The Making of The National Movement 1870s - 1947

CLASS 8th HISTORY - CHAPTER - THE MAKING OF THE NATIONAL MOVEMENT 1870s - 1947
Introduction:
Understand the why of this chapter
India Nation Nationalism Independence
Take a rewind of class 8th history
Introduced new laws and Impact: Peasant

British Conquest
administrative institution. Tribes
Education
Industries
Relate with the issues such as women, caste and reform.
Outburst in the form of Revolt of 1857.

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Introduction:
All these factors created a sense of discontent against British rule.
Dissatisfaction
Relate with the chapter
The Making of the National Movement [1870s - 1947]
Introduction:
What we are going to study in this chapter?
➔ The emergence of nationalism
➔ A nation in the making
➔ “Freedom is our birth right” - Bal Gangadhar Tilak
➔ The growth of mass nationalism
➔ The advent of Mahatma Gandhi
➔ The Rowlatt Satyagraha
➔ Khilafat agitation and Non - Cooperative Movement
➔ People’s initiatives
➔ The people’s Mahatma
➔ The happenings of 1922 - 1929
➔ Revolutionary Nationalist
➔ The march to Dandi
➔ Women in the freedom struggle
Introduction:
➔ Quit India and later
➔ Bose and the INA
➔ Towards independence and partition
➔ NCERT Solution
The Emergence of Nationalism:
❖ What is this country of India and for whom is it meant?
India was the people of India - All the people irrespective of

class, colour, caste, creed, language, or gender
∴ Awareness against the British rule emerged.
Association were formed after 1850 कसने बनाई
● Poona Sarvajanik Sabha Worked for the idea that the

● The Indian Association people should be sovereign.
● The Madras Mahajan Sabha
● The Bombay Presidency Association
● The Indian National Congress. Key feature of Nationalism
British Rule
➔ The arm act, 1878.

➔ The Vernacular Press act 1878.
➔ Proposed Ilbert Bill.
Opposition by white
This highlight the racial attitudes of British of India. Deepened the desire for an all India
organisational of Educated Indians.
Indians were enraged
∴ The Indian National Congress was established
❖ The Indian National Congress was established when 72 delegates from all over the country
met at Bombay in December 1885.
Early leaders : Dadabhai Naoroji, Pherozeshah Mehta, Badruddin Tyabji, W.C. Bonnerji,
Surendranath Banerjee, Romesh Chandra Dutt, S. Subramania Iyer.
Surendranath S. Subramania
Dadabhai Naoroji
Banerjee Iyer
● A role of A. O. Hume and Dadabhai Naoroji.

Dadabhai Naoroji A O Hume
A Nation in the Making:
Congress “Moderate” in its objective and methods.
[In its early phase]
Explain
● Demanded a greater voice for Indians in the government and in administration.

● Legislative Councils to be made more representative. .
● Other demands included the separation of the judiciary from the executive.The repeal of
the Arms Act and the freedom of speech and expression.
● Demanded that Indians should also be placed in high positions in the government.
Indianisation of the administration was part of a movement against racism.
Also an attempt to reduce the drain of wealth to England.
Dadabhai Naoroji
➔ Early congress also raised a number of economic issues. [Moderates]
British Rule Poverty and Famines. How?
∴ Congress demand reduction of revenue, cut in military expenditure, and more funds for irrigation.
Despite being a body of the educated elite, the Congress did not talk
only on behalf of professional groups, zamindars or industrialists.
Moderate Mode of struggle.
Wanted to develop public awareness about the unjust nature of British rule.
● Published newspapers
● Wrote articles
● Showed how British rule was leading to the economic ruin of the
country.
Pherozeshah mehta
इतना नरम क्यों थे ?
They felt that the British had respect for the ideals of freedom and justice,
and so they would accept the just demands of Indians.
Freedom is Our Bright Right:
❖ By 1890s Many Indians began to raise questions about the political style of the Congress.
Bipin Chandra Pal Bal Gangadhar Tilak Lala Lajpat Rai
❖ In Bengal, Maharashtra and Punjab Trio of Lal - Bal - Pal
Extremist
Extremist
Began to explore more radical objective and methods.
Criticised Moderates For their “Politics of Prayers”
They argued that people must rely on their own strength, not on the
“good” intentions of the government; people must fight for swaraj.
● Tilak raised the slogan, “Freedom is my birthright and I shall have it!”
Story of Bengal partitioned
Bengal was the biggest province of British India.
In 1905, Viceroy Curzon partitioned Bengal.
Reasons
On paper Reality
Administrative convenience ● The main British motives were to curtail the influence of
Bengali politicians and to split the Bengali people.
● Divide Hindu - Muslim
The partition of Bengal infuriated people all over India
Opposition
❖ Large public meetings and demonstrations.

❖ Swadeshi movement, strongest in Bengal but with echoes elsewhere too.
Eg. In deltic Andhra, it was known as the Vandemataram movement.
Objectives of Swadeshi Movement
Thousands joined the demonstrations during the Swadeshi movement
Objectives of Swadeshi Movement
I. Swadeshi movement sought to oppose British rule and encourage the

ideas of self-help.
II. Swadeshi enterprise, national education, and use of Indian languages.
Swaraj
Lala Lajpat Rai
Mode of struggle
● Mass mobilisation
● Boycott of British Institution and goods.
● Suggestion for “Revolutionary Violence”.
Further Development: Moderate and Extremist Split, Muslim League:
❖ Difference of opinion in congress [Moderates vs Extremists]
Congress split of 1907 (Surat split)
Reasons
The Moderates were opposed to the use of boycott. They felt that it involved the use of force.
What happened to congress then?
Congress came to be Tilak along with his follower

dominate by moderates functioned from outside
❖ Group of muslim landlords and Nawabs formed.
The All India Muslim League at Dacca in 1906.
❖ The League supported the partition of Bengal. Why?
Muhammad Ali Jinnah

Desire the separate electorate for muslims
What was the outcome?
!! Division in the society !!
Rays of hope
● In December 1916, the two groups [Moderates and Extremists reunited]
● Lucknow pact was signed.
Congress and Muslim league decided to work together

for representative government in the country.
The Growth of Mass Nationalism:
Mass Nationalism Explain
Took shape after 1919. Why?
First World War [1914 - 18]
Altered the economic and political situation in India.
● Defence expenditure 🠉 ∴ Government Increased Taxes
Demand 🠉 = Price 🠉
Increase in the hardship for poor and common people.

❖ War brought hardship, but at the same time it created new opportunities.
Explain
Indian industries expanded during the war

Relate with previous chapter
and business groups made huge profit.
Helped in the growth of mass nationalism
❖ War Soldier were required
∴ British army was expanded.
➔ Villages were forced to supply soldiers. Many went to serve abroad.
Developed an understanding of the ways in

Desire to oppose colonial rule
which imperialist power were exploiting.
❖ Role of Russian revolution of 1917
The Advent of Mahatma Gandhi:
Mahatma Gandhi Arrived in India in 1915.
[Emerged as a mass leader] Explain
From South Africa
His South African campaigns had brought him in contact

with various types of Indians: Hindus, Muslims, Parsis and
Christians; Gujaratis, Tamils and north Indians; and
upper-class merchants, lawyers and workers.
➔ Mahatma Gandhi spent his first year. Travelling throughout the country
His earliest intervention were in local movement.

Why?
● Champaran
● Ahmedabad
● Kheda
He came into contact with Rajendra

Prasad and Vallabhbhai Patel.
Founders of the Natal Congress, Durban, South Africa, 1895
The Rowlatt Satyagraha:
❖ In 1919 Gandhiji gave a call for a Satyagraha against the Rowlatt act.
The Act curbed fundamental

Truth rights such as the freedom of
+ expression and strengthened
Non-violence police powers.
➔ Leaders criticised the Act as ‘devilish’ and tyrannical.
∴ Gandhiji asked the Indian people to observe 6 April

1919 as a day of non-violent opposition to this Act.
❖ Satyagraha Sabhas were set up to launch the movement.
The Rowlatt Satyagraha
● First all - India struggle against the British government.

● There were a number of demonstrations and hartals in the country.
British Response [Brutal measures to suppress]
Infamous incident of Jallianwala Bagh Massacre
● In Amritsar on Baisakhi day (13 April), General Dyer inflicted brutal suppression and killed many
innocents.
❖ Indians were enraged by this.
Rabindranath Tagore expressed the pain and anger of the

country by renouncing his knighthood.
Achievement of Rowlatt Satyagraha
● Hindus and Muslims were united in the fight against British rule.
Rabindranath Tagore
● Mahatma Gandhi and his opinion [India - Land of all]
He was keen that Hindus and Muslims support each other in any just cause.
Khilafat Agitation and the Non-Cooperation Movement:
Rowlatt Satyagraha Jallianwala Bagh Incident
Khilafat Agitation and the Non-Cooperation Movement
Explain
Khilafat Issue
● In 1920 the British imposed a harsh treaty on the Turkish Sultan or Khalifa.
Why?
People were furious about this.
❖ Indian Muslim demanded Leader
● Muhammad Ali
That the Khalifa be allowed to retain control over Muslim ● Shaukat Ali
sacred places in the erstwhile Ottoman Empire.
Muslim masses were enraged
Shaukat Ali Muhammad Ali
➔ Gandhiji supported their call and saw an opportunity to unite Hindu-Muslim.
He urged congress to campaign against

Swaraj
“Punjab wrongs and Khilafat wrong”
❖ Movement for Swaraj Non-cooperation movement
Movement gained momentum through 1921 - 22
❖ How did the movement unfolded in steps?

➔ Thousands of students left government controlled schools and colleges.
➔ Many lawyers such as Motilal Nehru, C.R. Das, C. Rajagopalachari
and Asaf Ali gave up their practices.
➔ British titles were surrendered and legislators boycotted.
➔ People lit public bonfires of foreign cloth.
But all this was merely the tip of the iceberg. Large parts of
the country were on the brink of a formidable revolt.
Motilal Nehru
People’s Initiative:
➔ Gandhiji’s idea of Non-Cooperation Movement
Swaraj
➔ Different classes and groups had interpreted Gandhiji’s call in their own manner.
Which was not an accordance with his ideas.
● In Kheda, patidar peasants organised nonviolent campaigns against high land

revenue demand of the British.
● In coastal Andhra and Tamil Nadu, liquor shops were picketed.
● In the Guntur district of Andhra Pradesh, tribals and poor peasants staged a number
of “forest satyagrahas”.
Different Interpretation
People’s Initiative:
Non-cooperation + Khilafat Movement
● In Sindh (Pakistan) and Bengal
Muslim traders and peasants were very enthusiastic about the Khilafat call.
● In Punjab
The Akali agitation of the Sikhs sought to remove corrupt mahants - supported by the
British - from their gurdwaras.
● Participation by tea garden labourers in Assam had their own nation.
(Gandhi Maharaj Ki Jai)
A popular representation of Mahatma Gandhi

In popular images too Mahatma Gandhi is often shown
as a divine being occupying a place within the pantheon
of Indian gods. In this image he is driving Krishna’s
chariot, guiding other nationalist leaders in the battle
against the British.
The Happenings of 1922 - 29:
Non-cooperation movement Mahatma Gandhi was against violent movement.
Turn out to be violent ∴ He abruptly called off the non-cooperation

movement.
Explain
February 1922 a crowd of peasants set fire to

a police station in Chauri Chaura. Twenty
Two policemen were killed on that day.
Chauri Chaura Movement

Why?
❖ Due to violent incident
∴ Gandhiji’s followers stressed that the Congress must undertake

constructive work in the rural areas.
How?
● Leaders such as Chitta Ranjan Das and Motilal Nehru argued that
the party should fight elections to the councils.
Chitta Ranjan Das
How?
● Social work : Helped the Gandhians to extend their support base.
❖ Two important development of the mid 1920s were -
➔ The formation of Rastriya Swayam Sevak (RSS)
➔ d The communist party of India

RSS
These parties have held very different ideas

about the kind of country India should be.
➔ Revolutionary Nationalist
Like Bhagat Singh too was active in this period. Communist Party of India
❖ During this truce period, at the end of decade.
Congress demanded Purna Swaraj (complete independence) in 1929
Lahore Session
● The session was under the presidentship

of Jawaharlal Nehru.
● Outcomes
Jawaharlal Nehru
Demonstrators oppose the Simon Commission

In 1927 the British government in England decided to send a commission headed by Lord Simon to decide India’s political future.
The Commission had no Indian representative. The decision created an outrage in India. All political groups decided to boycott the
Commission. When the Commission arrived it was met with demonstrations with banners saying “Simon Go Back”.
Revolutionary Nationalist:
“It takes a loud voice to make the deaf hear Inquilab Zindabad!”
Revolutionary
Revolutionary nationalists such as Bhagat Singh, Chandra Shekhar Azad,

Sukhdev and others wanted to fight against the colonial rule and the rich
exploiting classes through a revolution of workers and peasants.
∴ They founded the Hindustan Socialist Republican Association (HSRA)

in 1928 at Feroz Shah Kotla in Delhi.
On 17 December, 1928
Bhagat Singh, Azad and Rajguru assassinated saunders.
Why?
Saunders was a police officer who was involved in the

Lathi-charge that has caused the death of Lala Lajpat Rai.
Lala Lajpat Rai
Bhagat Singh Chandra Shekhar Azad Rajguru
On 8 April, 1929
➔ Bhagat Singh and B.K. Dutta threw a bomb in the central legislative assembly.
Why?
The aim, as their leaflet explained, was not to kill but “to make the deaf
B.K. Dutta
hear”, and to remind the foreign government of its callous exploitation.
➔ Bhagat Singh, Sukhdev and Rajguru were executed on March 23, 1931.
The March to Dandi:
What? Why? How?
❖ Purna Swaraj would never come on its own.
It had to be fought for
❖ In 1930 Gandhiji declared that he would lead a march to break the salt law.
According to this law, the state had a monopoly on the manufacture and
Could unite all
sale of salt. Mahatma Gandhi along with other nationalists reasoned that
[Rich and Poor]
it was sinful to tax salt since it is such an essential item of our food.
Government rejected the demand

The March to Dandi:
Why March to Dandi?
➔ Gandhiji and his followers marched for over 240 miles from sabarmati to coastal town of Dandi.
Broke the government law by producing salt.
Mahatma Gandhi breaking

the salt law by picking up a
lump of natural salt, Dandi,
6 April 1930
The March to Dandi:
People’s participation
I. Peasants, tribals and women participated in large numbers.

Civil Disobedience
II. A business federation published a pamphlet on the salt issue.
British Response
I. The government tried to crush the movement through brutal

action against peaceful satyagrahis.
II. Thousands were sent to jail.
The March to Dandi:
Outcomes
➔ The government of India act of 1935
● Provincial autonomy
● Government announced elections to the legislature in 1937.
● Congress formed government in 7 out of 11 provinces.
World War - II Situation Aspirations
The March to Dandi:
❖ World War II [September 1939]
Critical of Hitler, Congress leaders were ready to support the British

war effort.
In return they wanted that India be granted independence after the war.
Hitler
आज़ादी मली
● The British refused to concede the demand.

● The Congress ministries resigned in protest.
Women in Freedom Struggle: Ambabai from Karnataka
Women and National Movement
I. Women from diverse backgrounds participated in the national

movement.
II. Their involvement was significant for the freedom struggle, for the
women’s movement, and for themselves personally.
➔ Both British officials and Indian nationalists felt that women’s

participation gave the national struggle an immense force. How?
● Brought women out from their homes.

● Got a place in the professions.
● Got involved in the governance.
Equality
Ambabai from Karnataka
● Ambabai of Karnataka had been married at age twelve.

● Widowed at sixteen.
Participated in the National Movement
● She picketed foreign cloth and liquor shops in Udipi.

● She was arrested, served a sentence and was rearrested.
● Between prison terms she made speeches, taught spinning, and organised prabhat pheris.
Ambabai regarded these as the happiest days of her

life because they gave it a new purpose and commitment.
Women’s struggle to be a part of National Movement
● Women, had to fight for their right to participate in the

movement. During the Salt Satyagraha.
Even Mahatma Gandhi initially opposed to women’s participation.
Why?
Sarojini Naidu had to persuade him to allow

Sarojini Naidu with Mahatma Gandhi,
women to join the movement. Paris, 1931
Quit India and Later:
Recall the events
Non-Cooperation Movement Salt March (Civil Disobedience Movement)
Independence
Mahatma Gandhi decided to initiate a new phase of movement

Why?
against the British in the middle of the Second World War.
Gandhiji’s statement - “Do or Die” in your effort to fight the British [Non-Violence]
Quit India Movement
Participation
❖ It specially attracted peasants and the youth who gave up

their studies to join it.
❖ Communications and symbols of state authority were
attacked all over the country. Non-Violence Quit India movement, August 1942
❖ In many areas the people set up their own governments.
British Response
British adopted the method of severe repression
❖ By the end of 1943 over 90,000 people were
arrested.
❖ Around 1,000 killed in police firing.
❖ In many areas orders were given to machine-gun
crowds from airplanes.
The rebellion, however, ultimately brought the

Raj to its knees.
How? Quit India Movement
Bose and the INA:
“तुम मुझे खून दो में तुम्हें आज़ादी दूँ गा”
Bose
● A radical nationalist, with socialist learning.

● Did not share Gandhiji’s ideal of Ahimsa.
Subhash Chandra Bose
Why?
➔ In January 1941
● He secretly left his Calcutta home, went to Singapore, via Germany, and raised the Azad Hind
Fauj or the Indian National Army (INA). Why?
To free Indian from british control.

Bose and the INA:
In 1944
❖ The INA tried to enter India through Imphal and Kohima but
the campaign failed.
Why?
❖ The INA members were imprisoned and tried.
People across the country, from all walks of life, participated in

the movement against the INA trials.
Towards Independence and Partition:
Independence
Challenges
In 1940
❖ In 1940 the Muslim League had moved a resolution demanding

“Independent States” for Muslims in the north-western and
eastern areas of the country.
Partition ?
Try to read between the lines

Muslim League
❖ Began viewing the muslim as a separate ‘nation’ from the Hindus.
Why?
In developing this notion it may have been influenced by the history of tension between some Hindu and
Muslim groups in the 1920s and 1930s.
Provincial election of 1937 Convinced the League that Muslims were a minority, and they
would always have to play second fiddle in any democratic structure.
Fear of being unrepresented

● The Congress’s rejection of the League’s desire to form a joint Congress League government in the
United Provinces in 1937 also annoyed the League.
Why the masses supported such a communal party?
➔ The Congress’s failure to mobilise the Muslim masses in the 1930s allowed the League to
widen its social support.
Non-Cooperation V/S Civil Disobedience Movement
➔ Muslim League enlarged its support when most congress leaders were in Jail.
❖ Negotiations after second world war.
Muslim League claimed themselves as the

V/S Congress did not accept this claim. Why?
sole spokesperson of India’s muslim.
Failed attempt
Maulana Azad with other members at the
Congress Working Committee, Sevagram, 1942
Azad was born in Mecca to a Bengali father and

an Arab mother. Well-versed in many languages,
Azad was a scholar of Islam and an exponent of
the notion of wahdat-i-deen, the essential
oneness of all religions. An active participant in
Gandhian movements and a staunch advocate of
Hindu Muslim unity, he was opposed to Jinnah’s
two-nation theory.
❖ Provincial elections of 1946 further added fuel to the demand of Partition.
Provincial elections of 1946
Congress Muslim League
Did well in General Constituencies Did well in Reserved Constituencies
Outcomes
➔ Victory in reserved constituencies Persisted with its demand for Pakistan
❖ Was the partition inevitable? Any attempts from the side of British?
Cabinet Mission
In March, 1946 British cabinet sent a three-member mission to Delhi to examine this demand
and to suggest a suitable political framework for a free India.
Suggestion
This mission suggested that India should remain united and constitute itself as a loose
confederation with some autonomy for Muslim-majority areas.
Outcomes
∴
Both Congress and Muslim League could not agree to specific details of the proposal
Partition
Stafford Cripps Pethick Lawrence A.V. Alexander
Failure of Cabinet Mission
Muslim League decided on mass agitation for winning its

Pakistan demand.
∴ 16 August 1946, was decided as ‘Direct Action Day’
➔ Riots broke out in Calcutta.

➔ By March 1947, violence spread in different parts of
Northern India.
Pain of the partition

❖ The joy of our country’s independence from British rule came mixed with
the pain and violence of Partition.
Refugees from riot-torn Punjab gather in New Delhi, in

search of shelter and food
NCERT Solution:
Que 1. Why were people dissatisfied with British rule in the 1870s and 1880s?
Ans. People Were dissatisfied with the British rule in the 1870s and 1880s.
The reasons behind this were:

I. The Arms Act was passed in 1878. The Act disallowed Indians from possessing
arms.
II. The government tried to introduce Ilbert Bill in 1883. The bill made provisions
for the trial of British or European persons by Indians.But opposition by white
people showed their racial attitude and indians were enraged by this.
III. The vernacular press act of 1878 curbed the freedom of speech and expression.
NCERT Solution:
Que 2. Who did the Indian National Congress wish to speak for?
Ans. The Indian National Congress wished to speak for all the people of India,
irrespective of class, colour, caste, creed, language or gender.
It stated that India, its resources and systems were not for anyone class or community of
India, but for all the different communities of India.
NCERT Solution:
Que 3. What economic impact did the First World War have on India?
Ans. The First World War changed, the economic and political situation in India as:
I. There was a huge rise in the defence expenditure of the Government of India.
II. The government increased tax on individual incomes and business profits.
III. There was a great demand for industrial goods due to the war and this resulted in
the decline of European goods being imported into India.
This, in turn, gave the Indian Industrialists a chance to expand their production.
IV. Villages were pressurised to supply soldiers and due to this people were unhappy.
NCERT Solution:
Que 4. What did the Muslim League resolution of 1940 ask for?
Ans. In 1940 the Muslim League passed a resolution demanding "Independent

states" for Muslims in the North-Western and Eastern areas of the country.
NCERT Solution:
Que 5. Who were the Moderates? How did they propose to struggle against British rule?
Ans. During the first twenty years, after its formation, the Congress was 'moderate' in its
objectives and methods. Some of the moderate leaders were Dadabhai Naoroji, Pherozeshah
Mehta, Badruddin Tyabji, WC Bonnerjee, Surendranath Banerjee, Romesh Chandra Dun, S
Subramania Iyer.
I. They proposed to struggle against the British in a non-violent manner, which the Radicals
called the politics of prayers.
II. They demanded that Indians be placed in high positions in the government.
III. They wanted the Legislative Council to be made more representative, given more power
and introduced in provinces where it was not.
NCERT Solution:
Que 6. How was the politics of the Radicals within the Congress different from that of the
Moderates?
Ans. In Bengal, Maharashtra and Punjab, many leaders adapted more radical means to gain
freedom from the British.
Some of the important Radical leaders were Bipin Chandra Pal, Bal Gangadhar Tilak and Lala Lajpat
Rai who were known as Lal Bal Pal.
They criticised the moderates for their 'politics of prayers' and emphasised the importance of
self-reliance and constructive work. Radicals argued that people rely on their own strength, not on
the 'good' intentions of the colonial power.
NCERT Solution:
Que 7. Discuss the various forms that the Non-Cooperation Movement took in different parts of
India. How did the people understand Gandhiji?
Ans. During 1921 and 1922 the Non-Cooperation Movement gained impetus. Thousands of
students left government-controlled schools and colleges.
Many lawyers like, Motilal Nehru, CR Das, C Rajagopalachari and Asaf Ali gave up their practices.
People lit public bonfires of foreign cloth.
The imports of foreign cloth fell drastically between 1920-1922. In Kheda, Gujarat, Patidar
peasants organised non-violent, campaigns against high land revenue fixed by the British.
People in different parts of the country took Gandhiji’s call for participation with their own
notion.
NCERT Solution:
Que 8. Why did Gandhiji choose to break the salt law?
Ans. The British introduced a law stating that the state had a monopoly on the manufacture and
sale of salt. It also imposed a tax on the sale of salt. Mahatma Gandhi and other national leaders felt
that it was wrong to impose a tax on salt which was an essential commodity for food.
The leaders decided to oppose this tax. In 1930, Gandhiji declared that he would lead a march to
break the Salt Law. The Salt March was related to the desire for freedom felt by all the rich and the
poor.
Gandhiji and his followers marched for over 240 miles from Sabarmati to the coastal town of Dandi
where they broke the government law by gathering natural salt found on the seashore and boiled
seawater to produce salt. Peasants, tribals and women participated in large numbers. Pamphlets
were published on the Salt Satyagraha.
NCERT Solution:
Que 9. Discuss those developments of the 1937-47 period that led to the creation of Pakistan.
Ans. The developments of the 1937-47 period that led to the creation of Pakistani follow:
I. In 1937, the government announced elections to the provincial legislatures. The Congress was
victorious in 7 out of 11 provinces and formed governments in the 7 provinces. This result
convinced the Muslim League that Muslims were a minority.
II. In 1940, the Muslim League passed a resolution demanding 'Independent States' for Muslims
in the North-Western and Eastern areas of the country.
III. In 1946, elections to the provinces were held. The Congress did well in the 'general
constituencies' at the same time the Muslim League succeeded very well in areas where seats
were reserved for Muslims.

The Making of The National Movement 1870s - 1947

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CLASS 8th HISTORY - CHAPTER - THE MAKING OF THE NATIONAL MOVEMENT 1870s - 1947

India Nation Nationalism Independence

Take a rewind of class 8th history

Introduced new laws and Impact: Peasant

Relate with the issues such as women, caste and reform.

Outburst in the form of Revolt of 1857.

Relate with the chapter

The Making of the National Movement [1870s - 1947]

India was the people of India - All the people irrespective of

∴ Awareness against the British rule emerged.

Association were formed after 1850 कसने बनाई

● Poona Sarvajanik Sabha Worked for the idea that the

➔ The arm act, 1878.

Indians were enraged

● A role of A. O. Hume and Dadabhai Naoroji.

Dadabhai Naoroji A O Hume

● Demanded a greater voice for Indians in the government and in administration.

Indianisation of the administration was part of a movement against racism.

Also an attempt to reduce the drain of wealth to England.

British Rule Poverty and Famines. How?

इतना नरम क्यों थे ?

Bipin Chandra Pal Bal Gangadhar Tilak Lala Lajpat Rai

❖ In Bengal, Maharashtra and Punjab Trio of Lal - Bal - Pal

Began to explore more radical objective and methods.

Criticised Moderates For their “Politics of Prayers”

Bengal was the biggest province of British India.

In 1905, Viceroy Curzon partitioned Bengal.

❖ Large public meetings and demonstrations.

Eg. In deltic Andhra, it was known as the Vandemataram movement.

Objectives of Swadeshi Movement

Thousands joined the demonstrations during the Swadeshi movement

I. Swadeshi movement sought to oppose British rule and encourage the

Congress split of 1907 (Surat split)

What happened to congress then?

Congress came to be Tilak along with his follower

The All India Muslim League at Dacca in 1906.

❖ The League supported the partition of Bengal. Why?

Muhammad Ali Jinnah

What was the outcome?

● In December 1916, the two groups [Moderates and Extremists reunited]

● Lucknow pact was signed.

Congress and Muslim league decided to work together

Took shape after 1919. Why?

First World War [1914 - 18]

Altered the economic and political situation in India.

● Defence expenditure 🠉 ∴ Government Increased Taxes

Increase in the hardship for poor and common people.

Indian industries expanded during the war

Helped in the growth of mass nationalism

∴ British army was expanded.

➔ Villages were forced to supply soldiers. Many went to serve abroad.

Developed an understanding of the ways in

❖ Role of Russian revolution of 1917

His South African campaigns had brought him in contact

His earliest intervention were in local movement.

He came into contact with Rajendra

Founders of the Natal Congress, Durban, South Africa, 1895

The Act curbed fundamental

➔ Leaders criticised the Act as ‘devilish’ and tyrannical.

∴ Gandhiji asked the Indian people to observe 6 April

● First all - India struggle against the British government.

British Response [Brutal measures to suppress]