ANSWERS

FORM 4 - Genetic of dwarf person to deliver a

normal baby
TOPIC 1 - To help women who has reproductive
PAPER 1 problems to conceive
1 A 2 B 3 C 4 B 5 A Contribution in agriculture
6 D 7 C 8 B 9 D 10 C - To produce good quality livestock and
crops
PAPER 2 - Culture tissue technique and cloning
Section A expedite reproduction process
1 (a) 2. Declare the spill area as a restricted zone. - Cloning enable mass reproduction to
3. Sprinkle sulphur powder to cover the occur and disease resistant
mercury spill. Contribution in alternative energy
4. Call the fire and rescue department. - Reduced dependency on fossil energy
(b) Packed in autoclave resistant biohazard plastic - Can reduce environmental pollution
bags, sterilised in an autoclave for Contribution towards environment
decontamination, and then placed into a - Microbes can speed up the decomposition
biohazard bin. of wastes
(c) Solid wastes/Heavy metals/Toxic substances - Microbe is used to treat oil spills
2 (a) (i) The part that is above all of other parts or
towards the head TOPIC 2
(ii) Towards the upper part of the body PAPER 1
(iii) Away from the midline or at the side of 1 D 2 A 3 A 4 A 5 B
the body 6 C 7 A 8 B 9 B
(b) (i) Step P: Forming a hypothesis
Step Q: Planning and carrying out a PAPER 2
scientific investigation Section A
(ii) To prove that the experiment has been 1 (a) X: Cheek epithelial cells
conducted Y: Onion epidermal cells
(b) Similarity: Both cells have nucleus and
Section B cytoplasm
3 (a) Laboratory safety rules Difference: An onion epidermal cell has cell
- Wash your hands after conducting an wall whereas the cheek epithelial cell does not
experiment have cell wall.
- Do not brings irrelevant items into the (c) (i) Cell wall gives support and a fixed shape
laboratory to the plant cell
Fire safety measures (ii) Vacuole contains cell sap to control the
- Exit the laboratory according to the turgidity of the plant cell
emergency exit plan 2 (a) (i) Epithelial cell (at the villus)
- Call the fire and rescue department (ii) Palisade mesophyll cell
Handling chemicals and glassware (b) (i) - The epithelial cells in the villus have
- Report any damaged equipment or microvilli
glassware to teachers immediately - Palisad mesophyll cells have large
- Keep flammable chemicals away from numbers of chloroplasts
fire sources (ii) - To increase the surface area so that the
Handling live specimens absorption of nutrients become more
- Use appropriate gloves when handling efficient
biological specimens - More chlorophylls can absorb the light
- Specimens that are not harmful and have Energy and photosynthesis process
been dissected should be buried or frozen occurs more efficiently
Emergency help (c) - The sperm has a tail to swim towards the
- Inform the teacher ovum/secondary oocyte.
- Call the fire and rescue emergency - It has a lot of mitochondria on its neck to
number generate energy for its tail to swim
(b) Contribution in medicine
- To avoid certain diseases like cancer and Section B
diabetes 3 (a) Similarity: Organelles A and B are present in
plant cells.

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 Differences: - Increases cell size until the cell eventually
Organelle A Organelle B burst
Only present in plant Present in plant cells (b) - Bacteria are involved in the
cells and animal cells decomposition of organic matter.
Photosynthesizes to Respires to produce - There are many bacteria in the pond area
produce organic energy that have decomposing substances.
substances - Amoeba sp. eats bacteria through
Has stroma and grana Has cristae phagocytosis, using pseudopodia
The inner layer of the The inner layer of - Amoeba sp. moves and surrounds the
membrane is smooth the membrane is bacteria and forms food vacuole.
folded - Amoeba sp. ingests and forms food
(b) - Organelle A is a chloroplast that occurs vacuole.
abundantly in mesophyll cells of the leaf - Enzyme is secreted to kill and digest the
- It has a lot of chlorophylls which are bacteria.
green pigments that can absorb a lot of - The product of digestion is absorbed and
sunlight. used for its reproduction.
- Photosynthesis is efficient and a large - Amoeba sp. reproduces by binary fission.
amount of glucose/organic substances is - The cell undergoes mitosis to form two
produced for the growth of all parts of the identical amoebas.
plant. - An abundant source of food/bacteria
- Organelle B is a mitochondrion that is allows reproduction to occur quickly and
abundant in the shoot tip/root tip increase the number of amoeba.
- Provides a lot of energy to the shoot tip/
root tip for the process of cell division
by mitosis. TOPIC 3
- Allows the growth of shoots/roots PAPER 1
(c) - Organelle A, which is the chloroplast, 1 B 2 D 3 B 4 B 5 C
undergoes an anabolic reaction that 6 B 7 C 8 A 9 A
synthesises the substances to be stored in
the cell. The process of photosynthesis PAPER 2
takes place in the presence of light energy, Section A
converting carbon dioxide and water into 1 (a) Q: Mineral ion/Ca2+
glucose and oxygen in the cell. R: Glucose/Amino acid
- Organelle B is a mitochondrion, S: Mineral ion/Urea/Ammonium ion
undergoes catabolic reaction which is (b) Passive transport. Movement of substances
respiration. Respiration using glucose and from an area of high concentration of
oxygen to form carbon dioxide and water molecules to an area of low concentration of
and release energy. molecules (according to the concentration
4 (a) - Amoeba sp. is a unicellular organism that gradient)
has organelles to carry out all life (c) Small and uncharged molecule/non polar
processes. 2 (a) X: Hypotonic solution
- Amoeba sp. has contractile vacuoles. Y: Hypertonic solution
- Pond water is hypotonic compared to its (b) The mustard strip in solution X bends outward
cytoplasm which is hypertonic. because water enters the strip via osmosis.
- Water enters the cell by osmosis causing Water only enters through the part of tissue that
the cell to have excess water. was cut but cannot pass through the epidermis
- Excess water in the cytoplasm enters the that has a waxy, cuticle layer which is
contractile vacuole. waterproof.
- The contractile vacuole enlarge to their (c) Advantage: Food lasts longer/easier to store
maximum size, then shrink quickly to Disadvantage: Change the taste/colour/
remove excess water to the environment. quality/nutrients of the food
- There is no excess water in the cytoplasm
which can cause the cell to expand and Section B
burst. 3 (a) (i)
- Cheek epithelium cell has no contractile Passive transport Active transport
vacuole. Does not require energy Requires energy
- When the cell is immersed in hypotonic Occurs following the Occurs against the
pond water as compared to the cytoplasm concentration gradient concentration gradient
(which is hypertonic), water enters the Occurs through a There are accumulation
cell by osmosis and fills the cytoplasmic selectively permeable and disposal of
space. membrane molecules or ions

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 (ii) Active transport. The movement of
substances is against the concentration
gradient across the membrane. The
substances are transported by carrier
protein and requires energy.
(b) The use of excessive amounts of fertilisers
- Fertilisers added to the soil dissolve in the
soil water.
- This will increase the solute concentration
in the soil water.
- Soil water becomes hypertonic to the cell
sap of the root cells of the plants.
- Water molecules move out by osmosis
from the cell sap of the root cells into the
soil, causing the cells to be flaccid and
then plasmolysed.
- The plants will wilt and eventually die if
this condition is not overcome.
Shortage of water in the soil
- As the soil dries up due to shortage of
water, the remaining soil water becomes
more concentrated.
- The soil water becomes hypertonic to the
cell sap of the root cells of the plants.
- Water molecules move out from the cell
sap of the root cells into the soil by
osmosis.
- The cells of the plants become flaccid and
then plasmolysed.
- The plants will wilt and eventually die if
they do not get water for a long time.
(c) - Is a spherical vesicle that contains aqueous
solution surrounded by a phospholipid
bilayer membrane
- Water insoluble drugs are transported in
the hydrophobic area while water-soluble
drugs are transported in the hydrophilic
area, in the liposome.
- This allows liposome to package, protect,
transport and release the drug directly to
the specific cells.
- At the target cell, liposome combines with
the plasma membrane of the cell to release
the drug transported into the cell.
TOPIC 4
PAPER 1
1 A 2 C 3 B 4 C 5 C
6 A 7 B 8 B 9 B 10 B
11 D 12 A 13 A
PAPER 2
Section A
1 (a) Carbon, hydrogen, oxygen
(b) Carbohydrate
(c) (i) Glucose
(ii) Through condensation, one water
molecule is released to form a bond
between two glucose molecules.
(iii) Glucose + Glucose → Maltose + Water
2 (a) One molecule of glycerol and three molecules
of fatty acid
(b) (i) Condensation
© Sasbadi Sdn. Bhd. 198501006847
(ii) Water
(c) Hydrolysis is a chemical reaction where water
molecule breaks one or more chemical bonds.
One molecule of triglyceride breaks down into
one molecule of glycerol and three molecules
of fatty acids with the addition of three water
molecules in a hydrolysis reaction.
(d) 1. Butter is saturated fat while cooking oil is
unsaturated fat.
2. Butter is solid at room temperature
whereas cooking oil is liquid at room
temperature.
(e) - Fat in the hump minimises the effect of
insulation.
- This can help camels remain self-reliant
in hot climate.
Section B
3 (a) - As source of reserved energy for animals
- Protects internal organs
- Acts as heat insulator for animals
- Glycolipid ensures the stability of the
plasma membrane
- Cholesterol is important in the synthesis
of steroid and hormones.
(b) - Carbohydrate such as glucose is the
source of energy for cell to carry out
respiration.
- Starch is the food storage in plant cells.
Starch can also be found inside the
chloroplasts.
- Glycogen is the food storage in animal
cells. Glycogen can be found in the
muscle cells and liver cells of animals.
- Cellulose is the support structure in the
cell wall of plant cells.
(c) - Monosaccharides able to transfer
hydrogen (or electron) to other
compounds.
- When a monosaccharide is heated in
Benedict’s solution, it will reduce the blue
copper(II) sulphate to a brick red
precipitate of copper(I) oxide.
(d) - Water is an organic compound.
- Ensures the body to remain hydrated
- Controls the stability between the blood
and tissue fluid
- Provides moisture to the surface of the
respiratory structures
- Helps to control the body temperature
because water has high specific heat
capacity
- Medium for biochemical reactions
TOPIC 5
PAPER 1
1 B 2 A 3 C 4 B 5 C
6 C 7 B 8 B 9 D
PAPER 2
Section A
1 (a) P: Golgi apparatus
Q: Secretory vesicle
3 KOLEKSI SOALAN SPM Biologi
 (b) Organelle R is the site of ribonucleic acid molecules will be occupied and the rate of
(RNA) synthesis which is the template for the reaction will be slow.
synthesis of various proteins including - If the concentration of the substrate is
enzymes. increased, more enzyme-substrate
(c) Site of generation of energy through cellular complexes will form at the active sites and
respiration the rate of reaction will increase.
(d) - Extracelular enzyme: Trypsin enzyme - When the substrate concentration is
- Intracellular enzyme: Hexokinase enzyme further increased, it will reach a level high
2 (a) A: Enzyme enough to be in excess.
B: Substrate - The rate of reaction will reach maximum
(b) (i) level when all active sites are occupied.
- The rate of reaction stays at this maximum
level unless the concentration of the
enzyme is increased.
[Accept correct answers from other factors]
(ii) Enzyme-substrate complex
(c) (i) Lock and key hypothesis Section C
(ii) 1. Enzyme reaction is specific. 4 (a) (i) - No visible blood stains on shirt X after
2. Enzyme remains unchanged at the end washing.
of reaction. - Enzymes contained in the bio-
(d) Glucose and fructose detergent have break down the blood
stains on shirt X.
Section B - For shirt Y, there is still blood stains
3 (a) - Nucleus contains DNA visible on the shirt even after washing
- RNA copies the information from DNA it with bio detergent.
- RNA transfers the genetic information to - This is because, shirt Y is washed with
the ribosome hot water. The enzyme activity stops
- Ribosome synthesises protein based on at 60oC. Temperature higher than
the genetic information 60oC can cause the enzyme to
- Protein is transferred to the rough denature as the chemical bonds in the
endoplasmic reticulum enzyme molecules break at high
- Transport vesicle buds off from the rough temperature.
endoplasmic reticulum - Denatured enzyme can no longer
- Transport vesicle transports protein to functions as the active site is changed.
Golgi apparatus (ii) - Proteases enzyme
- In Golgi apparatus, protein is modified - Blood is a type of protein that can be
into an enzyme. broken down with the help of protease
- Secretory vesicle will transport the enzyme.
enzyme to the plasma membrane. The - Protease enzyme breaks down the
enzyme is secreted out from the cell. protein molecules into shorter chains
(b) - Enzyme K has active site of amino acids that are easier to be
- Molecule V binds with the active site of removed from the fabric while
enzyme K washing.
- To form enzyme-substrate complex (b) The use of enzyme in industry
- The substrate is hydrolysed into glucose - Protease, lipase and amylase: Contained
and fructose. in bio detergent to remove organic stains
- Enzyme K is ready to bind with other such as blood, food and saliva
substract. - Protease: Used to remove hairs from hides
(c) Factor: Substrate concentration and soften them
- Rennin: Used to coagulate milk proteins
in the manufacturing of cheese
- Amylase: Used to produce smoother
Rate of reaction

Substrate concentration
- When the concentration of substrate is
low, not all the active sites of the enzyme
paper
The use of enzyme in medicine
- Protease, lipase and amylase: Used to
clean medical devices from blood, fats
and saliva
- Trypsin: Used to remove dead skin cells
and promotes wounds to heal
Importance:
- Enzymes are cheap and easy to use.

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 - The use of enzymes save energy and can - The cell wall is formed in the space
be used repeatedly and are only needed in between the cell plate, and two daughter
small quantities. cells are formed.
(c) - The wall of stomach has mucus cells. (b)
- The cells secrete mucus to protect the Mitosis Aspect Meiosis
stomach wall from the digestion of pepsin. Somatic Where it takes Reproductive
cells place organ
TOPIC 6 Once Nuclear division Twice
PAPER 1
1 B 2 A 3 C 4 B 5 A Two Number of Four
6 A 7 A 8 D 9 D 10 B daughter cells
11 D Diploid Number of Haploid
chromosomes in
PAPER 2 daughter cell
Section A No variation Variation in Varies
1 (a) (i) Mitosis daughter cells
(ii) 1. Have the same number of Does not Synapsis and Occurs
chromosomes as the parent cell occur crossing over during
2. Identical genetic content as the parent prophase I
cell (c) (i) Cloning of plants is the process of
(b) 1. Increases the number and size of cells for producing new plants or a new generation
the growth of organism of plants that have the same genetic
2. Heals wound by replacing the injured and content as their parents.
damaged cells (ii) - The cloning technique used is tissue
(c) In somatic cells culture.
2 (a) (i) Phase 1: Prophase I - The tissue or root of the carrot is cut
Phase 2: Metaphase I into smaller parts called explants.
Phase 3: Prophase II - The explants are inserted into a
(ii) 1. Chromosomes thicken and shorten to conical flask containing sterile culture
form chromatids medium.
2. The homologous chromosomes - The flask containing these tissues are
synapsis and form a bivalent or tetrad. placed in an incubator. The cells
(b) (i) Synapsis and crossing over undergo mitotic process to form a
(ii) 1. Produces variations in gametes group of tissues called callus.
2. Creates variations in species of - Callus undergoes the process of
organisms differentiation to produce roots and
3 (a) Tumour shoots which develop into plantlets.
(b) Absorbs more nutrients than normal cells - These plantlets are transferred to the
(c) - Skin cancer nursery and continue to grow to form
- Overexposure of the skin to sunlight mature plants.
(d) - The genes that regulate the cell cycle are (iii) Advantages of cloning
damaged or mutated, the cell cycle is - Clones can be produced in large
disrupted and cells divide beyond control. quantities within a short period of time.
- This process is known as uncontrolled - The quality of the clones is the same
mitosis. Eventually, a group of abnormal as the parents and can be maintained
cells will form quickly and known as throughout the generations.
tumour. Disadvantages of cloning
- Clones have similar resistance to
diseases. If one clone is attacked by a
Section B disease, all clones are affected.
4 (a) Cytokinesis in animal cells - There is no variation in the next
- The plasma membrane constrict inwards generation.
along the middle of the cell between two
nuclei. TOPIC 7
- The cell continue to constrict inwards PAPER 1
until it splits into two daughter cells. 1 A 2 B 3 C 4 C 5 A
Cytokinesis in plant cells 6 B 7 B 8 D 9 C
- Vesicles accumulate in the centre of the
cell and form a cell plate. PAPER 2
- The cell plates expand to the outside until Section A
they join with the original plasma 1 (a) (i) X: Cytoplasm
membrane. Y: Mitochondrion

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 (ii) X: Fermentation
Y: Aerobic respiration
(b) X: Glucose → Lactic acid + Energy
Y: Glucose + Oxygen → Carbon dioxide +
Water + Energy
(c) The inner membrane of Y is folded to increase
total surface area for efficient cellular
respiration.
2 (a) - During vigorous activity, the quantity of
oxygen required by the muscles is less
than the quantity of oxygen supplied.
- The muscle cells need to respire
anaerobically, to obtain the required
energy. Anaerobic respiration produces
lactic acid as a by-product.
(b) Muscle cramp and fatigue
(c) (i) Gulping for air or panting sends more
oxygen to muscle cells.
(ii) - This oxygen is used to oxidise lactic
acid to form carbon dioxide, water and
energy.
- This energy is used to convert lactic
acid to glucose. Therefore, the amount
of lactic acid will drop to normal
levels.
Section B
3 (a) (i) -Lactic acid fermentation in tissue P
occurs during vigorous activity.
- The oxidation of glucose in the
absence of oxygen produces lactic
acid and energy.
- Glucose → Lactic acid + Energy
- One molecule of glucose only
produces 150 kJ of energy through
lactic acid fermentation.
- The accumulation of lactic acid in the
muscles can cause muscle cramp.
(ii) - Microorganism Q (yeast) carries out
alcohol fermentation.
- Glucose is broken down in the absence
of oxygen to form ethanol, carbon
dioxide and energy.
- Glucose → Ethanol + Carbon dioxide
+ Energy
- One molecule of glucose produces
210 kJ of energy through alcohol
fermentation.
- This process is catalysed by the
enzyme zymase.
(b) - The muscles require more oxygen during
vigorous exercise than they do under
normal circumstances.
- Oxygen must also be supplied to the
muscles at a faster rate than the normal
rate.
- Although the rate of breathing and the rate
of heartbeat increase, the blood is still
unable to supply oxygen fast enough to
the muscles.
- The muscles incur an oxygen debt, that is
they are in a state of oxygen deficiency.
© Sasbadi Sdn. Bhd. 198501006847
- Under these circumstances, the muscles
obtain extra energy by carrying out lactic
acid fermentation which does not need
oxygen.
- During lactic acid fermentation, glucose
molecules are broken down partially into
lactic acid instead of carbon dioxide.
- As glucose is not completely broken
down, less energy is released during lactic
acid fermentation than during aerobic
respiration.
- The accumulation of lactic acid in the
muscles causes the person to feel tired.
Lactic acid has to be oxidised to carbon
dioxide and water in order that the person
can recover.
- The person has to breathe deeply in order
to take in more oxygen to oxidise all the
lactic acid.
- The oxygen debt is cleared once all the
lactic acid in the muscle cells is oxidised.
TOPIC 8
PAPER 1
1 D 2 D 3 A 4 B 5 B
6 A 7 D 8 D 9 A
PAPER 2
Section A
1 (a) P : Alveoli
Q: Tracheol
R: Gills
(b) 1. The wall of alveoli is always moist
2. The alveolus is surrounded by a network
of blood capillaries
(c) - Oxygen dissolves in the fluid at the end of
structure Q.
- Oxygen in the fluid has a higher
concentration than that in the body cells.
- Oxygen diffuses into the body cells by
simple diffusion.
(d) Fish
2 (a) (i) Intercostal muscle
(ii) Diaphgram
(b)
Structure Y
(c) (i) Inhalation
- Muscle X/external intercostal muscles
contract, pulling the ribcage upwards
and outwards. Structure Y contracts
and becomes flat.
- This causes the volume of the thorax
cavity to increase and the pressure in
the thorax cavity to decrease. The
higher atmospheric pressure on the
outside forces air into the lungs.
6 KOLEKSI SOALAN SPM Biologi
 (ii) Exhalation hydrogen ions (H+) and bicarbonate ions
- Muscle X/internal intercostal muscles (HCO3-). Bicarbonate ions diffuse out of
contract, pulling the ribcage the red blood cells into the blood plasma.
downwards and inwards. Structure Y - Some of the carbon dioxide enters the red
relaxes and curves upwards to form a blood cells and combines with
dome. haemoglobin to form carbamino-
- This causes the volume of the thorax haemoglobin (23%) and is transported in
cavity to decrease and the pressure in the red blood cells to the lungs.
the thorax cavity to increase. Air is Approximately 7% of carbon dioxide
pushed out of the lungs. dissolved in the blood plasma and is
transported to the lungs.
Section B
3 (a) Inhalation TOPIC 9
- When the mouth opens, the floor of PAPER 1
buccal cavity is lowered, causing the 1 C 2 C 3 D 4 B 5 B
volume of the buccal cavity to increase 6 D 7 A 8 A 9 A 10 A
and the pressure in the buccal cavity to 11 A 12 B 13 A 14 C 15 C
decrease. 16 D 17 D 18 C 19 C 20 D
- At the same time, the operculum opening 21 D
is closed.
- Water which contains dissolved oxygen PAPER 2
content enters the mouth. Section A
Exhalation 1 (a) P: Liver
- When the mouth is closed, the floor of the Q: Gall bladder
buccal cavity is raised, causing the (b) (i) Bile
volume of the buccal cavity to decrease (ii) Contains bile salts that can emulsify fats
and the pressure in the buccal cavity to into small droplets
increase. (c) Cannot provide alkaline medium for enzyme
- At the same time, the operculum opening action (amylase, lipase and trypsin). Thus,
is opened and water enters through the digestion of starch, fats and polypeptides
gills and exit through the operculum cannot occur.
opening. Gaseous exchange occurs when 2 (a) (i) Villus
water passes through the gills. (ii) Absorption of digested food
(b) Name of the disease: Asthma (b) (i) Epithelial cell
(i) The disease involves inflammation of the (ii) Epithelial cells have microvilli to increase
respiratory tract resulting in narrowing, the total surface area for rapid absorption
swelling and excess mucus production. of digested food
The narrowing of the bronchus decreases (c) (i) - Fatty acid
the supply of oxygen to the lungs. - Vitamin A /D /E /K
(ii) The patient will experience symptoms (ii) Simple diffusion
such as coughing, shortness of breath and 3 (a) Fibre
chest tightness. (b) Fibre stimulates peristalsis and increases the
(iii) Asthma can be treated with medications population of good bacteria in the large
that reduce allergic effects. intestine that are good for digestion.
(c) Transportation of oxygen (c) 1. Colon cancer
- In the blood, oxygen combines with 2. Haemorrhoid
haemoglobin to form oxyhaemoglobin. (d) Lactobacillus sp.
- Oxyhaemoglobin forms at areas with a
higher partial pressure of oxygen. Section B
Oxyhaemoglobin is transported to the 4 (a) (i) Pinggan Sihat Malaysia is a campaign of
heart and then to the body tissues. food intake for Malaysians to take
- In areas with a lower partial pressure of complete meals containing all types of
oxygen, oxyhaemoglobin dissociates and food class. For example, taking a quarter
releases oxygen. of the carbohydrate, a quarter of protein
Transportation of carbon dioxide and half-plate of fruits and vegetables
- Most of carbon dioxide (70%) is which contained minerals and vitamins
transported in the blood plasma in the and fibre.
form of bicarbonate ions. (ii) Diabetic patients
- Carbon dioxide enters the red blood cells - Take carbohydrates which are high in
and react with water to form carbonic acid fibre and low in
(H2CO3). - Determine the calories of the food
- This reaction is catalysed by carbonic taken so that it does not in excess
anhydrase enzyme. Carbonic acid forms

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 - Avoid sugary foods which are high 2 (a) P: Vena cava
fructose content Q: Pulmonary vein
Cardiovascular patients (b) (i) Aorta
- Do not take trans fat (ii) Aorta pumps oxygenated blood from the
- Limit the intake of saturated fat, heart to all parts of the body.
usually in oils, dairy products and red (c) - Oxygenated blood flows from the left
meat ventricle into the right ventricle.
- Increase the intake of healthy fats - This results in the mixing of oxygenated
which are rich in monounsaturated blood and deoxygenated blood.
and polyunsaturated fats. These fats - The accumulation of blood in the right
can reduce the risk of heart disease. ventricle causes an increase in the volume
- Increase the intake of high fibre foods. of blood, resulting in a decrease in the
volume of blood in the left ventricle.
- Reduce salt intake and processed - This forces the heart to pump more
foods strongly, as the blood pressure in the left
- Reduce the amount of food taken to ventricle decreases.
control body weight - A significant amount of blood in the right
(b) - Obese individuals have difficulty to move. ventricle will be pumped to the lungs,
- Excess weight is at greater risk for resulting in high pressure in the lungs.
hypertension and other cardiovascular - Oxygenated blood supplied to the cells
diseases as well as diabetes mellitus. will decrease.
- Organ modification of the digestive - This will lead to heart failure.
system, which is bypass surgery on the [Any four]
stomach and duodenum. (d) Generates greater pressure to pump blood to all
 Decreased stomach size leads to low parts of the body
intake of food 3 (a) (i) P: Lymph
 Gastric bypass surgery reduces bowel Q: Tissue fluid
size, so that the food reach the ileum (ii) Similarity: Fluids P and Q do not contain
faster with less product of digestion. plasma proteins, erythrocytes and
- Change your eating habits by consuming platelets.
a lower calorie diet than your daily Difference: Fluid P contains more fat
requirement substances and lymphocytes compared to
- Carry out more active sports or fluid Q.
recreational activities to burn excess (b) High pressure at the arterial end of capillaries
calories in the body filters/pushes some of the fluid out of the blood
plasma into the spaces between the cells.
(c) This will result in the swelling of the body
TOPIC 10 tissues or oedema due to too much fluid
PAPER 1 accumulated in the intercellular spaces.
1 A 2 B 3 C 4 D 5 B
6 A 7 D 8 A 9 B 10 A
11 C 12 C 13 D 14 A 15 A Section B
16 C 17 B 18 D 19 B 20 C 4 (a) - Red blood cell (erythrocyte): Transports
21 C 22 A oxygen from the lungs to the body cells in
the form of oxyhaemoglobin
PAPER 2 - White blood cell (leucocyte): Protects the
Section A body and fights pathogens by producing
1 (a) A: Pulmonary circulation antibodies or ingesting pathogens
B: Systemic circulation - Platelet: Fragment of cell cytoplasm
(b) which involved in blood clotting process
(b) Similarity: Both have a closed circulatory
system
Differences:
Fish Humans
Has a single Has a double
circulatory system circulatory system
Has two chambers Has four chambers in
in the heart the heart
Has one atrium Has two atria
Has one ventricle Has two ventricles
(c) Pulmonary artery
(d) A complete and closed double circulatory
system

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 (c) receptor site found on the antibody
Artery Capillary Vein molecule.
Has a thick and Has a very Has a thin and (b) (i) Artificial active immunity
muscular wall thin wall, that less muscular (ii) Pathogens/Viruses/Bacteria which are
is one-cell wall weakened or dead
thick (iii) The second injection stimulates the
Size of lumen is Size of lumen Size of lumen lymphocytes to produce more antibodies
small is very small is large beyond the immunity level. Adequate
antibodies can provide protection against
No valve, No valve Valves are
the disease.
except the present,
pulmonary except the
Section B
artery pulmonary
3 (a)
vein
Antibody lysin
Transports Transports Transports bind with antigen
blood from the blood from blood from
heart to the the arteriole the whole Pathogen
whole body to the venule body to the
heart
Transports Carries Transports Antigen
oxygenated oxygenated deoxygenated
blood, except blood to the blood, except Pathogen undergoes
the pulmonary body cells the lysis
artery and pulmonary - The surface of the pathogen has antigens.
deoxygenated vein - B lymphocytes detect antigens on the
blood out of surface of the pathogen and produce
the body cells antibodies such as lysine.
Blood flow is Blood flow is Blood flow is - Lysine antibodies combine with antigens
very fast slow very slow at the binding site, causing the pathogen
Blood pressure Blood Blood to be broken down and decomposed.
is high pressure is pressure is (b) - Natural passive immunity
low very low - The newborn’s immune system is not yet
fully developed.
TOPIC 11 - Babies need antibodies from an external
source such as mother’s milk.
PAPER 1
- Mother’s milk supplies the antibodies,
1 C 2 D 3 B 4 B 5 A
enzymes and white blood cells that
6 A 7 D 8 A
needed by babies.
- The antibodies can neutralise bacteria and
PAPER 2
viruses in the blood to protect the babies
Section A
from diseases and infections caused by
1 (a) Second line of defence
pathogens.
(b) (i) Neutrophil
(c) (i) - HIV invades and destroys
(ii) To engulf and destroy bacteria that enter
lymphocytes.
the body
- Causes the immune system to weaken
(iii) Monocyte
- Increases the risk of getting an
(c)
Neutrophil infection
- An HIV patient is easily infected to
Pseudopodium various diseases.
- Eventually the patient will die due to
other diseases such as pneumonia and
tuberculosis.
(d) A phagosome is formed around a bacterium.
(ii) - Avoid drug addiction and sharing the
Lysozyme is secreted into the phagosome to
needles used by drug addicts
digest the bacterium.
- Avoid sharing personal items with
2 (a) (i)
HIV patients
- Avoid sharing the needles used to
inject tattoo ink
- Avoid unprotected sex with HIV
(ii) The action of antibodies is specific.
patients
Antibodies only bind to antigens that have
- Avoid transfusions of blood
a complementary shape with the antigen
contaminated with the HIV virus

© Sasbadi Sdn. Bhd. 198501006847 9 KOLEKSI SOALAN SPM Biologi

TOPIC 12 (ii) - Organ Q is pancreas.
PAPER 1 - Diabetes mellitus occurs due to the
1 C 2 A 3 A 4 D 5 C failure of pancreas (organ Q) to
6 B 7 D 8 B 9 B 10 C produce enough insulin in the body.
11 D 12 B 13 D 14 A 15 C - Or the body cannot use the insulin
16 A 17 D 18 D 19 A produced by pancreas
- Insulin is needed to convert excess
PAPER 2 glucose to glycogen.
Section A - The deficiency of insulin causes the
1 (a) A: Cerebrum level of blood glucose to become high.
B: Cerebellum - The level of glycogen in the blood is
C: Spinal cord lower.
(b) B: Coordinates muscle contraction to produce - Diabetes mellitus also causes
precise movement numbness in the soles of the feet,
C: Controls reflex action blurred vision and slow wound
(c) To increase the surface area to accommodate healing.
more neurones - Patients with diabetes mellitus can
(d) (i) Congregation of cell bodies of the sensory also experience hypoglycemia, which
neurones to form a ganglion is the level of glucose in the blood
(ii) Nerve impulses cannot be transmitted becomes very low due to excessive
through the effectors, so that the muscles secretion of insulin.
cannot respond to the stimuli - The symptoms of hypoglycemia
2 (a) X: Sensory neurone include fatigue, difficulties in sleeping
Y: Motor neurone at night, emotional instability, faint
(b) easily and headache.

TOPIC 13
PAPER 1
1 D 2 D 3 D 4 C 5 A
6 A 7 A 8 D 9 A 10 A
11 B

(c) Sensory receptor on the sensory neurone at the PAPER 2

fingertip detects stimulus and sends an impulse
to the relay neurone in the spinal cord across a
synapse. From the relay neurone, the impulse
then crosses the synapse to the motor neurone.
The motor neurone sends the impulse to the
effector, causing muscle contraction and the
hand is moved quickly away from the heat
source.
Section C
3 (a) - Receptor in the eye detects the stimulus
and triggers a nerve impulse.
- The impulse is sent from the sensory
neurone to the relay neurone in the brain.
- The brain interprets and sends the impulse
to the adrenal gland via motor neurone.
- The adrenal gland is stimulated to secrete
the hormone adrenaline.
- The hormone adrenaline increases the
heart rate to transport more oxygen.
- The rate of respiration increases to get
more oxygen.
- The hormone adrenaline also raises blood
sugar levels.
- The rate of cell respiration increases.
- More energy is produced for muscle
contraction.
- Muscle contraction makes the woman
ready to fight or run away.
(b) (i) Diabetes mellitus
Section A
1 (a) (i) Skin
(ii) 1. Regulating body temperature
2. Eliminating urea
3. As a protective layer
(b) - The fine hair lowers towards the skin
surface when the erector muscle relaxes.
- The fine hair traps a thin layer of air so
that more heat is lost to the surroundings.
- Sweat gland secretes sweat which
evaporates and causes some of heat to be
lost to the surroundings.
2 (a) Q: Proximal convoluted tubule
R: Loop of Henle
S: Distal convoluted tubule
(b) Concentration of amino acid in P is higher than
in Q. Amino acid passes through P and is
absorbed into Q and then into the blood
capillaries.
(c) (i) Caffein increases the rate of urine
production.
(ii) When vessel X expands, a large volume
of blood enters the glomerulus rapidly and
simultaneously accelerating the rate of
glomerular filtration and urine production.
Section B
3 (a) Ultrafiltration
- Blood flows from the afferent arteriole to
the efferent arteriole

© Sasbadi Sdn. Bhd. 198501006847 10 KOLEKSI SOALAN SPM Biologi

 - In high hydrostatic pressure
- All dissolve substances from the blood
capillary diffuse into the Bowman's
capsule and is called glomerular filtrate.
Reabsorption
- All glucose and amino acid in the
glomerular filtrate will be reabsorb from
the proximal convoluted tubule into the
blood vessel by active transport
- Water is reabsorbed by osmosis
- Minerals such as sodium ions are
reabsorbed by active transport
- The process continues at loop of Henle
and distal convoluted tubule for water and
minerals
Secretion
- Waste such as urea and excess salt will be
secreted
- From the blood vessel into the distal
convoluted tubule and collecting duct
(b) - During the run: more water is lost through
sweating
- Osmotic pressure in the blood increases
- This condition is detected by the
osmoreceptor. An impulse is sent to the
pituitary gland to release more ADH.
- Higher level of ADH will increase the
permeability of distal convoluted tubule
and collecting duct.
- This will cause more water to be
reabsorbed.
- Adrenal gland will not be stimulated to
secrete aldosterone.
- Less salt reabsorbed from the filtrate.
- Filtrate will contain less water and high
salt concentration when it reaches the
collecting duct.
- Urine produced is less and concentrated.
TOPIC 14
PAPER 1
1 C 2 A 3 A 4 B 5 D
6 B 7 C 8 C 9 C 10 B
11 D
PAPER 2
Section A
1 (a) Gives support to the head and body/Protects the
spinal nerves
(b) This shape gives support as well as flexibility
on the movement of the vertebral column.
(c) Absorbs shock, increases flexibility and
reduces friction between the vertebrae
(d) Intervertebral disc that slipped from its original
position may presses on the spinal nerves at the
vertebral column. This will give rise to the pain
sensation.
2 (a) X: Biceps
Y: Triceps
(b) - Antagonistic muscles are a pair of
muscles where one muscle opposes the
action of another at the same time.
© Sasbadi Sdn. Bhd. 198501006847
- When the arm moves upwards, biceps
contracts while triceps relaxes.
- The radius will be pulled upward, causes
the arm to be bent upward.
(c) - Both muscles are skeletal muscle
- Both muscles are extensor muscle
Section B
3 (a) - The movement of an earthworm is
facilitated by the contraction and
relaxation of the circular and the
longitudinal muscles alternately.
- The action of the circular and the
longitudinal muscles result in a wave of
peristalsis along the body of the
earthworm.
- The longitudinal muscles at the posterior
contract while the circular muscles relax
thus causing the earthworm to shorten and
thicken.
- Chaetae at the posterior segment anchor
to the ground while chaetae at the anterior
segment are released.
- The circular muscles at the anterior
segment contract and the longitudinal
muscles relax thus causing the earthworm
to become longer and thinner. The
anterior segment extends to the front.
- Chaetae at the anterior segment anchor
the ground while chaetae at the posterior
segment are released.
- The posterior segment which is shortened
is pulled to the front.
(b) - Pectoralis major and pectoralis minor
muscles
- The antagonistic actions of pectoralis
major and pectoralis minor on a bird’s
chest facilitate the flapping of the wings
up and down.
- When the pectoralis major contracts and
the pectoralis minor relaxes, the wings are
pulled down.
- When the pectoralis minor contracts and
the pectoralis major relaxes, the wings are
pulled up.
- When the wings are pulled down, the air
pressure provides upthrust and pushes the
bird up.
(c) - The right calf muscle contracts to lift the
heel. The ball of the foot pushes against
the ground.
- At the same time, biceps femoris contracts
to bend the leg at the knee joint. The right
leg is lifted.
- The quadriceps femoris contracts to
straighten the leg.
- The tibialis contracts to bring down the
heel. The right heel touches the ground.
The whole sequence is repeated by the left
leg to move the body forward.
(d) - Keep a good body posture while sitting,
lying, walking or standing.
11 KOLEKSI SOALAN SPM Biologi
 - Wear a comfortable attire that is suitable Section B
with the activity performed. 4 (a) - At day 0-5, all hormones are at low level.
- Practise exercising to strengthen the joint - Low level of progesterone and oestrogen
structure and increase the flexibility of the do not stimulate endometrium thickening.
muscles and the ligament. Endometrium will shed and menstruation
- Consume a balanced diet especially foods occurs.
rich in calcium, mineral salts, vitamin C - Gonadotrophin-releasing hormone
and vitamin D. (GnRH) that is secreted by the
hypothalamus stimulates the pituitary
gland to secrete follicle-stimulating
TOPIC 15 hormone (FSH) and luteinizing hormone
PAPER 1 (LH).
1 D 2 B 3 B 4 C 5 B - FSH promotes follicle development in the
6 A 7 A 8 D 9 B 10 C ovary. Primary follicle will develop into
11 B 12 A 13 D 14 B 15 B secondary follicle.
- Developing follicular cells secrete
PAPER 2 oestrogen.
Section A - Oestrogen promotes development of the
1 (a) (i) Amniotic fluid follicle and repairs uterus lining.
(ii) To protect the foetus by absorbing shock/ - Low level of oestrogen inhibits the
Protects the foetus from physical injury secretion of FSH and LH.
(b) (i) Progesterone/Oestrogen (b) (i) R: Follicle-stimulating hormone (FSH)
(ii) - Numerous villi in the placenta to S: Progesterone
increase the surface area (ii) - X is follicle development stage.
- Supplied by rich networks of - Primary follicle in the ovary develop
capillaries which allow diffusion to into Graafian follicle which is
take place efficiently stimulated by FSH.
(c) - Some harmful chemicals can diffuse into - Development of follicle in the ovary
the foetus blood by the umbilical vein. stimulate the secretion of oestrogen.
- Some harmful chemicals can affect the - The increasing oestrogen level
growth of the foetus and may lead to stimulates the hypothalamus to secrete
miscarriage. GnRH. High GnRH level then
(d) - Breastmilk provides the baby with natural stimulates the pituitary gland to
antibodies that help to protect the baby secrete FSH and LH.
from pathogens. - Y is ovulation stage.
- Breastmilk ensures the baby obtains the - The secondary oocyte is released from
nutrients needed for growth. the Graafian follicle during ovulation
2 (a) Fraternal twins when the LH level is high.
(b) - Two sperms fertilise two ova. - After ovulation, Graafian follicle
- Two embryos with separate placentas are becomes corpus luteum.
formed. - Z is corpus luteum stage.
(c) - Fraternal twins: The gender of the twins - Corpus luteum is stimulated by LH to
maybe same or different/ Each fetus has secrete progesterone and oestrogen.
its own placenta/ The embryo does not - The combination of progesterone and
divide into two oestrogen inhibit the secretion of FSH
- Conjoined twins: The gender of the and LH via negative feedback.
twins are the same/ One placenta is shared - If fertilisation does not occur, corpus
between two foetuses/ The embryo luteum degenerates and the level of
divides into two progesterone decreases.
3 (a) (i) Organisms with exoskeleton (c) - Progesterone stimulates the thickening of
(ii) - Organisms with exoskeleton must the endometrium to prepare for
shed their hard exoskeleton, called implantation of embryo after fertilisation
ecdysis, in order to grow. occurs.
- Ecdysis occurs periodically which - The corpus luteum will continue
give rise to the intermittent growth developing and secreting progesterone
curve. and oestrogen.
(b) - X is the instar stage. - Progesterone and oestrogen will continue
- At this stage, the growth of the organism to stimulate the thickening of
is limited by the hard exoskeleton. endometrium to support the development
(c) Grasshopper/Butterfly of the foetus.

© Sasbadi Sdn. Bhd. 198501006847 12 KOLEKSI SOALAN SPM Biologi

FORM 5 - At the root tips, the root cap is
replaced by the meristem cells to
TOPIC 1 replace exhausted root cap when
PAPER 1 penetrating the soil.
1 D 2 A 3 C 4 C 5 B (ii) - Two types of lateral meristem which
6 C 7 A 8 D 9 A 10 C are vascular cambium and cork
11 C cambium.
- Vascular cambium: Located
PAPER 2 between phloem tissues and xilem
Section A tissues in vascular bundle
1 (a) P: Zone of cell division - Cork cambium: Located under the
Q: Zone of cell elongation epidermal layer
(b) To enable the cells to perform specific function (c)
(c) Xylem tissue Plants that do not
Plants that undergo
(d) (i) Primary growth undergo secondary
secondary growth
(ii) Increasing the length of stems and roots growth
of plants - Mostly eudicots - Mostly monocots
2 (a) (i) - Plant Z - Have lateral - Do not have lateral
- Plant Z has secondary xilem and meristems meristems
phloem - Have annual growth - Do not have annual
- Plant Z has bark that is formed as a rings growth rings
result of secondary growth. - Have long lifespans - Have short lifespans
(ii) and can live for - Do not have woody
many years tissues for mechanical
Y Z
- Have woody tissues support
The diameter of the The diameter of the for mechanical - Do not have thick
stem is smaller stem is larger support bark to protect inner
Does not have bark Has bark - Have thick bark to tissues
protect inner tissues - Have less xylem and
(b) (i) L: Cambium ring - Have more xylem phloem tissues which
(ii) - L (cambium ring) divides actively and phloem tissues provide less strength
through mitosis. to provide additional and support to the
- The cells in the cambium ring divide strength and support stems and roots
inwards to form K (secondary xylem) to the stems and - Have less access to
and outwards to form M (secondary roots sunlight in a tropical
phloem). - Have more access to rainforest
3 (a) Plants that have only one life cycle for a season sunlight in a tropical - Trunks have low
or a year. rainforest commercial value
(b) 1. Pumpkin plant - Tree trunks have - Less use in the wood
2. Watermelon plant high commercial industry
(c) - The leaves of the plant has not sprout yet value - No potential as
- The plant cannot perform photosynthesis - Widely used in the timber
(d) - The plant uses food reserve in the wood industry
cotyledon as a source of energy to - Have potential as
germinate. timber
Section B
4 (a) - Apical meristem tissues divide to increase
TOPIC 2
the length of shoot and root of plants. PAPER 1
- Lateral meristem tissues divide to 1 A 2 C 3 C 4 B 5 B
increase the diameter of stem of plants. 6 D 7 A 8 A 9 B 10 D
(b) (i) - Primary growth occurs at the apical 11 B 12 C
meristem that involves the shoot tip
PAPER 2
and the root tip.
- Primary growth begins when the Section A
meristem cells in the zone of cell 1 (a) (i) - Stoma
division of apical meristems divide - Allows gaseous exchange (between
followed by elongation and the internal air spaces and the
surrounding)
differentiation of the cells.
(ii) Lower epidermis of the leaf
- Leaf primordia and shoot primordia at
the shoot tips develop into new leaves (b) 1. (High) light intensity
and shoots. 2. (High) concentration of carbon dioxide
(c) - Photosynthesis occurs in organelle L in
the presence of light to produce sucrose.

© Sasbadi Sdn. Bhd. 198501006847 13 KOLEKSI SOALAN SPM Biologi

 - High concentration of sucrose inside the PAPER 2
guard cells causes water to enter. The Section A
guard cells become turgid thus K/the 1 (a) 1. Size/species of plant
stoma opens 2. Light intensity
2 (a) (i) Cell Q: Mesophyll palisade (b) (i) Stunted growth/ Shorter or smaller plant
Organelle X: Chloroplast (ii)
Parts between matured leaf veins become
(ii) - High density of organelle X/ yellowish
chloroplast/ chlorophyll (c) Macronutrient
- Absorb sunlight at maximum rate (d) Chlorophyll
(b) Stroma (e) - Nitrogen and magnesium are needed to
(c) The higher the light intensity, the higher the synthesise chlorophyll/ Chlorophyll
rate of photosynthesis. allows plants to photosynthesise/make
food.
Section B - Photosynthesis produces food for plants.
3 (a) (i) -Photosynthesis occurs The food that is made provides energy for
-Consists of two stages, that is the plant growth/to make new cells.
light-dependent reaction and the light- 2 (a) L: Root cortex
independent reaction M: Root hair
- Light-dependent reaction occurs in the (b) Water/ Mineral ions
thylakoids (c) To allow water absorption
- Chlorophyll captures/trap light energy (d) - Has big vacuoles
(to excite the electrons to a higher level) - Can store water and mineral salts
- Energy released (by the excited (e) (i) Root cap
electrons) is used to form ATP. (ii) The cells at the root tip will be damaged
- Light energy splits water molecules while growing into the ground.
into hydroxide ion and hydrogen ion
(photolysis of water). Section B
- Hydrogen ion combines with electron 3 (a) (i) - Carbon, hydrogen and oxygen are
(released by chlorophyll) to form obtained from air, water and soil.
hydrogen atom. - Other nutrients are obtained in the
- Hydroxide ions lose electrons forming form of mineral salts which are
water and oxygen. dissolved in groundwater.
- Light-independent reaction occurs in (ii)
stroma Jar/ Nutrient
Effect of deficiency
- Hydrogen atom (uses ATP) to reduce deficiency
organic carbon compound to form P Plant dies and growth does
glucose All elements not take place
- Glucose condenses to produce starch except distilled
(ii) - P/chloroplasts release oxygen through water
photosynthesis of green plants Q - Leaves turn yellow
- Released oxygen will be absorbed by Nitrogen - Stunted growth of plant
Q/ mitochondrion for respiration in all R - Root growth is unhealthy
living organisms. Phosphorus - Leaves turn dark green
- Q/ mitochondrion release carbon and faded
dioxide through the respiration S - Edges of leaves turn
process Potassium yellow
- Released carbon dioxide will be - Plant dies at an early
absorbed by P/ chloroplast for stage
photosynthesis (b) - Rafflesia sp. is a parasitic plant.
(b) - M is stoma - Rafflesia sp. has no green leaves to carry
- In day time, M/stoma (in the epidermis of out photosynthesis.
the leaf) open - The roots of Rafflesia sp. penetrate into
- Oxygen from the atmosphere diffuses into the vascular tissues of the host to absorb
the intercellular air spaces of spongy nutrient and water.
mesophylls and palisade mesophylls via - Venus flytrap is a carnivorous plant.
simple diffusion following the - Venus flytrap has green leaves and can
concentration gradient. carry out photosynthesis.
- Venus flytrap can live in an area with
TOPIC 3 nutrient deficient soil/nitrogen deficient
PAPER 1 soil.
1 C 2 B 3 B 4 A 5 A - Venus flytrap gets nutrients by trapping
6 B 7 C 8 C 9 C 10 B and digesting small animals/ insects/
11 C protozoa.

© Sasbadi Sdn. Bhd. 198501006847 14 KOLEKSI SOALAN SPM Biologi

 - Staghorn fern is an epiphytic plant. Differences:
- Staghorn fern has green leaves to carry Guttation Transpiration
out photosynthesis. Occurs at night and Occurs on hot and
- Staghorn fern lives on the surface of taller early morning windy days
host to get sunlight and rainwater. Occurs in herbaceous Occurs in all types
- Staghorn fern absorbs nutrients plants only of plants
accumulated in the gaps of the host’s Occurs when root Controlled by the
stems. pressure is high opening and closing
of the stomata
TOPIC 4 Water is released in Water is released
PAPER 1 the form of water in the form of
1 B 2 B 3 D 4 D 5 A droplets water vapour
6 C 7 B 8 A 9 C 10 B Water is released Water is released
11 B 12 A 13 C 14 C through a special through stomata
structure at the end of
PAPER 2 leaf veins
Section A Releases water rich in Releases pure
1 (a) (i) Xylem minerals water
(ii) - Consists of xylem vessel and tracheid (c) If guttation does not occur in plants
- Xylem vessels are dead cells with no - Effective root pressure cannot be
cytoplasm. They form a hollow tube to maintained.
allow water flow from the roots to the - Water absorption by root hair cells will be
leaves. disrupted.
- Tracheid has cell wall with pits to - Waste substances cannot be eliminated
allow water movement to adjacent from the plant.
cells. - The leaf vein pressure will increase and
(b) (i) Transport organic substances throughout causes the leaf vein to burst.
the plant - When the leaf vein bursts, the leaf is prone
(ii) Mitochondria provide energy to the to pathogen infection and causes the leaf
companion cells in the form of ATP to fall.
(iii) - The sieve tubes do not have nucleus, If transpiration does not occur in plants
ribosomes and vacuole so that sucrose - Optimum temperature of plants cannot be
can pass through them easily. maintained.
- There is a sieve plate with pores at the - Increase in temperature can denature
end of a sieve tube to allow organic enzymes and disrupt biochemical
compound to flow from one sieve tube processes such as photosynthesis and
to the next. respiration.
2 (a) K: Epidermis - Mineral ions cannot be transported from
L: Cortex the roots to the leaves for photosynthesis.
M: Xylem - Transportation of water throughout the
(b) - Mineral ions are actively pumped by the plant will be disrupted and cause the plant
root hair cells into the vacuole. Thus, root to wilt.
hair cells have a lower water potential - The plant may die if this condition
compared to the soil. continues for a long time.
- Water from the soil diffuses into the root 4 (a) Translocation is a process of transporting
hair cells via osmosis. organic substances such as sucrose, amino
(c) - Water moves up xylem vessels acids and hormones in the phloem from the
continuously with the help of adhesion leaves to other parts of the plant such as the
and cohesion forces. roots and stem.
- Both forces create a pulling force to allow (b) - Help plants to transport dissolved organic
continuous water movement in the xylem substances in the form of sucrose and
vessels. amino acids from the leaves to other
(d) (i) Leaves growing parts of the plant such as roots,
(ii) During the 8th week fruits, tip of shoots or flowers for growth
and development
Section B - Transports dissolved organic substances
3 (a) Guttation is a secretion of water droplets to all plant cells for metabolism process
through a special structure at the end of the leaf such as respiration
veins without involving the stomata that is - Transports excess organic substances to
caused by a high root pressure. storage organs such as rhizomes, tubers,
(b) Similarities: bulbs and fruits in the form of starch or
- Both occur at the leaves of plants sugar for storage
- Both involve the loss of water from plants

© Sasbadi Sdn. Bhd. 198501006847 15 KOLEKSI SOALAN SPM Biologi

 - Ensures survival of the plant -
The auxin concentration is higher at
(c) - Amino acids and sucrose are transported the bottom of the root tip because of
by the sieve tube from the leaves to the gravitational pull.
roots to be stored as starch. - Cell elongation at the bottom of the
- The transportation of sucrose from the root tip is slower than the upper side,
leaves to the sieve tube through causing the root tip to bend towards
companion cells will reduce the water the gravity and away from light.
potential in the sieve tube. (b) - The shoots can grow towards the light to
- As a result, water from the xylem diffuses absorb light for photosynthesis.
into the sieve tube by osmosis. - The roots can grow downwards into the
- This will increase the hydrostatic pressure soil to absorb water and mineral ions (or
in the sieve tube. for support).
- When the hydrostatic pressure in the sieve 3 (a) Parthenocarpy
tube increases, the phloem sap will be (b)
pushed along the sieve tube to other Diagram 3.1 Diagram 3.2
plant’s organs.
- The phloem sap, which is sucrose, is Pollination occurs Auxin is sprayed on
transported from the sieve tube to parts stigma and ovary to
such as stems, roots, shoots, fruits and form fruit
tubers by active transport.
Double fertilisation Double fertilisation
- The high water potential in the phloem
occurs does not occur
causes the water to return to xylem by
osmosis. Involves pollen Does not involve
- Transpiration pulls water along the xylem grains and egg cells pollen grains
vessel against the direction of the (c) - Reduced biodiversity
gravitational pull. - Less variation in plant species
- The organic substances in the sieve tube - Plant species can become extinct
are transported in a two-way flow.
(d) - Translocation helps plants to produce Section B
fruits, flowers and tubers by transporting 4 (a) - The plant shoot shows positive
the organic substances to other plant’s phototropism.
organs. - Auxin diffuses into the cell elongation
- If translocation does not occur, other parts zone.
of the plant cannot grow and develop. - More auxin is accumulated at the shaded/
dark side/ away from the light source//
TOPIC 5 Auxin concentration is higher at the
PAPER 1 shaded side.
1 D 2 A 3 B 4 B 5 D - High auxin concentration at the shoot
6 A 7 D 8 B 9 A 10 B promotes the elongation of cells.
11 D 12 B 13 D 14 B 15 D - Cells at the shaded side elongate more
than the cells at the lighted side / exposed
PAPER 2 to light.
Section A - Coleoptile/ Shoot bends and grows
1 (a) (i) Phototropism towards light.
(ii) Geotropism (b) Similarities:
(b) (i) Auksin - Involved in tropism responses
(ii) Transported through phloem - Involves auxin
(c) (i) Cytokinin - Growth occurs at the tip
(ii) Stimulates seed germination/ Delays leaf Differences:
senescence Shoot Root
2 (a) (i) - Auxin stimulates cell elongation at the High auxin High auxin
shoot tip. concentration concentration
- The auxin concentration is higher at stimulates cell inhibits cell
the shaded side (or lower side of the elongation elongation
shoot tip) compared to the bright side Auxin moves away Auxin moves
(or upper side of the shoot tip). from light towards
- Cell elongation at the shaded side (or gravitational pull
lower side) is higher than the bright Auxin accumulates Auxin accumulates
side (or upper side), causing the shoot more at the lower more at the lower
tip to bend (or grow) towards the light side of the shoot side of the root
and away from gravity. compared to the compared to the
(ii) - High auxin concentration inhibits cell
elongation at the root tip.

© Sasbadi Sdn. Bhd. 198501006847 16 KOLEKSI SOALAN SPM Biologi

 Shoot Root - The other male gamete/ structure Z fuses
upper side of the upper part of the with two polar nuclei and form a triploid
shoot root nucleus
The rate of cell The rate of cell - This process known as double fertilisation
elongation at the elongation at the (d) Place it in a dry condition/Keep in an air tight
lower side of the lower side of the container
shoot is higher than root is slower than
the upper side the upper side of the Section C
root 3 (a) (i) - Anther produces pollen grains/ male
The shoot grows by The root grows by gamete
bending towards the bending towards the - Pollen mother cell (in the anther)
light against the gravity and away undergoes meiosis to produce (four)
gravity pull from the light megaspores (n)/ haploid cells/ tetrad
(c) (i) - Auxin - Megaspores (n)/ haploid cells/ tetrad
- Auxin induces the flower to develop develop into pollen grains
into a fruit without undergoing - The nucleus of each megaspore (n)/
fertilisation. haploid cell/ divides by mitosis to
(ii) - This method is called parthenocarpy. form one tube nucleus and one
- The fruit produced is seedless. generative nucleus
- Variation does not occur in all fruits - When a pollen grain falls on the
produced, resulting in no species stigma, the secretion of sucrose
diversity solution on the stigma
- Fruit or plant species may become - Stimulates the pollen grain to
extinct if attacked by diseases or germinate to form pollen tube
predators. - During the growth of pollen tube, the
- The survival of fruit species will be generative nucleus divides mitotically
affected. to produce two male gametes
- The two male gametes move behind
TOPIC 6 the tube nucleus (down the pollen tube
PAPER 1 until they) reach the micropyle and
1 A 2 B 3 B 4 D 5 D enter ovule
6 A 7 C 8 D 9 B 10 B - The tube nucleus disintegrates and the
11 A 12 A 13 B 14 D 15 A two male gametes enter the ovule
16 C 17 A - One male gamete fuses with the egg
cell/ovum to form a diploid zygote
PAPER 2 - The other male gamete fuses with the
Section A two polar nuclei to form a triploid
1 (a) (i) Pollen grain nucleus
(ii) - The microspore mother cell undergo (ii) - The fertilisation of one male gamete
meiosis to produce four haploid (n) with the egg cell produces a diploid
microspore cells. zygote thus restoring the haploid
- These four microspore cells will condition of the gametes.
develop into pollen grain. - The fusion of another male gamete
(b) - Cell P contains 2 nuclei while the embryo with two polar nuclei produces
sac contains 8 nuclei. endosperm tissue which is used for the
- The nuclei in cell P divides by mitosis development of an embryo.
once whereas the nuclei in the embryo sac (b) - Double fertilisation occurs
mother cell divides by mitosis three times. - One male gamete fuse with egg cell/ovum
(c) - The male gametes will not reach the ovary. to form diploid zygote
- Nucleus R and S will not be fertilised by - Another male gamete fuse with two polar
the male gametes. nuclei to form triploid nucleus
- Diploid zygote and endosperm will not - Triploid nucleus develops into endosperm
form. - Integument develop into seed coat
2 (a) W: Pollen tube - Ovule develops into seeds
X: Embryo sac - Ovary develops into fruit
Z: Male gametes (c) - Fruit without seed can be obtained by
(b) It grows down through the style into the ovary parthenocarpy
to allow male gametes to enter the ovule - The flower is sprayed with auxin
(c) - One of the male gametes/ structure Z - Stigma and anther become degenerate
fuses with the egg cells to form diploid - Auxin diffuse into ovary and stimulate
zygote ovary to develop into fruit.

© Sasbadi Sdn. Bhd. 198501006847 17 KOLEKSI SOALAN SPM Biologi

TOPIC 7 - No stomata or stomata only present on
PAPER 1 the upper epidermis of the leaves
1 B 2 D 3 B 4 D 5 A - Little roots to keep them anchored to
6 C 7 D 8 A the ground
Mesophytes
PAPER 2 - Stomata on both epidermis of leaves
Section A - Stems are lignified because they have
1 (a) P: Air space a complex vascular system (xylem and
Q: Vascular bundle phloem)
(b) (i) Aerenchyma tissue - Extensive fibrous roots
(ii) - P (or air space) causes the stem of Xerophytes
lotus to become lighter - Sunken stomata to reduce water
- Allows lotus to float on the surface of evaporation
water - Thick and waxy cuticle to reduce
(c) Transports water and organic substances to all water evaporation
parts of plants - The leaves and stems are succulent to
2 (a) The high number of stomata on the surface of store water
the leaves does not affect the rate of water - Root system that disperses deep into
evaporation through transpiration because the the soil to get water
plant lives in a temperate habitat and gets Halophytes
adequate water supply. - The leaves are thick, succulent and
(b) (i) - Hydrilla sp. covered by a thick layer of cuticle
- Submerged plants do not have stomata - Hydathodes eliminate excess salts
because they can absorb dissolved
gases in the water directly through the TOPIC 8
epidermis. PAPER 1
(ii) - The upper epidermis of the leaves of 1 B 2 C 3 B 4 B 5 D
lotuses floats on the surface of water 6 A 7 C 8 D
while the lower epidermis of the
leaves are below the water surface. PAPER 2
- Presence of stomata on the upper Section A
epidermis of the leaves allows gas 1 (a) (i) A
exchange with the atmosphere. (ii)
D
(c) (i) Extremely hot and dry with little rainfall (iii)
B
(ii) Cactus has embedded stomata in the stem (iv)
C
to prevent direct exposure to sunlight. (v)E
(b) - For research
Section B - Tourism
3 (a) Similarities: - Ensure a healthy and balance natural
- Little or no waxy cuticle environment
- Have fibrous roots 2 (a) (i) - Vector/ Air/ Water/ Contact with
- Have aerenchyma tissues infected person
- Less or no lignified vascular tissues (ii) 1. Bacteria
Differences: 2. Viruses
Hydrilla sp. Eichhornia crassipes (b) (i) Mosquito (Aedes)
(ii) - He may be suffering from dengue
No stomata Stomata are present
fever
on upper epidermis
- The symptoms include high fever,
No waxy cuticle Upper epidermis body aches, severe headache and
covered with waxy vomitting
cuticle (c) 1. Make sure pots do not contain stagnant
Small and thin Broad, thin and flat water
leaves leaves 2. Disposed pots that can collect water
Little roots to keep Very basic or no root
them anchored to system Section B
the ground 3 (a)
P Q
Stem is long and Stem is thick and
slender short P is a bacterium Q is a virus
Classified into Cannot be classified
(b) (i) Habitat of the plant
kingdom eubacteria in any kingdom
(ii) Hydrophytes
- Little or no waxy cuticle on the leaf
epidermis

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 P Q Thus, organisms at the third trophic level get
Unicellular Not a living cell 50 kJ of energy.
organism (have (cannot survive/
basic cell structure) reproduce on its Section B
own outside the 2 (a) (i) Rhizophora sp./Bruguiera sp./Avicennia sp.
host) (ii) - Soft muddy soil
Composed of DNA Composed of DNA • Highly branched root system for
or RNA support
• Example: Avicennia sp./ Sonneratia
Exist in the form of Exist as crystals sp. have cable roots.
spherical/rod- outside the host cell - Waterlogged soil/ less/no oxygen for
shaped/ spiral root respiration
(b) - Tuberculosis is caused by bacteria Avicennia sp./ Sonneratia sp. have
Mycobacterium tuberculosis. breathing roots/pneumatophores that
- It is spread through air. can trap oxygen.
- When person X sneeze /cough /speak /spit, - Soil water with high salinity
the droplets from his mouth/nose are • Cell sap of the root cells are
released and float in the air. hypertonic compared to the soil
- These droplets are breathed in by person water.
Y. • Root cell does not lose water.
- If the droplets contain the bacteria that • Excess salt is excreted through the
cause tuberculosis, they can infect person hydathodes.
Y. - Excess exposure to sunlight
(c) - R/ Nitrogen fixing bacteria/ • Leaves of mangrove plants have
Azotobacteria sp./ Rhizobium sp. thick cuticle/ sunken stomata to
- Convert nitrogen into ammonium reduce transpiration.
compound • Leaves are succulent to store water
- S/ nitrifying bacteria/ Nitrosomonas sp. - Low survival rate of seedlings
convert ammonium compound into Have viviparous seedlings/ the seeds
nitrites. germinate while still attached to the
- T/ nitrifying bacteria/ Nitrobacter sp. parent plant.
convert nitrites into nitrates. (b) - The number of organisms can be
- Nitrates are absorbed by plants to make estimated from the population size.
protein. - Frogs and snakes are free-moving animals
- When animals eat the plants, proteins are in a swamp habitat.
transferred to the animal tissues - The capture-mark-release-recapture
- Dead animals/plants are decomposed by technique is a suitable method to
U/ decaying bacteria/ saprophytic determine the population size of the frogs
bacteria/ fungi into ammonium compound and snakes.
in the soil. - The frogs and snakes in the study area are
- V/ Denitrifying bacteria converts nitrates captured randomly and marked at the
into nitrogen. same time.
- The number of animals captured is
TOPIC 9 recorded.
PAPER 1 - Each animal captured is marked with
1 B 2 D 3 C 4 B 5 A paint or Indian ink.
6 D 7 A 8 C 9 C - Animals that have been marked are
released into the same study area.
PAPER 2 - The animals are allowed to interact
Section A among each other for some time.
1 (a) Biotic component: Producer/ Consumer/ - After some time, second capture is
Decomposer performed in the same study area
Abiotic component: Light intensity/ pH value/ - The total number of marked and
Oxygen /Soil acidity unmarked animals are recorded.
(b) (i) Producer : Plant/ Grass/ Tree - The population size of frogs and snakes
(ii) Consumer : Rat/ Squirel/ Birds are determined using the following
(iii) Decomposer : Mushroom/Bacteria formula:
(c) First trophic Second trophic Third trophic Population size =
level level level Number of animals Number of animals
in the first capture × in the second capture
5 000 kJ 500 kJ 50 kJ
× 10% × 10% Number of marked animals in
the second capture

© Sasbadi Sdn. Bhd. 198501006847 19 KOLEKSI SOALAN SPM Biologi

 - Based on the estimated population size of - Release the gas produced in the bottle at
the frogs and snakes, in can be concluded least three times a day for two weeks.
that when the population size of frog - Place the bottle in a place with
increases, the population size of snake temperature of 35oC.
will decrease in a period of time and vice - After 14 days, filter the solution to
versa. remove the lemon and orange zests.
- Keep the filtered enzyme solution in an
airtight container.
TOPIC 10 - The enzyme solution is ready to be used.
PAPER 1
1 A 2 B 3 C 4 C 5 C
6 A 7 D 8 C 9 C 10 C TOPIC 11
11 C PAPER 1
1 A 2 C 3 C 4 B 5 A
PAPER 2 6 D 7 B 8 C
Section A
1 (a) 10 km PAPER 2
(b) - Pollution causes an increase in the Section A
number of bacteria in the river. 1 (a) Parental genotype: RRTT, rrtt
- Aerobic bacteria in the river decompose Genotype F1: RrTt
the organic matter rapidly. Phenotype F1: Red, tall flowers
- As a result, the oxygen content in the river (b) (i)
decreases. This leads to the death of the Gametes RT Rt rT rt
fish.
(c) Methylene blue solution RT RRTT RRTt RrTT RrTt
(d) - Time is needed for the surviving fish to
Rt RRTt RRtt RrTt Rrtt
reproduce.
- Therefore, it will take some time before rT RrTT RrTt rrTT rrTt
the number of fish increases.
rt RrTt Rrtt rrTt rrtt
Section B (ii) 9 red, tall flower : 3 red, dwarf flower :
2 (a) Steps to make a compost 3 white, tall flower : 1 white, dwarf flower
- Prepare a bucket with lid. 2 (a) Meiosis
- Fill 20% of the bucket with garden soil, (b) (i) Gamete T: 22 + Y
pour some water until just above the soil. Gamete V: 23 + X
Next, put kitchen wastes and food wastes (ii) 1. Gamete T carries Y sex chromosome,
such as leftover rice, vegetables and fruits while gamete V carries X sex
wastes. chromosome.
- Put some dry leaves into the bucket if 2. Gamete T carries 22 autosomal
present. chromosomes, while gamete V carries
- After 14 days, pour in a bottle of probiotic 23 autosomal chromosomes.
drink and add some water. with 1-2 kg of (c) Down syndrome
brown sugar into the mixture.
- The mixture can be used as a compost Section B
fertiliser after a week. 3 (a) - The parental genotypes are Bb and Bb.
- Keep the compost fertiliser. - During meiosis, the gamete produced
Advantages of a compost fertiliser carries either allele B or allele b.
- Odourless - Allele B is dominant over allele b.
- Increases the soil fertility - During random fertilisation, the
- Improves pH of the soil combinations of gametes are BB, Bb, Bb
- Promotes the growth of plants and bb.
- Increases the quality of the crop yield - Offspring with genotype BB (dominant
(b) Steps to make eco-enzymes homozygous) shows darker colour trait
- Prepare a 2-litre plastic bottle with cap. due to the presence of dominant alleles
- Put zest of fresh lemon and orange peels, only.
brown sugar and yeast into the bottle. - Offspring with genotype Bb (dominant
- Add in 1 litre of warm water in the heterozygous) shows darker colour trait
mixture. due to the presence of one dominant allele
- Close the bottle securely. (allele B).
- Then, shake the bottle for a few minutes - The dominant allele will suppress the
to dissolve the sugar in the mixture. property of the recessive allele, that is
- Open the bottle to release the pressure allele b.
from the bottle.

© Sasbadi Sdn. Bhd. 198501006847 20 KOLEKSI SOALAN SPM Biologi

 - Offspring with genotype bb (recessive - Crescent-shaped red blood cells/abnormal
homozygous) shows bright colour trait red blood cells
due to the presence of two recessive - Causes inefficient transport of oxygen
alleles. thus leads to oxygen deficiency
- The recessive allele shows its property if (d)
no dominant allele is paired with it.
- Thus, three offsprings produced have the
phenotypes of darker colour and one
offspring has bright colour.
(b) (i) - Haemophilia is a sex-linked disease.
- Haemophilia is caused by the presence
of a recessive allele in the X
chromosome. Section B
- Recessive allele on the X chromosome 3 (a)
is represented by Xh. Discontinuous
Continuous variation
- Male has only one X chromosome. variation
- If the male has Xh, he will be The graph shows a The graph shows a
haemophilic. normal distribution discrete distribution
- Female has two X chromosomes. Quantitative Qualitative
- If the female has XHXh, she is a carrier characteristics, that is characteristics, that is
of haemophilia. can be measured and cannot be measured and
- Haemophilia carrier only carries one graded graded
recessive allele, but she does not show Phenotypes with No phenotypes with
any symptoms of haemophilia. intermediate values, intermediate values
- The female will only be haemophilic that is characteristics in
if she has both XhXh genotype. between the two
(ii) - By avoiding marriage between extremes
cousins or with close relatives who has Caused by genetic and Caused by genetic
been a carrier in several generations environmental factors factors (mutation of
- By avoiding marriage with a carrier genes and
female chromosomes)
- By avoiding marriage with the person Controlled by two or Controlled by a single
who is haemophilic more genes or alleles gene
of the same
TOPIC 12 characteristic
PAPER 1 (b) - Leaf size is a continuous variation.
1 A 2 D 3 B 4 A 5 C - The graph is a bell-shaped curve or
6 B 7 A 8 A 9 B normal distribution.
- Quantitative characteristics, which can be
PAPER 2 measured.
Section A - There are intermediate characteristics
1 (a) Continuous variation showing gradual differences.
(b) - Each banana absorbs different quantity of - No distinct categories (there are a range of
nutrients measurement among the values).
- Causes the growth rate of banana to be - Caused by environmental and genetic
different factors
(c) 1. Phenotype is controlled by many genes - Influenced by environmental conditions
2. Cannot be inherited such as light intensity, nutrient or
(d) - To identify and differentiate different temperature
individuals - Cannot be inherited
- For survival and can explore new habitats - Controlled by two or more genes
2 (a) Base substitution/Gene mutation (c) - Discontinuous variation is caused by
(b) - Alteration of the DNA with substitution genetic factors such as crossing over,
of nitrogenous base independent assortment of chromosomes,
- Changes in the base sequence of amino random fertilisation and mutation.
acid to synthesise protein - Crossing over occurs during prophase I at
- Thymine for the formation of glutamic the chiasma on non-sister chromatids of
acid is replaced with adenine, producing homologous chromosomes.
valine. - The exchange of chromatid segments
- Causes the formation of different protein produces new combinations of genes.
(c) - The patient has sickle cell anaemia. - The independent assortment of
- The patient experienced symptoms such homologous chromosomes on the
as pale-looking and fatigued. equatorial plane during metaphase I

© Sasbadi Sdn. Bhd. 198501006847 21 KOLEKSI SOALAN SPM Biologi

 produces gametes with several
combinations of chromosomes.
- Random fertilisation between sperm and
ovum forms a diploid zygote with a new
genetic combination.
- Spontaneous and random change in
certain genes or chromosomes causes
mutation.
- Mutation can occur in somatic or gamete
cells which is caused by mutagens,
radiations or certain chemicals.
Section C
4 (a) - Changes on the butterfly are caused by
radioactive radiation emitted by
radioactive substances.
- Radiation from radioactive substances
causes mutation.
- Mutation can occur in somatic or gametes
cells.
- Mutation in the somatic cells can give rise
to variation.
- Mutation in the gametes can be inherited
and cause abnormal (development) in the
offspring.
- There are two types of mutation:
chromosomal mutation and gene
mutation.
- Gene mutation is a change in the structure
of genes.
- Gene mutation alters the sequence of the
DNA.
- The changes in the sequence of amino
acids in the polypeptide chain occur.
Protein formed is different.
- Chromosome mutation is a change in the
structure or number of chromosomes.
- Change in the structure of chromosome
include deletion, inversion, duplication or
translocation.
- Changes in the number of chromosomes
are through the loss or addition of one or
more chromosomes.
(b) - Variation provides new genetic materials
for the survival of the living things.
- For example, the mutated genes of the
black peppered moth.
- Variation prepares the species to survive
when there are changes in the
environment such as after a volcanic
eruption or global warming.
- For example, black peppered moths
survive well in a soot-covered
environment.
- A population with a variety of genotypes
allows the species to live in a diverse
habitat.
- For example, the house sparrows
produced different phenotypes among
individuals.
(c) - Three types of gene mutation include base
substitution, base insertion and base
deletion.
© Sasbadi Sdn. Bhd. 198501006847
- The change in the base sequences causes
the genetic code for synthesising amino
acids to change, causing the protein
produced cannot function.
- Base substitution occurs when one
nucleotide base is replaced with a
different nucleotide base.
- Example of disease: sickle cell anemia
- Base insertion occurs when a new
nucleotide base is inserted between the
existing nucleotide bases.
- An example of disease: cystic fibrosis
- Base deletion occurs when one nucleotide
base is lost in the nucleotide base
sequence.
- Example of disease: thalassemia
TOPIC 13
PAPER 1
1 B 2 D 3 B 4 D 5 D
6 A 7 D 8 C 9 B 10 C
PAPER 2
Section A
1 (a) (i) A field which utilises technology or
method to manipulate organisms for the
production of biological products.
(ii) Organism that is produced by
recombinant DNA technology.
(b) - Involves introduction/transfer of
beneficial genes/segment of DNA/
chromosomes from one organism to
another organism
- Pumpkin Y has a larger size/ matures in a
shorter time/ produces fruit in a shorter
time.
(c) - Insulin will be digested by protease/
pepsin if taken orally.
- This will prevent insulin from reaching
the blood vessels to control the blood
sugar level.
Section B
2 (a) (i) - Gene which involved in vaccine
production is isolated from Hepatitis
B virus.
- The gene is then inserted into the
DNA of yeast.
- The yeast contains the recombinant
DNA with virus gene.
- The yeast is then cultured in a suitable
condition/ nutrient medium.
- The yeasts are now capable to produce
the vaccine in a large quantity.
- The vaccine is purified/ used to treat
hepatitis B patient.
(ii) - It involves techniques used to alter the
characteristics of an organism/ yeast
by introducing the target genes from
another organism/Hepatitis B virus
into its DNA/ yeast DNA.
- This modified DNA is known as the
recombinant DNA.
22 KOLEKSI SOALAN SPM Biologi
 -
The organism with the recombinant (b) - Structure P or microvilli that are abundant
DNA is known as a genetically can increase the surface area.
modified organism/ yeast (GMO). - Absorption of nutrients becomes more
(b) Advantages efficient
- Genetic engineering is used to produce 3 (a) (i) Alcohol fermentation
disease resistance/pest resistance plants (ii) In condition X, breakdown of glucose
(e.g. legumes, maize and beans). occurs completely in the presence of
- Less pesticides are used oxygen while in condition Y, breakdown
- Producing crops with better nutritional of glucose is incomplete due to absence of
value. oxygen or in limited oxygen.
- Less pollution to the environment/ better (iii) Flood water reduces oxygen content in the
health for consumers. soil thus causing cell respiration in the
- Crops yield increases/ more profitable root cells to reduce and eventually stops.
- Increasing resistance to herbicide (e.g. (b) (i) - The cells of paddy plants have a high
soya bean) which allows weeds to be tolerance towards ethanol that is
killed without affecting the crop plant. produced during fermentation.
Disadvantages - Paddy plants produce high amount of
- Pest resistance genes may be transferred alcohol dehydrogenase enzyme that
to weeds (may be difficult to control can break down ethanol molecules
growth of weeds). into carbon dioxide which is non-toxic.
- Some transgenic crops may have animal (ii) - Improves aeration in the water
genes that may not be acceptable to - Waste products of the fish become
certain groups of people for religious organic fertilizers for the paddy plants
reasons. - Fish that feed on pests’ larvae can
- Genetically modified foods may be reduce the number of pests.
harmful to health/ may activate human 4 (a) Tissue U: Xylem
genes that cause cancer. Organ T: Leaves
- Only the preferable trait will be selected/ (b) Cell Q contains high number of chloroplasts
undesirable trait would be eliminated. compared to cell S./ Cell Q is cylindrical, while
- Reducing the diversity of crops. the shape of cell S in irregular. / Cell Q is
arranged closely while cell S is arranged
loosely with a lot of air spaces.
SPM MODEL PAPER (c) - Cell R (guard cell) contains a lot of
PAPER 1 organelle P (chloroplast) to carry out
1 A 2 C 3 A 4 C 5 A photosynthesis in the presence of sunlight.
6 C 7 D 8 B 9 A 10 D - The concentration of sucrose in the guard
11 D 12 B 13 A 14 A 15 A cells increases causing the water potential
16 D 17 A 18 A 19 C 20 D to decrease.
21 C 22 B 23 C 24 A 25 A - Water diffuse into the guard cells via
26 A 27 B 28 A 29 C 30 B osmosis, causing the guard cells to
31 A 32 B 33 B 34 D 35 D become turgid and bend outwards.
36 A 37 D 38 C 39 C 40 A (d) - Temperature that is too high will
denatures enzymes.
PAPER 2 - Thus, photosynthesis will stop.
Section A 5 (a) (i) - Protease and lipase are the enzymes
1 (a) (i) Mitochondrion that can breakdown dirt better and
(ii) - The high number of mitochondrion easier than regular detergent.
(high density) can generate more - Protease breaks down proteins while
energy in the form of ATP. lipase breaks down fats or grease.
- Cells or muscles can contract and (ii) - Enzyme will denature in high
relax for movement. temperature.
(iii) The wall of the blood vessels/Digestive - This will cause the enzyme to lose its
tract function to remove the stains.
(b) (i) Ligament (iii) - Silk is a natural protein fibre.
(ii) Sprained at the joint or the finger bone - Protease in the detergent will break
makes it hard to move the finger and down the protein on the silk clothing
causes pain. and ruin it.
2 (a) (i) Deamination: I (b) Advantages: Increase the number of clothes
Absorption of water and vitamin: G that can be washed every day as the action of
(ii) - A is the salivary gland. enzymes is faster/Enzymes will not denature in
- A secretes saliva that contain salivary high temperatures
amylase into the mouth to hydrolyse
starch to maltose.

© Sasbadi Sdn. Bhd. 198501006847 23 KOLEKSI SOALAN SPM Biologi

 Disadvantages: Increase the release of hot
water to the environment that can cause thermal
pollution
6 (a) (i) A: Sensory neurone
B: Relay neurone
(ii) - Synaptic vesicles are only found at the
end of the synaptic knob.
- The neurotransmitter released by the
synaptic vesicles move to synapse and
bind with the protein receptors at the
receiving neurone.
(b) - Painkiller blocks the diffusion of
neurotransmitter across the synapse.
- Hence, impulse cannot be sent to the brain.
(c) - Disrupts the coordination and thinking/
Disrupts with estimation of distance
- Alcohol delays the response of an
individual
7 (a) (i) Single closed circulatory system
(ii) Blood flows in the blood vessels and
through the heart only once in a complete
circulation.
(iii) D
(b) (i) Calcium ion
(ii) - To stop or prevent severe loss of blood
- To maintain blood pressure in the
closed circulatory system
- To prevent entry of microorganisms
and foreign substances in the body
(c) Haemophilia
(d) - Males have only one X chromosome,
while females have two X chromosomes.
- The gene that cause haemophilia is in the
X chromosome.
8 (a) (i) Eagle/Snake
(ii) Paddy plant → Grasshopper → Lizard →
Snake → Eagle
(iii) - Energy received will be used for living
processes or is lost to the environment.
- The number of consumers in a food
chain reduces when the amount of
energy received is low.
(b) - The level of pesticides accumulated in a
food chain.
- High concentration of pesticides is
accumulated in the tissues of the last
consumers.
- Reduces the source of food for frogs or
other predators of the grasshoppers
- May reduce the biomass of the food
chain/food web
- May cause environmental pollution such
as water and soil pollution
- May disturb the balance of the ecosystem.
(c) (i) 20 × 16 = 64
5 allows small organisms to move on the
(ii) - Reduction of the population size of the
eagles or the snakes
- Increase of the population size of the
grasshoppers
(iii) Capture-mark-release-recapture technique
© Sasbadi Sdn. Bhd. 198501006847
Section B
9 (a) - Singer and Nicholson suggest the plasma
membrane model is named fluid mosaic
model.
- Protein molecules float in the
phospholipid bilayer to form a mosaic
pattern that is always changing.
- The molecules are not static, but forming
a structure that is dynamic and flexible.
- The fluid characteristic of the plasma
membrane means it is not made up of a
piece of solid, but from a thick fluid.
(b) - When the concentration of seawater
increases, the water potential
decreases/seawater becomes hypertonic
to the Amoeba sp.
- Less water enters the Amoeba sp. via
osmosis at a higher concentration of
seawater
- Accumulation of excess water in the
Amoeba sp. decreases.
- The rate of excretion of water decreases
as the rate of contraction of the contractile
vacuole decreases.
(c) - Reverse osmosis is the technology
commonly used to obtain fresh water
from seawater through a desalination
process.
- In the reverse osmosis process, pressure is
exerted on seawater to push it through a
selective permeable membrane.
- This membrane allows water molecules to
pass through it but not foreign particles
such as salt and microorganisms.
- Thus, the water obtained is a pure, fresh
water.
(d) - Water molecule is a polar molecule
because hydrogen is more electropositive
and oxygen is more electronegative.
- The polarity results in hydrogen bond that
allows water to act as a universal solvent.
- Water can dissolve a lot of solutes such as
glucose and electrolytes and transport
them across the plasma membrane into
the cell.
- Water is the medium for biochemical
reaction.
- Water is the transport medium in the
circulatory system, excretory system and
the digestive system.
- Cohesive force and adhesive force of
water produce capillary action that allows
water to move along narrow spaces such
as the xylem vessels.
- Cohesive force causes surface tension that
water surface.
- Water has a high heat capacity which is
4.2 kJ kg-1 oC-1.
- This characteristic is important to
maintain body temperature of organisms.
24 KOLEKSI SOALAN SPM Biologi
10 (a) (i) -
Exposure to carcinogen, radiation, Section C
chemical substances as well as 11 (a) - Virus is not a cellular organism
infection of bacteria and virus or is - Virus does not perform any living
caused by genetic factor processes when outside the host’s cell.
- Causes mutation or changes in the - Virus reproduces inside a living cell by
DNA injecting its genetic material into the
- This causes cells to divide host’s cell.
continuously and out of control - Virus consists of nucleic acid (DNA or
- Resulting in a clump of cells known as RNA) and capsid that is made up of
malignant tumour protein.
(ii) - Method: radiotherapy - As the size is too small, it cannot be seen
- Using high energy radiation to destroy under a light microscope but can be seen
the DNA of cancer cells under an electron microscope.
- To control or stop the growth of (b) (i) - COVID-19 is caused by coronavirus
cancer cells that spreads from one patient to
- Method: chemotherapy another through air when the patient
- Using toxic drugs to stop cell division coughs, sneezes or breathes.
of active cells - Face masks can prevent one from
- Method: surgery being exposed to the virus.
- To remove the tumour before it - The virus can spread through direct
spreads to other parts of the body contact with the patient.
(b) X is identical twins, Y is Siamese twins. - The virus can also spread through
Similarities: direct contact with objects or surfaces
- Both are the product of fertilisation of an that are contaminated with the virus.
ovum and a sperm to form a zygote. - Use hand sanitisers that contain
- Both are formed from the division of an alcohol to kill viruses on the hands.
embryo. - This can protect oneself from the viral
- One placenta is shared between two infection when they touch their mouth,
foetuses. nose or eyes with their hands.
- Practice of physical distancing (at
- The gender of the twins is the same. least 1 m) can reduce the risk of
- The genetic content and the physical exposure to droplets containing the
characteristics of the twins are same. virus
Differences: (ii) - Vaccination can give artificial active
Twins X Twins Y immunity to human.
- Vaccine is a suspension of dead or
Formed when an Formed when an
weak pathogens.
embryo divides embryo of identical
- When vaccine is injected into the body,
completely twins divides
incompletely it will stimulate the lymphocytes to
produce antibodies to fight the
No physical part There are physical
pathogens or viruses.
is attached parts attached
- Booster dose is given to increase the
together or no together or there are
production of antibodies above the
sharing of internal sharing of internal
level of immunity which can protect
organs organs
an individual from the disease.
(c) Parent: Father Mother - This can protect ourselves from
infection of the disease/The individual
Genotype: 44 + XY 44 + XX
will become immune towards
Meiosis COVID-19.
- If the individual is infected with
Gamete: 22 + X 22 + Y 22 + X
pathogens or active viruses, the
Genotype lymphocytes can produce sufficient
of offspring: 44 + XX 44 + XY antibodies and able to act immediately
to destroy the viruses.
Phenotype - Vaccine injection provides immunity
of offspring: Female Male and protection that is long-lasting.
(c) - Viruses may be present on the used face
Phenotypic masks and gloves.
ratio: 1 : 1 - Disposal of the face masks and gloves
everywhere can spread the virus to
The possibility of getting a son or a daughter workers, citizen or animals.
is ½ or 50%.

© Sasbadi Sdn. Bhd. 198501006847 25 KOLEKSI SOALAN SPM Biologi

 - Face masks and gloves can produce (c) The energy value of cracker is the highest because
millions of particles that may carry the heat energy released during the combustion is the
chemicals and microbes into the food highest/The content of fat in the cracker is the
chain and eventually to human. highest.
- Plastic is broken down to microplastic and (d) (i) Type of food sample
nanoplastic that is smaller and will (ii) Energy value/Increase of water temperature
contaminate the water and soil. (e) Cracker has higher energy value than cashew nut and
- The growth of plants will be affected due ground nut/Cracker has the highest energy value.
to soil pollution. (f)
- Tiny pieces of plastics may be consumed
by animals and cause choking. Energy value of food (kJ g-1)
- Animals will experience malnutrition as
the plastics are filling their stomach.
- Small-size aquatic animals may be
trapped in the face masks or gloves that
have been disposed of and float in the
water.

PAPER 3
(a) [Answers depend on the results of the experiment
that has been carried out]
Cashew Ground-
Food sample Cracker
nut nut
Mass of food
1.68 0.70 0.45
sample (g)
Initial
temperature of 30 30 30
water (oC)
Final temperature
65 90 85
of water (oC)
Increase of water
35 60 55
temperature (oC) Cashew Ground- Cracker Food
The energy value nut nut sample
2.63 10.80 15.40
of food (kJ g-1)
(g) Energy value is the heat energy released during
(b) The mass of the cracker is 0.45 g, the increase of combustion of food as shown by the increase of
water temperature is 55oC and the energy value of water temperature that is affected by the type of food
the food is 15.40 kJ g-1. sample.

© Sasbadi Sdn. Bhd. 198501006847 26 KOLEKSI SOALAN SPM Biologi