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Consumer Chemistry
Quarter 1 – Module 3:
ALKANES

Source: https://www.slideshare.net/cherylanne7771/organic-chemistry-
for-dummies
Consumer Chemistry — Grade 9
Quarter 1 — Module 3: ALKANES
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Prepared: Eriza M. Afable

School: Juan R. Liwag Memorial High School
Section: 9-Baltazar, 9-Belonio, 9-Kintanar
 The table below will help you understand the parts of this learning
module which you need to read and undergo the activities.

ICON LABEL DETAIL

This contains a brief introduction of

the content of the module. It contains
Introduction the instructions for the learners. Also,
it contains the learning objectives
which you need to accomplish.

This is a pre-assessment of what you

Pre-Test know about the lesson you are to
tackle.

Engage/
This introduces the lesson or connects
Elicit/
the current lessons with the previous
Vocabulary
lessons.
Check

This contains a brief discussion of the

Key Concepts
lessons.

Explore/
Explain/ These are activities to check your
understanding of the lesson.
Elaborate

This summarizes the important ideas

Summary/ presented in the lesson and the real-
Extend life application of what you have
learned.

This is a post-assessment of what you

Evaluate
have learned.

This contains the sources of

information used in the module such
References
as pictures, videos, books,
articles/journals, website links etc.
 INTRODUCTION

Alkanes are a series of saturated aliphatic hydrocarbons which

conforms to the type formula CnH2n+2. Here “n” is the number of
carbon atoms in the molecule and can be any number from number 1.
This series is also called paraffin series because of their slight chemical
activity (derived from the latin ‘parum ‘and “affinis” meaning little
affinity). They are also spoken of as methane series since the simplest
alkane, the one containing one carbon atom is methane. These
compounds are characterized by single bonds between carbon atoms.
General Formula: CnH2n+2, where n=number of carbon atoms

A. Nomenclature and Formula of the Alkanes

The first five members of the series and their structural formula are:

Butane Pentane

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For the learner:

The following are some reminders in using this module:

1. Use the module with care. Do not put unnecessary mark/s on any
part of the module. Use a separate sheet of paper in answering the
exercises.
2. Don’t forget to answer Pre-Test before moving on to the other
activities included in the module.
3. Read the instruction carefully before doing each task.
4. Observe honesty and integrity in doing the tasks and checking your
answers.
5. Finish the task at hand before proceeding to the next.
6. Return this module to your teacher/facilitator once you are through
with it.

If you encounter any difficulty in answering the tasks in this module,

do not hesitate to consult your teacher or facilitator. Always bear in mind
that you are not alone.

We hope that through this material, you will experience meaningful

learning and gain deep understanding of the relevant competencies. You can
do it!

After going through this module, you are expected to:

a. give the operational definition of alkanes

b. explain the general formula of Alkanes
c. describe the nomenclature and structure of alkanes
d. name unbranched and branched alkanes
e. discuss the physical and chemical properties of alkanes
f. cite the important uses of alkanes

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 PRE-TEST

Find out how much you already know about the topics in this module.
Take note of the items that you were not able to answer correctly and find the
right answer as you go through this module.
Directions. Try to name the given structural formula of the given alkanes.
Choose your answer from the box at the right and write your answer on your
paper.

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 VOCABULARY CHECK

Carbon-is a chemical element with the symbol C and atomic number 6. It is

nonmetallic and tetravalent—making four electrons available to form covalent
chemical bonds. It belongs to group 14 of the periodic table.

Condensed Formula-is the formula where the symbols of atoms are listed in
order as they appear in the molecule's structure with bond dashes omitted or
limited.
-a system of writing organic structures in a line of text. It shows all atoms,
but omits the vertical bonds and most or all the horizontal single bonds.
Example: Propane- CH3CH2CH3

Hydrogen- is the chemical element with the symbol H and atomic number 1.

Homologous Series- is a series of chemically related compounds whose

difference in composition between successive members is -CH2

Molecular Formula-a formula giving the number of atoms of each of the

elements present in one molecule of a specific compound.
Examples: Alkanes – CH4, C2H6, C3H8

Prefix- in naming alkanes prix refers to the letters or greek prefixes - placed
before -ane to make alkane’s name denoting the number of carbon atoms it
has.

Single bond-a chemical bond in which one pair of electrons is shared between
two atoms.

Structural Formula-a formula which shows the arrangement of atoms in the

molecule of a compound.
Example:

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 ENGAGE/ELICIT

ACTIVITY 1
Naming and Writing Alkanes

Objectives:

After doing the activity you will be able to:

a. Give the IUPAC name of the other members of Alkanes

b. Write the structural, condensed and molecular formula of alkanes
c. Analyze the formula in naming alkanes

The table below lists the names of the first 3 alkane members with its
structural, condensed and molecular formula. Complete the table by filling
out the information.

When Prefix IUPAC Structural Condensed Molecular

n is Name Formula Formula Formula
equal
to

1 Meth Methane CH4 CH4

2 Eth Ethane CH3CH3 C2H6

3 Prop Propane CH3CH2CH3 C3H8

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 4 But

5 Pent

6 Hex

7 Hept

8 Oct

9 Non

10 Dec

Q1. What is the general formula for alkanes?

____________________________________.

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 KEY CONCEPTS

RULES FOR NAMING ALKANES

The IUC (International Union of Chemistry) or IUPAC (International

Union of Pure and Applied Chemistry) has developed a system of naming
organic compounds.

1. Alkanes have names ending in -ane . The names of the first four members
are their common names; the names assigned to the compounds containing
5 carbons and up are derived from the Greek words designating the number
of carbon atoms.

Example: Pentane for C5H12

2. An alkane minus one hydrogen is called an alkyl group. An alkyl radical is

group of atoms that behave as a unit and that possesses an unpair (odd)
electron. It is represented by R-and has the general formula CnH2n+1. These
groups or alkyl radicals cannot stand alone, but are attached to longer chains.
Their names have the same atom name as the alkane with the same number
of carbon atoms, with the ending-ane changed to -yl

Organic Compounds

Name of Condensed Formula Name of Alkyl Condensed

Alkane Group Formula

Methane CH4 Methyl CH3

Ethane CH3CH3 Ethyl CH3CH2

Propane CH3CH2CH3 n-propyl CH3CH2CH2

Butane CH3CH2CH2CH3 n-butyl CH3CH2CH2CH2

3. Branched alkanes are named by naming the longest continuous chain and
in numbered from the most branched and groups are listed alphabetically as

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modifiers of the trunk. If a group appears twice, the prefix di- is used ; if
three times, tri- etc. The name of the group is preceded by a number indicating
the position of the group in the trunk.

Ex. CH3-CH-CH3 the longest chain is three carbon atoms- propane.

CH3

The second carbon atom is attached to a -CH group named methyl, its position
is number 2 carbon so its IUPAC name is 2-methyl propane.

Propane

Condensed Formula of Propane : CH3CH2CH3

Condensed Formula of 2-methylpropane: CH3-CH-CH3

CH3

In a nutshell, to name a branched alkane… consider doing the following

steps.

1.Trace the parent chain or the longest continuous chain. The parent
chain is not in all case in straight line but the one with the longest.

2.One hydrogen is removed from the structure of the parent chain where the
alkyl is attached to.
Thus, instead of writing CH2 (for the 2nd Carbon
CH3-CH-CH3
parent chain propane) you need to write CH . If
CH3 the alkyl is attached however to the first or the
third Carbon write CH2.

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3.Number the parent chain from left to right and right to left

1 2 3 3 2 1

CH3-CH-CH3 or CH3-CH-CH3

CH3 CH3

Since, either left to right or right to left, the second carbon is the least number
with the attached alkyl then you can use either of the two.

4. Therefore to name this:

The 2nd carbon has an attached alkyl so write: 2

The alkyl has 1 carbon and 3 hydrogen so it is : Methyl

The longest chain has three carbon atom so its name is PROPANE

Therefore, the name of this branched alkane is 2-methyl propane

Another Example:

Try to name the organic compound below with this formula:

or

Note that the longest chain is a 3-carbon atom propane, attached to the
second carbon are 2 methyl’s group. So, instead of writing 2-methyl ,2-methyl
propane, its IUPAC name is 2,2 di-methylpropane.

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 Remember!

- that “di” is used to denote that there are 2 methyls attached; and 2,2 signifies
that the two methyls are attached to the same 2nd carbon.

-that every time an alkyl group is attached, 1 hydrogen is removed to give way
for the attachment.

A dash (-) is used between a number and a letter

A comma (,) is used between two numbers

There is no space in the name between the attached alkyl and the parent chain.
Example 2,2 di-methylpropane is the correct way and not 2,2 di-methyl
propane

EXTEND

Activity 2

Alkyls and Branched Alkanes

Objectives

After doing the activity you will be able to

a. Name the other members of alkyl group

b. Write the structural, condensed and molecular formula of alkyl
c. Give the general formula of Alkyl
d. Write IUPAC name of alkanes attached with alkyl group
e. Name branched alkanes
I

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When Prefix IUPAC Structural Condensed Molecular
n is Name Formula Formula Formula
equal
to

1 Meth Methyl CH3 CH3

2 Eth Ethyl CH3CH2 C2H5

3 Prop Propyl CH3CH2CH2 C3H7

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 7

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II Directions: Write IUPAC name of alkanes attached with alkyl group

1. ____________________________ 2. ___________________________

3. __________________________

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GENERAL PROPERTIES OF ALKANES

1. C1 to C4 (Methane to Butane) are gases. C5 to C15 are liquids; and

above are solids. Methane is a colorless odorless gas.
2. They are insoluble in water, but soluble in other benzene and other
organic liquids. Methane is collected by water displacement of its
insolubility in water.
3. Their density is always less than one: hence they float in water,
whether the alkane is a liquid or gas.
4. Branched hydrocarbons have lower boiling points than straight
chain or normal hydrocarbons.

CHEMICAL PROPERTIES

1. Alkanes burn in air or pure oxygen to form carbon dioxide and water.
Methane burns with a pale blue flame, giving carbon dioxide and
water.
2. Alkanes react with halogens by continuous substitutions, forming
halogen derivatives of the alkanes and a halogen acid. Methane
reacts with bromine slowly in the dark but more rapidly in the
presence of sunlight, evolving hydrogen bromide gas, which is shown
by the fumes if produces in moist air and by its reaction toward wet
blue litmus paper.
Eq. CH4 + BR2 CH3Br - HBr
Methyl bromide Hydrogen bromide

3. Alkanes do not react with aqueous solutions of acids and bases, and
mild oxidizing agents like potassium permanganate. Methane will
not decolorize an alkaline solution of permanganate, being a
saturated hydrocarbon.

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 4. Thermal Decomposition-Large molecular weight alkanes are broken
down into smaller ones by heat. This process is employed in the
refining of petroleum.
USES OF ALKANES

1. The gaseous alkanes are commonly used as fuels, in the production

of gasoline and by polymerization.
2. The liquid alkanes are used as solvent, motor fuel and illuminating
fuel.
3. The solid alkanes (paraffins) are used in the manufacture of candles,
in home canning and in water proofing fabrics.

EVALUATE

Directions: Write FACT if the statement tells True and BLUFF if

it is False. Use another sheet of paper for your answer.

1. The structural formula of Methane is

2. Ethane has a Molecular Formula C2H5
3. The condensed formula of Propane is CH3CHCH3
4. An alkane minus one hydrogen is called an Alkyl Group
5. The General Formula of Alkanes is CnH2n+2
6. Branched alkanes are named by naming the longest continuous chain
and in numbered from the most branched and groups are listed
alphabetically as modifiers of the trunk.
7. Molecular Formula is the formula where the symbols of atoms are listed
in order as they appear in the molecule's structure with bond dashes
omitted or limited.
8. The first four members of alkanes are solids.
9. The prefixes placed before -ane to make alkanes’ names denote the
number of carbon atoms the alkanes have.
10. Alkanes are said to be saturated because all the outer electrons of each
carbon are used in forming single covalent bonds.

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 REFERENCES

Books/ Journals

De Guzman, R. Module in Organic Chemistry , nd. Nueva Ecija University of

Science and Technology

Photo/Video Credits
https://www.slideshare.net/cherylanne7771/organic-chemistry-for-
dummies
https://www.saddleback.edu/faculty/jzoval/worksheets_tutorials/ch4work
sheets/alkanes_worksheet_and_key02_25_09.pdf
https://www.stolaf.edu/depts/chemistry/courses/toolkits/247/js/names/
dnames.htm
https://guides.hostos.cuny.edu/che120
https://www.alamy.com/illustration-of-the-structural-formula-of-the
substance-methane-image219265792.html
https://www.alamy.com/illustration-of-the-structural-formula-of-the
substance-ethane-image217748307.html
https://byjus.com/propane-formula/
https://byjus.com/butane-formula/
https://byjus.com/pentane-formula/
https://iu.pressbooks.pub/openstaxchemistry/chapter/20-1hydrocarbons/

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