SANTINIKETAN PUBLIC SCHOOL

NAME : S.Balaji Pranav

CLASS : XII – ‘B’
SUBJECT: Biology
TOPIC : Air Pollution

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 Certificate

This is to certify that this “Biology project” on the topic “Air

Pollution” has been successfully completed by S.Balaji Pranav
of class XII under the guidance of Mr. M.Ramesh in a particular
fulfillment of curriculum of Central Board of Secondary
Education (CBSE) leading to the award of Annual Examination
of the year 2023 -2024

DATE :

ROLL NO:

Teacher-In-Charge External Examiner

Principal’s Signature

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 ACKNOWLEDGEMENT

I would like to express my thanks and gratitude to our Principal Mr.

David sir for giving me this opportunity to do this wonderful project on
the topic “Ebola Virus” which has helped me in doing a lot of research.

I would extend my thanks to my Biology Teacher Mr. M. Ramesh sir

for providing me with all the support I required all the time.

THANK YOU

INDEX
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S. TOPICS PAGE
NUMBERS
NO
1. What is Ebola Virus? 5

2. Species of Ebola Virus 6

3. Origin of Ebola Virus 6

4. Causes of Ebola Virus 7

5. Structure of Ebola virus 8

6. How does the virus spread? 8

7. Mechanism of action 9

8. Symptoms of Ebola disease 10

9. Diagnosis 11

10. Effects in the Human organ 12

11. Precaution 14

12. Treatment 14

13. Ebola virus recovery 15

14. Conclusion 15

15. Bibliography 16

EBOLA VIRUS
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WHAT IS EBOLA VIRUS?

Ebola virus is animal borne deadly virus and mostly spreads from
bats, which transmit the virus to other animal and human. Ebola is a rare
virus that causes severe inflammation and tissue damage throughout the
body. It is known as a hemorrhagic fever virus. Ebola virus belongs to
the filoviridae family. The name is derived from the Latin word “filum”
meaning thread. Filoviridea viruses are negative stranded RNA viruses.
They are most common to infect humans and primates, causing highly
fatal hemorrhagic fever.

EBOLA VIRUS

Virus in blood cell Virus in human body

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SPECIES OF EBOLA VIRUS:

The genus Ebola virus currently is classified into five species:

1. Sudan Ebola virus

2. Zaire Ebola virus
3. Bundi bugyo Ebola virus
4. Tai forest (Ivory coast) Ebola virus
5. Reston Ebola virus

The first three subtypes have been associated with large EVD
outbreaks in Africa. The Reston subtype is found in the western pacific
and its highly pathogenic in nonhuman primates, it is not known to
cause illness. In addition to Ebola virus, one other member of the
filovirus family, known as Marburg virus (named after the city in
Germany in which it was first discovered), that also causes
hemorrhagic fever.

ORIGIN OF EBOLA VIRUS

In 1976, Dr. Peter Piot first detected the disease in Zaire and Sudan,
Africa (presently the Democratic Republic of Congo). The name “Ebola”
was termed as the disease was noticed near the Ebola River in Congo. In
1994, first case of Ebola Hemorrhagic fever (EHF) occurred in Western
Africa in the Tai Forest Reserve in Côte d’Ivoire (Ivory Coast). An ecologist
was infected by performing a necropsy on a dead chimpanzee. The

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outbreak of Ebola disease in West Africa from 2014 to 2016, involving
Zaire Ebola virus was the largest outbreak disease in history.

CAUSES OF EBOLA VIRUS:

Fruit bats of pteropodidae family, such as Hypsignathus monstrous,

Epomops franqueti and myonycteris torquataserve are the natural hosts
of the EBOV in Africa. Non hemon primates develop the infection by
eating the partly eaten fruits and transmit the infection to human.
Infected bats can transmit the virus to monkeys and apes, so humans can
be infected while killing or butchering these animals. Humans and
animals become infected through contact with infected bats or fruit
contaminated by infected bat droppings. The vast majority of people
contract the virus through direct exposure to the body fluids of an
infected person.

Transmission process

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STRUCTURE OF EBOLA:

➢ Genome 19kb long.

➢ Diameter 80mm; length 960nm to 120nm.
➢ Four viral proteins; polymerase (L), nucleoprotein, and proteins
VP35 and VP30.
➢ Spikes formed by GP/GP2 complexes (envelope glycoprotein).
➢ VP24 (membrane protein) associated with envelope.

Structure of Ebola virus

HOW DOES THE VIRUS SPREAD?

Ebola virus transmission primarily takes places through close bodily

contact with the infected patients like

• Through blood of an infected person

• Body fluids like breast milk, stool, saliva, semen, sweat, urine or
vomit.
• Objects like needle or syringe that is contaminated with the virus.
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 • Animals such as bats and primates that are infected with the virus.
• Clothing from alive, infected or deceased individuals.
• Unsafe of traditional burial practices plays a pivotal role in disease
transmission.
• Transmission through air is not possible.

Process of virus spread

MECHANISM OF ACTION:

➢ Every tissue is affected, except bones and muscles.

➢ The virus creates blood clots.
➢ Clot goes towards internal organs (lungs and eyeball).
➢ It prevents transport of oxygen to the tissues (affinity with
collagen).

SYMPTOMS OF EBOLA DISEASE:

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 Symptoms begin 8 to 10 days after a person gets infected with the
virus.

EARLY SYMPTOMS

• Fever
• Muscle pain
• Head ache
• Weakness

MID SYMPTOMS

• Nausea
• Diarrhoea
• Stomach pain
• Bruising or Bleeding
• Bloody nose, bloodspot eyes or blood in urine or diarrhoea

LATER STAGES OF ILLNESS:

• Organ failure
• Inflammation of the brain
• Seizures
• Lack of blood flow in the body (shock)
• Death

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 SYMPTOMS OF EBOLA VIRUS

DIAGNOSIS:

➢ Diagnosing Ebola can be difficult at first since early symptoms, such

as fever, are nonspecific to Ebola infection.
➢ Samples from the patients are collected and tested to confirm the
infection by:
1. Antibody-capture enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay
(ELISA).
2. Antigen-capture detection tests.
3. Serum neutralization test.
4. Reverse transcriptase polymerase chain reaction (RT-PCR)
assay.

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 5. Electron microscopy.
6. Virus isolation by cell culture.

EFFECTS IN THE HUMAN ORGAN

The Ebola virus has the ability to affect most systems throughout
the body

Cardiovascular system:

• Coagulopathy (increased fibrin-degradation products, reduced

clotting factor, and thrombocytopenia).
• Sespsis
• Tachycardia

Endocrine system:

• Adrenal failure (impairs secretion of hormones, resulting

hypotension, hypovolemia, and renal sodium loss)
• Pancreatitis

Gastrointestinal system:

• GI hemorrhage (lower and upper)

• Haematemesis
• Malena

Hepatic system:

• Hepatitis
• Hepatocellular lesions
• Hepatocellular necrosis
• Hepatomegaly
• Liver damage
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Immune system:

• Lymphadenopathy
• Systemic inflammatory response

Neurological system:

• Aggression
• Confusion
• Hiccups
• Metabolic encephalopathy
• Neurotropism
• Seizure

Ocular system:

• Conjunctival infection
• Uveitis

Renal system:

• Acute kidney injury

• Renal dysfunction

Virus creates Blood clot

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PRECAUTION:

➢ Above the age of 18 years can be vaccinated. Vaccine ERVEBO can

protect from getting infected by one strain of Ebola virus. But it is
not suitable for all strains of Ebola virus.
➢ Avoid travelling to virus exposed areas.
➢ Avoid direct or indirect contact with infected person.

TREATMENT:

❖ Currently two treatments approved by WHO in adults and children.

The drug INMAZEB, is a combination of three monoclonal
antibodies. The second drug EBANGA, is a single monoclonal
antibody (abbreviated as mAbs). These antibodies are proteins
produced in lab that act like natural antibodies to stop a virus from
replicating after it has infected person. These mAbs bind to a

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 portion of the Ebola virus’s surface called the glycoprotein, which
prevents the virus from entering a person’s cell.
❖ Fluids given through a vein (IV) to help keep your body hydrated
❖ Dialysis to help clear waste from the blood.
❖ Vasopressor drugs to help raise blood pressure that is too low.
❖ Take medicine to relieve from fever, diarrhoea, nausea and pain.
❖ Supplemental oxygen or assisted ventilation to keep enough
oxygen in the body.
❖ Medication to help the blood clot.

EBOLA VIRUS RECOVERY

❖ After recovering from Ebola, person may have body aches and
weakness for weeks or months.
❖ Ebola can last in semen for at least three months from recovery.
❖ Women should not breastfeed until consulting with their doctor.
❖ A person who has recovered from Ebola may be immune for 10
years or longer.

CONCLUSION

Ebola virus is a lethal pathogen that has caused significant

morbidity and mortality since its discovery in 1976. While prevention and
management of the disease remains a challenge, the 2014 outbreak led
to new discoveries in therapeutics and vaccine, which offer a glimmer of
hope for better future management of the disease. Understanding the
clinical aspects, immediate diagnosis and suitable treatment are major

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steps toward the prevention of death and transmission of the virus to
the other people.

BIBLIOGRAPHY

www.google.com

www.who.int/news-room

www.ebola.com

www.cdc.gov/vhf/ebola/index.html

www.my.clevelandclinic.org

https://images.app.goo.gl

www.medicalnewstoday.com

www.webmd.com

https://en.m.wikipedia.org

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www.everydayhealth.com

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