 1 nbiét tre eta khudn ting lén, 1am can 1rd qua trinh trao déi nhiét tir khudn ra ben ngodi moi trudng. Tigp tue tang chigu day thant khuon, dudmg biéu din tho} gian dong die vuot qua gid ti cue di ri gid dan. Thoi gian dong ¢ gitun din khi & i Khuon te nay lai chink ta. do kha nang tich nhiét cia khuén tang Jen. Khi gid i X, di Jén thi kha nang tich whigt cia khudn khong con dink huGng dé choi gian vi we do dong dae nia. Chié 6 cong thanh y thanh khuéa c6 anh budng an quit tinh hinh thinh var die thong qua At duc. Trong khuon hinh try sin suat Wag loat, 1 drie kich the nho, mat dé nhiét Ivong trén bé mat tiép xtc véi vat duc bj phan tan nhigu hon 6 trong khuon AL dtic Ién. Miic do phan tin cing cao, tée dd trao ddi nhitt cing lén, Boi vay 46 din niet trong khuon chiia vit dite duimg kinh én sé 66 gid wi nhd hon khi vat die c6 duéng kinh nhd. Téc dé dan nhiét sé ven téi gid i nhd nhit néu ban kinh R, tién ti gid tri vo cling Idn, cd nghia Ha, d6i w at duc thanh phing. Trong wuémng hop nay, Adi gid Wri OL phan tin cia trugng nhigt do 1.2.5, Hé théng thoat hui cho khuén kim loai Khi kim loai long dién dy khuon, Iuong khong khi trong héc khudn va khi thoat ra tirkim log long phai duge thoat ra ngo&i ma khong duoe di vio kim loai long. Khuén kim loai cé hé x6 thong khi bing 0, bai va trong, mat kl hé théng thodt kh cho khuon die rat quan . Khuda kim loai thudng cé nhict 49 cao, mgt phan khuon ghép chinh xic ra ngoai rat khé khin, boi vi kha nang dién day ya chat luong vat d nén kh thoa hé théng thodt khf ed tinh quyét dink dén 6 bi ré khi hay khong 16 khi. Vi ui dat hé théng thodt khi cho khudn thudng dat 6 phan cao nhat eda vat dic. & wen vau 161 tren vat duc. Ddi vdi_ kim loai va hop kim mau, do dac tinh dé hat khi khi ddc nén vise bé tri hd thong thodt khi lai cang can thiét va sé Ivong phai nhigu hon binh thudng. gc do vat di mat phin khudn hode 6 ning ho phi Hinh ding ofa he thong thodt khé e6 thé ding nhigu kidu, phu thude vio vi uf va cach dat hé thong. Néu thodt khi tren bé mat phan khuon, thudng ding kigu khe hep hoac g6c nhon (hinh f.14a). Thoat hoi cho cae vau Iéi ten vat diic, thing ding kidu nat c6 ranb khfa. thi dy, ding cho khudn dite pitténg (hinh 1.14b) Viee tinh todn tong dién tich thiét tuy rang, vé nguyén thoat khi 1d cae 56 ligu tong Iuong khi e6 trong hée Khudn, te dO rot. tong din (ich ran dign khe bo thoat hoi cho khuén rat phic tap. 4 ho’in toan ¢é thé tinh duge. Co so tinh toain thiét dién hé thong dan, d0 nhét eda khéng khi trong khuén ¢6 tinh dén dnh hudng cia nhigt do. Thye 1 c6 Fi tong thiet dign ran thost khi theo gist tri kinh nghiém:CAC PHUGNG PHAP BUC BAC BIET 45 Sy= 1,255, 1 téng dign tich snh din eda he thong rét. Viee xac dinh vi tri va mat dO cae 18 h thodt khi cling rit quan trong trong cong nghé diic khudu kim loai, Thue té cho thay, khi dic pittong nhom bang cong nghé truyén thong, phiin dé khu6n tigp xtic véi dinh pittong phai cé mat do ranh thoat khi day Wac Ranh Modi hi Rugs Kim low ey Khe hep rainh thodt khi b) (0) Hinh 144, Cie Kida rank thoat khi Ja, g cho khudn kim loai Se, = 1s o-m 1.3. CONG NGHE KHUON KIM LOAT 1.3.4. Tinh cong aghé va ket cau vat dic Tinh cong é va ket cau cia vat die wong céng nghé khudn cat, néu bi vi pham thi van cé thé lay miu ra khoi KhuOn va sau dé lai van c6 thé sta lai hinh khudn dé thu duye vat dtic hain chinh. Khudn kim Ie ing diém la khong biéi dang va cé hé sé dan nhiét cao, béi vay néu tinh cong nghé va ket eau var diic Khong hop ly sé khong thé thao dé vat dic ra Khoi Khudn, kim Jo ket. Nhur vay, ngoai nhing yeu edu chung vé ket i cd da € co va b6 chat rudt gay hien trong iu vat dic gidng nhu dic trong khuon ct, vat diic rong khudn kim loai con cin chit y den mot so nguyen tie sau day: Kich thude dudng bao vat dice cang nha cing 161, mat phan khuon dang mat phang !8 tot uhat, rudt nén sie dung rudt kim loai, s6 mat phan khudn va s6 Jugng mot phai 1 nhé nhat, du 161 su chuyén dot ngot vé chiéu day thanh wat dic tir than 1 ~ Vat dic khong ed nhimg gée nhon. 4 gan tang cling qué cuo, khong cb y sang thanh kia.46 Chuong 1. BUC TRONG KHUO KIM LOAL ~ Géc nghiéng va chiéu day thinh vat dic phai hop IY dé dim bio rét ém va dién day tat cd cac bo phan etia vat dic ~ Ket cau vat dite phil cd tie dung khong sinh img suat do cin co va viee théo d@ khuon phai dé dang ~ Sit dung cng it rudt cng tt. Neu 6 rust, nen ding ruot kim loai dé dim bio chat luong hop kim die. - Neén ca tio vat dite co hudng dong thudn loi cd vé ket cau Min hinh dang. Hink LIS. Ket cau vat dic: a) Kéi cau khong hop ly: b) Ket eau hop ly Hinh 1.15 cho ta hinh dung cu thé mot sO nguyén tic di néu ten. Trong thiét ké chi tiét dic trong Khun kim loai, doi khi cling can phai diéu chin lai ket cau chi tiét theo huGng hop ly hon vé mat L é cong nghe. 465 Hinh 1.16 cho mot hinh dung vé tinh khong hop ly ké bang hop kim nhom dang Ong a) va dang be may b). Nhung vi ui / c6 chigu day Jén rat dé sinh khuyét 14t co ngét, nhing vi ti chuyén tiép dot ngot 2 rat dé sinh dong Gng a) va dang be may b) Khuyét tat mit. Muon khac phuc nhimg cau cha vat dic a) 4) Hinh 1.16, Ket ciiu khong hop ly ciia vat dic b ng hop kim nhom:CAC PHUGNG PHAP DUC DAC BIET AT khuyeél tat trén cain phai thiét ké lai ket cdu vat diic: [Am vat dic day thém 6 nhiing vi tri chuyén tiép dot ngot dé hinh thanh ca¢ géc Jugn; chuyén phan vat dic ¢6 thinh qué day thinh nhiéu phan méng hon hoac phai thiet ké dau nget. Neoai nbiing tieu chudn vé két cau vat dic. ngudi ta ding tiéu chuan goi la hé so dung bao K,. dé diinh gid tinh cong nghé cila vat dtic trong khu6n kim loai, Ky =V/ My trong dé: V,,- thé lich duéng bao cla vai diic: M,,- khdi lwong cla vat dtc He so Ky cing nhs, tinh cong nghé cila vat dic cing cao. Cling c6 thé sir dung quan hé sau day dé danh gid tinh cong nghé cul vat dic: QOOR,/L > 1 troug dé: Ry - chigu day quy déi clia vat dic, L - kick thude 1én nhat cita vat dic. in tinh todn dén tat ca cdc ti¢u chudin da adi tren dé xem xét tinh Trong thiét ké cong nghé cila chi tit. Vige can nhie dé Jua chon phyong dn céng nghé hoan to’n phu thuéc vao tiéu chnan nado can du tién hon nhumg van phai dim bao nguyén tic, tit cd cfc tigu chudin phai duoc tho’ man, chi cé digu, (iu chu‘in dé duge thoa man dén miic nao. Chiéu day t6i thiéu 3, cua vat dic Do khuén kim loai cé hé $6 dn nhiét Ién nen do chay lodng ¢ kém di, rat khé dic duge nhitng vat die mong thanh, do vay cé mot chiéu da kim loai Long sé ti thigy 8, cia vat diic ma mdi kim Joai dtic 66 thé din diy duoc trong diéu Kign binh thheeng. Chigu day 161 thigu cia vat dlic trong khuon kim logi cho trén bang 1.3. Néu la vat dic gang cau thi chigu day t6i thi€u lay gid ti can trén. Riéng déi voi thép, chiéu day téi thigu khéng nhd hon 10 mm. Véi déng thanh dang dic biét lay gid tri can trén, déng thanh thiée lay gid tri can dudi. Chiéu day gan tang edng lay bang 0,7 chiéu day thanh vat dic. Chiéu day ving chuyén tgp cia vat dic can thod man: -.; 20.8; trong. dé 6, va 1 3) i chigu day cla hai thin tai vi ut tiép gidp. Ban kinh gée luon tai vi ui tigp néi eda hai thinh: a8 +5, 2 R48 Chuong L- DUC TRONG KHUON KIM LOAL Bang 1.3. Chiéu day toi thigu cia thanh vat dace ‘Thong 6 var die .. Digetich bé mater? Chigu diy 6. mm Gang Duoi 25 4-6 25-125 6.7 Thép 25-125 8-10 Hep kin nhom 100 - 250 22-40 250 - 900 25-45 . tren 900 _ 38-95 Hop kim Mg Dusi 30 | 3 Déng thaah Dui 30 46 2. Hé thong rot trong khudn kim loai Hinh 1.17. Cc kiéu dat hé théng rot trong khudn kim Iwai Trong khuén kim loai cting ding ca ba kiéu bé tri hé théng rot: rot wen xudng, rot bén subn va r6t din, R6t tir tren xudng 1a hé théng rét kha tit kigm, iuong tigu baoCAC PHUONG PHAP DUC DAC BIET 49 kim loat chi khadng 4 - 10% so véi Khoi lueng vat dic. R6t én xudng néu cd dat them tam loc xi thi chat lugng kim loai cing khong thwa kém phuong phap rét dim Phuong phap 161 din hode r6t ben sudn thudag ap dung cho ede chi tit ¢6 chigu cao 1én vA hinh dang phic tap. Véi nhiing kim loai va hop kim khé chay hose nhiét 46 nding chiy cao, thudng pha ché 0 cde ror vigug bang val liu chiu lita, dé han ché hién tuong 1am hu héng hoac néng chay ede rét cha khudén kim loai. Kink nghiém cho thy, néu théi gian rét [én hon 10 giy. nén ding ce rit rigng bing vat ligu chiu [da Dac bict khi dic gang, dé dic duye val dc thiinh mong, can thi€t ke ede bo phan clia hé théng 16t ngan nha 6 thé duce, chiéu evo rink dan khdng aho hen 3 eam, chidu dai rank din khong lén hon (0.7 - 0.8)8, (chic khuon cilng o: day trung binh cua vat dic). Lép son ¢6 tinh dink ban tot len be mat khuon vi bé mat nho dé tang tinh in hinh 16 nét cho vat dic. Cac kiéu hé thang rt tong khudn kim loai c6 thé tham khéo Gen hinh £.17. Tinh (oan hé thong rat Thai gian r6t duge tinh theo cong thie sau: LSAG" hoac: 1 =A (SIG) trong dé: ec hé so A, A, m,n, n, xdc dinh theo the nghigm cho tren bing 1.3: G, - khéi heong etia vit diie (kek: 8, - chidu day than vat dée (mm). Doi vdi vat dic gang edu. hé s6 Ky dé xe dinh A, wong bang 1-4, lay cdc gid tri nh sau: Pye. <500 6%)-1000 1100-1500 1600-200 2100-2500 2600-3000 Ky O08 09 10 Ld 12 13 Thong s6 py goi li mal dé wong doi coa yat duc: p= GIy G, - khdi luong var dic; V, - thé tich dudng bao vat dite Cong. thie tinh wan thoi gian e6t n6i tren mdi chi mang tinh dink huéag. Thi du, d6i voi var dic gang thanh mong, gid tri tinh duge kha nbé so véi gid tri stt dung wong thuc 1. Bai ¥: Toe de rou 19 tht An phai so sanh tie 6 r tinh todn @ véi tée do 1Y thuyét cho phép. tinh theo cong thi50 Churong 1. BUC TRONG KHUON KIM LOAL o=QF trong d6 Q - htong kim foai long: F - ng dign tich rink din. Téc do nity phai thod man quan he: 0, <0. Tiic la te dé 161 tong dic khuon kim loai khong duge qué nhanh ma cing khong dugc qu chim,phai nim wong mot gidi han nho d6. Téc do 161 han wen vA dudi phy thude vaio nhigu yeu t6, song eo bin van Ia nhiét d6 rt, chi dic. Béng L4. Gia ri fie hang so tinh thei gian rot diy va chiéu cao vat Van Lit cic Gi tei hang so Tie git Gang x4 Kien rot A, ‘Tren xudng 1 Ben suen 16 Dadi lea Ia many Dubinhin Gang edu Kigu rot Trea sudng JAK, Ben sun LOR, Dui len 18 Ky mone ld Nikoluenko Hop kim nhom Ay=22-24 mane Dubinaki OFI7; Al = 275: Droxea Hop kin magic AL men, Dubinxki Tée Ag 161 gidi han dudi «, tinh theo: 2H trong dé: H - chiéu cae vat dic; T, - nhict do edt; 5, - chigu day vat duc. (1.56)CAC PHUONG PHAP BUC DAC BIET SL Téc do cuc dai o,,, xe dinh theo ticu chuan Reynold: _ do ins R v Re, trong dé: R - bin kinh thuy luc cia dong chay; R = P/P (dién tich chia cho chu vi); v - the 14) 6 nhét dong hoc cua chit long, Dé tinh todn Gia v.10" m’fs theo bing sau va phai tang thém kholing 30%: Vat ligu v.10" ms Gang OR- 1 ‘Thép cachon 0.6 - 08 Nham 0.6 Magie 07 Cong thite (1.56) cho ta mét két qua phi hop khi vat dite kim loai mau cé chiéu day thanh vat dic khoang 4 - 8 mm. Trong tudng hop nay ¢6 thé coi @ ban dau: 1a t&e do rét _i On =~ (1.57) vi 8, - chiéu day thanh vat diic, em. Khi ty t@ chigu dai va chién day chi 1iéi thod man quan he L/S, < 50 thi nén Lay gid tri ©,,, nhd han mét chit. Luu lugng kim loai ling chdy vto khuon: Q=-vit (1.58) trong dé: V - thé rich kim toai long; t- thei gian eét; Dang théi Luu lueng kim Logi léng lai duge tink theo: Q= hy 2eH (1.59) trong dé: 1 — hé sé tén hao kim loai, bang 1.6; F - t6ng din tich ranh din; H - chiéu cao cot ap; g - gia lc ong Wong. Can bang hai cong thie (1.58) va (1.59) tink Q ndi wen, thu duce:s2 Chuong L. BUC TRONG KHUON KIM LOAT (1.60) Nhu v: phan con lai da tink duge ny dign tich rnh dan F,, Tie gid tri Py sé tink duoc cde Gia he thong rét fa dign tich rink xi Fy va dign tich ong rot F,. Doi v6i vat diie gang trong khudn kim loal (7 le F,: Fs By = bs LES: 1.25. Die trong khudn die c6 nhigu chi tiét nén lay B: F, Voi gang cau Fs Fo: F, = 1:(1.261,4): 11. Déi v6i hyp kim mau co thé thant khio uén bing Being 1.5. Ty Ne ede bg phan hé thong rat che kim loai miu _Kohoi. luung sat die khong ke dau ngot Nhixe | Magic - Das 5 j Duci 3.5 $-10 33-7 10-20 7-14 (3-2):1 j 20.40 14-28 34D 40-70 28-50 (S-A4-2p1 W150 50-100 (SERA tren 150. Tren 100 (O-4y4cL | Hink 118, Gc nghieng cia Gng rat va ran din trong bing 1.6 ligu (ham khao. Khi thiét ké chinh thic, inh chuiin sau dé moi dua Nhiing so figu tren di sao vin chi IA cin e6 ec thit nghigm dé xdy dmg dire quy thuc %é.