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INVESTIGATE THE CONTACT ANGLE OF FLUID WITH PAPER

Technical Report · January 2021

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Fluid Mechanics - I
ME-321
Faculty of Mechanical Engineering

CEP # 2
INVESTIGATE THE CONTACT ANGLE OF FLUID WITH PAPER

Instructor: Dr. Ali Turab Jafry

Submission Date: January 6, 2021

Group Members:

Ahmad Kaleem 2018042

Maaz Ahmad 2018194
Farhan Khan 2018200
Mudassir Iqbal 2018213
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TABLE OF CONTENTS

Sr. Topic Page Number

1 Abstract 3

2 Literature Review 3

3 Introduction 4

4 Problem Statement 5

5 Research Objectives 5

6 Research Methodology 5

8 Experimental Results 7

9 Graphical Analysis 9

10 Conclusion 11

11 References 12
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ABSTRACT

This paper presents the study of wetting properties of paper. Physical and chemical processes

occurring while the interaction between solid and liquid are of great importance for developing

new technologies. One such property which helps us to predict further properties is contact

angle. This study outlines an experiment carried out to determine contact angle of water with

paper. The visualization technique employed to carry out the experiment has been discussed in

the methodology section which is then followed by the readings table obtained through this

technique. By using appropriate equations and the average data of experiment repeated thrice

an experimental value of contact angle has been calculated and compared with the theoretical

value of used paper. The reasons for deviation between the two values are also discussed.

LITERATURE REVIEW

Wetting properties of paper are of great importance for further processing. Based on these

properties they are further processed by performing coating and printing operations. Different

uses require different wetting properties of the fluids. Contact angle is also very important in

flotation. Flotation is the process when a particle attaches to the air and elevates to the surface

of fluid which has a higher density than the particle. [1]

The binding force between a particle and air bubble depends on the wetting properties of the

particles. This property is universal but may vary based on chemical properties of solid and

liquid phases. Materials exhibit two different types of properties: hydrophilic and hydrophobic.

Hydrophilic materials are attracted to water and water spreads on surfaces of these materials.

Hydrophilic material which are also known as non-polar materials repel water. Based on these
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two properties, the materials are distinguished for different uses. The contact angle is an

important factor for determining hydrophilicity and hydrophobicity of materials. If a contact

angle is less than 90°, then it represents a hydrophilic interaction whereas a contact angle of

more than 90° indicates a hydrophobic contact. Superhydrophilic surfaces have a contact angle

less than 5°. [2]

INTRODUCTION

Contact angle which is also known as the wetting angle is the angle between a contacting liquid

and solid. It is described as the angle between edge of a liquid and the solid contacting surface.

This angle represents the relative strength of liquid, solid and vapor interaction. Contact angle

also represents the surface energy and interfacial tension between solid and liquid. This

experiment is carried out to determine contact angle of water on a tissue paper. A tissue paper

with a pore radius of 0.006 cm. A simple visualization technique was utilized to accurately

measure the contact angle.

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PROBLEM STATEMENT

Investigate the contact angle of water using the Lucas-Washburn equation for a straight 1-

dimensional paper channel. You can cut this channel with the help of scissors or blade. Perform

as many experiments as possible for accurately determining all variables involved. If it’s not

possible, use values from previous literature.

RESEARCH OBJECTIVES

The research we are performing has the following objectives:

1. To find the values of contact angle using Washburn equation.

2. To compare the analytical values with the true values of contact angle of water.

3. To find the deviation between the analytical values and true values of contact angle of

water.

The end results from graph will depict how accurate experiment was carried out and how non

ideal conditions effects end results.

RESEARCH METHODOLOGY

This experiment was carried out under the careful analysis while considering the factors

affecting the end results. In this research, first the tissue paper with defined dimensions was

hanged vertically into the tub of water. A plastic scale ruler was also aligned with the tissue

paper in order to measure the distance travelled by the water on the surface of tissue paper.
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The tissue paper and plastic scale were aligned in such a way to avoid any experimental

variation. Mobile phone was used to capture the fluid flow and to observe the tissue

contraction. The results from recorded video were carefully processed by image processing

software and the distance travelled per second was available for analysis. The experiment was

repeated thrice for accurate and precise results and the average data obtained was plotted on

excel to obtain relation between distance vs time for analysis.

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EXPERIMENTAL RESULTS

Number of Distance Travelled (mm) (Distance2)

Time(s)
Observations Trial 1 Trial 2 Trial 3 Average (mm2)

1 2 6 7 6 6.333333333 40.11111111

2 4 12 14 14 13.33333333 177.7777778

3 6 15 17 17 16.33333333 266.7777778

4 8 19 21 22 20.66666667 427.1111111

5 10 22 24 24 23.33333333 544.4444444

6 12 24 27 27 26 676

7 14 25 29 29 27.66666667 765.4444444

8 16 28 31 30 29.66666667 880.1111111

9 18 29 32 31 30.66666667 940.4444444

10 20 30 33 33 32 1024

11 22 32 34 34 33.33333333 1111.111111

12 24 34 36 36 35.33333333 1248.444444

13 26 35 37 37 36.33333333 1320.111111

14 30 36 40 39 38.33333333 1469.444444

15 35 39 42 42 41 1681

16 40 41 44 44 43 1849

17 45 44 46 47 45.66666667 2085.444444

18 50 46 48 49 47.66666667 2272.111111

19 55 48 50 50 49.33333333 2433.777778

20 60 49 52 53 51.33333333 2635.111111

21 70 53 54 55 54 2916

22 80 56 56 57 56.33333333 3173.444444
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23 90 59 60 60 59.66666667 3560.111111

24 100 61 62 63 62 3844

25 110 63 65 65 64.33333333 4138.777778

26 120 64 67 67 66 4356

27 130 66 70 68 68 4624

28 140 67 71 70 69.33333333 4807.111111

29 150 69 72 71 70.66666667 4993.777778

30 160 71 73 73 72.33333333 5232.111111

31 170 73 75 74 74 5476

32 180 74 76 75 75 5625

33 190 75 78 76 76.33333333 5826.777778

34 200 76 80 78 78 6084

35 220 78 83 80 80.33333333 6453.444444

36 240 80 87 81 82.66666667 6833.777778

37 260 81 89 83 84.33333333 7112.111111

38 280 83 90 85 86 7396

39 300 85 92 87 88 7744
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GRAPHICAL ANALYSIS

Distance vs Time
100

90

80

70
Distance (mm)

60

50

40

30

20

10

0
0 50 100 150 200 250 300 350
Time (s)

(Distance)2 vs Time
100
90
y = 0.2657x + 6.6891
80
(Distance)2 cm2

70
60
50
40
30
20
10
0
0 50 100 150 200 250 300 350
Time (secs)
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𝐿2
From Figure 2, Gradient of line, = 0.267 𝐜𝐦𝟐 /𝒔
𝑡

Pore size (r) of Towel paper (ScottPT-T) : 60 µm = 0.006 cm [3]

Dynamic viscosity(μ) of water at 25ºC is: 𝟖. 𝟗𝟎𝐱𝟏𝟎−𝟑 dyn·s/cm2 [4]

Surface tension (γ) of fluid with paper is: 73 dyne/cm [5]

Therefore, applying the Lucas Washburn equation,

𝛄 𝐜𝐨𝐬(𝛉)𝒓.𝒕
𝑳𝟐 = [6 ]
𝟐µ

where, L = distance travelled by water

γ = surface tension

θ= contact angle

r= pore size

μ= dynamic viscosity

t=time

Making contact angle (θ) the subject,

2µ L2
𝜃 = cos −1 ( × )
𝑟γ 𝑡

2µ
𝜃 = cos −1 ( × 𝐺𝑟𝑎𝑑𝑖𝑒𝑛𝑡)
𝑟γ

−1
2 × 8.90 × 10−3
𝜃 = cos ( × 0.267)
0.006 × 73

𝜽 = 𝟖𝟗. 𝟑𝟕𝟖°
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Since, theoretical value of angle of contact of fluid with paper is: 83° [7]

89.378−83
Therefore, percentage difference in the value of angle of contact (θ) = × 100
83

= 𝟕. 𝟔𝟖%

CONCLUSION

In this research, the experiment was performed three times, using the same setup and the

average readings were utilized for further analysis. A contact angle of was 89.378° obtained

from the experiments and calculations. Since the theoretical value of the contact angle of fluid

with paper is 83° therefore an error of is 7.68% present. The reason for this error is non-ideal

situations such as, friction on scale attached with tissue paper, impurities in water, irregularities

in tissue paper and human error and apparatus inaccuracies.

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REFERENCES

1. Szyszka, D., Study of contact angle of liquid on solid surface and solid on liquid surface. Mining

Science, 2012. XVIII: p. 131-146.

2. Ahmad, D., et al., Hydrophilic and hydrophobic materials and their applications. Energy Sources,

Part A: Recovery, Utilization, and Environmental Effects, 2018. 40(22): p. 2686-2725.

3. Souzandeh, H., et al., A Disposable Multi-Functional Air Filter: Paper Towel/Protein Nanofibers

with Gradient Porous Structures for Capturing Pollutants of Broad Species and Sizes. ACS

Sustainable Chemistry & Engineering, 2017. 5(7): p. 6209-6217.

4. Scheffler, K., J. Straub, and U. Grigull, DYNAMIC VISCOSITY OF WATER SUBSTANCE. 2021.

5. Miller, A. and A. Donald, Surface and Interfacial Tension of Cellulose Suspensions. Langmuir,

2002. 18.

6. Kiesvaara, J. and J. Yliruusi, The use of the Washburn method in determining the contact angles

of lactose powder. International Journal of Pharmaceutics, 1993. 92(1): p. 81-88.

7. Cummins, B., et al., Time-Dependent Model for Fluid Flow in Porous Materials with Multiple Pore

Sizes. Analytical chemistry, 2017. 89.

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