1.4 - Orifice Discharge Coefficient - Report - OCT23

COURSE CODE : CEW
431
COURSE : FLUIDS AND HYDRAULICS LABORATORY
LEVEL OF OPENNESS : 1
CATEGORY : PARTIALLY OPEN
DEGREE OF OPEN ENDED (%) : 33%
PERIOD ACTIVITY : 4 WEEKS
EXPERIMENT NAME : 1.4 : DETERMINATION OF ORIFICE COEFFICIENT
INTRODUCTION
Orifice is a circular hole in the side/base of a tank, through which fluid is discharge. The continuous
stream of a liquid, that comes out or flows out of an orifice, as known as the jet of water. Vena contracta – is the
actual area of the jet and is smaller than the actual area of orifice due to the convergence of the fluid on the
orifice.
Flow meters are used in the industry to measure the volumetric flow rate of fluids. Differential pressure
type flow meters (Head flow meters) measure flow rate by introducing a constriction in the flow. In order to use
any of these devices for measurement it is necessary to empirically calibrate them. The pressure difference
caused by the constriction is correlated to the flow rate using Bernoulli's theorem. If a constriction is placed in a
pipe carrying a stream of fluid, there will be an increase in velocity, and hence an increase in kinetic energy, at
the point of constriction. From energy balance as given by Bernoulli’s theorem, there must be a corresponding
reduction in pressure. Rate of discharge from the constriction can be calculated by knowing this pressure reduction,
the area available for flow at the constriction, the density of the fluid and the coefficient of discharge Cd.
OBJECTIVE
1. To determine the coefficient of discharge for a small orifice based on flow under constant and varying heads.
LEARNING OUTCOMES
At the end of the experiment, students should be able to

i. Determine the coefficient of discharge of orifice under constant and varying heads.
ii. Demonstrate and perform the work independently or as a team in carrying out experiment.
Organize and conduct the tasks by using appropriate equipment.
EQUIPMENTS
PROCEDURES
A. Under Constant Head

i. Measure the orifice diameter, removing the orifice plate if necessary and measure the internal
dimensions of the head tank.
ii. Connect the apparatus to the bench, levelling by adjusting the feet, ensuring the overflow pipe
runs into the sump tank.
iii. Control the flow until the water is just spilling into the overflow pipe.
iv. Record the head, h (measuring from the orifice) on the scale and measure the flow rate, Q using the
measuring cylinder (or volumetric tank) and stopwatch.
v. Repeat step (iv) at three different water levels, h by adjusting the level of overflow pipe.
B. Under Varying Head

i. For flow under varying head, the overflow pipe is raised to obtain maximum head. Fill the tank to
overflow level and close the flow control valve.
ii. Attach a piece of masking tape immediately adjacent to be scale on the reservoir. Start a
stopwatch and mark the position of the falling water level on the tape at a fixed interval (for
example, every 2 seconds)
iii. Record the head position (measuring from the orifice) and its corresponding time at the end of the
experiment.
PART 1: RESULT & DATA COLLECTION
EXPERIMENT 1.4 : DETERMINATION OF ORIFICE COEFFICIENT (Level 1)
UNDER CONSTANT HEAD

D=3mm
Volume Time (s) Head (h)

(mL)
435.5 30 400
405 30 375
386 30 350
360 30 305
365 30 282
UNDER VARYING HEAD

D=3mm
Time (s) Head (h) √H

0 400 20
5 371 19.26
10 355 18.84
15 333 18.25
20 321 17.92
25 304 17.44
30 290 17.03
35 273 16.52
40 259 16.09
45 244 15.62
50 226 15.03
55 207 14.39
60 190 13.78
PUSAT PENGAJIAN KEJURUTERAAN AWAM LABORATORY REPORT SEMESTER
UNIVERSITI TEKNOLOGI MARA, PULAU PINANG (LEVEL 1) OCT 23- FEB 24
PART 2 : ANALYSIS AND INTERPRETATION OF DATA

Under Constant Head Analysis and Interpretation of Data:
D=3mm
Time Head Vol Vol Discharge Theorical Percentage Actual Velocity Coefficient Coefficient Of Coefficient
of velocity discharge of
(s) (h) (ml) (m3) (m3/s) Discharge Error Discharge (m/s) Contractio
(cu) (cd) n
(m3/s) (%)
(cc)
30 400 435.5 4.35x10-4 1.45x10-5 1.980×10−5 -0.268 2.051 0.732 0.732 1
30 375 405 4.05x10-4 1.35x10-5 1.917×10−5 -0.296 1.910 0.704 0.704 1
30 350 386 3.86x10-4 1.29x10-5 1.852×10−5 -0.303 1.825 0.697 0.697 1
30 305 360 3.60x10-4 1.20x10-5 1.729×10−5 -0.306 1.698 0.694 0.694 1
30 282 365 3.65x10-4 1.22x10-5 1.663×10−5 -0.266 1.726 0.734 0.734 1

UNDER CONSTANT HEAD

Under Varying Head Analysis and Interpretation of Data:
D=3mm
Time(S) Head(H)(M) √𝐻
0 0.400 0.632
5 0.371 0.609
10 0.355 0.596
15 0.333 0.577
20 0.321 0.567
25 0.304 0.551
30 0.290 0.539
35 0.273 0.522
40 0.259 0.509
45 0.244 0.494
50 0.226 0.475
55 0.207 0.455
60 0.190 0.436
UNDER VARYING HEAD

ANALYSIS AND INTERPRETATION OF DATA (SAMPLE CALCULATION)
Under Constant Head Calculation:
D=3mm
Actual Velocity, v = 𝑄
𝐴
1.49 ×10−5
= 𝜋(0.003)2
( )
4
= 2.108 𝑚2/s
𝑄𝑡 = 𝐴√2𝑔ℎ
𝜋(0.003)2
= √2(9.81)(0.40)
4
= 1.980×10−5 𝑚3/s
VC
Coefficient of velocity, Cv =
VO
2.051
= 2.801
= 0.732
QC
Coefficient of discharge, Cd =
QO
1.45×10−5
= 1.980×10−5
= 0.732
CD
Coefficient of contraction, Cc =
CV
0.732
= 0.732
=1
Under Varying Head Calculation:
D=3mm
Area, A:
𝜋𝑑2 𝜋(0.003)2
=
4 4
= 7.07 × 10−6 𝑚2
Slope, m:
𝑦2−𝑦1 0.436−0.632
=
𝑥2−𝑥1 60−5
= -3.56× 10−3 m
Coefficient discharge, cd:

−3.56×10−3
𝑠𝑙𝑜𝑝𝑒
=
𝐴2√𝑔 (7.07×10−6)(2)(√9.81)
= -80.38 m
PART 3: DISCUSSION AND CONCLUSION

DISCUSSION
Since the standard coefficient discharge is below 1 and the coefficient discharge that we computed is much below
the standard, we can see from the coefficient discharge that we obtain from the graph for under various heads that
we have an incorrect reading. This might occur as a result of our reading data's inaccuracy.
The link between the actual flow rate through an orifice and the theoretical flow rate that would occur if the aperture
were a perfect, frictionless hole is described by the dimensionless orifice coefficient. The geometry of the orifice,
the fluid's viscosity, and the flow's Reynolds number are some of the variables that affect the orifice coefficient.
Determining the orifice coefficient is important in many engineering applications, such as flow measurement and
control.
To determine the orifice coefficient experimentally, one approach is to use a flow metre that incorporates an orifice
plate, which is a flat plate with a circular hole in the centre. The orifice plate is installed in a pipe or duct carrying
the fluid, and the pressure drop across the orifice is measured using pressure taps located upstream and
downstream of the plate. By measuring the pressure drop and knowing the flow rate, the orifice coefficient can be
calculated using the following equation:
C = Q/(A*(2gΔP/ρ)^0.5)
Where:
C = Orifice coefficient
Q = Flow rate
A = Cross-sectional area of the orifice
g = Acceleration due to gravity
ΔP = Pressure drop across the orifice
ρ = Density of the fluid
To perform the experiment, the flow metre is calibrated using a known flow rate and the corresponding pressure
drop across the orifice. The experiment is then conducted by varying the flow rate and measuring the pressure
drop at each flow rate. The orifice coefficient can be calculated for each data point and a graph can be plotted to
show the relationship between the orifice coefficient and the Reynolds number of the flow. It is important to note
that the orifice coefficient may vary depending on the Reynolds number of the flow, which is a measure of the
flow's turbulence. Therefore, it is recommended to conduct the experiment at several different flow rates to obtain a
range of Reynolds numbers and ensure that the orifice coefficient is accurately determined for the full range of
expected operating conditions
CONCLUSION
In conclusion, an opening or aperture that permits the movement of fluids, gases, or other substances is known as
an orifice. It is an essential component in several technical and commercial applications, as well as in scientific
studies and experiments. The flow rate and pressure of the fluid or gas travelling through the orifice can be
significantly influenced by its size and form, making it a critical component to take into account in a variety of
situations.
PART 4: REFERENCES
Hydraulic Coefficients of an Orifice - The Constructor. (2019, February 25). The Constructor.
https://theconstructor.org/practical-guide/orifice-hydraulic-coefficients/2029/
Orifice, Nozzle and Venturi Flow Rate Meters. (2023). Engineeringtoolbox.com.
https://www.engineeringtoolbox.com/orifice-nozzle-venturi-d_590.html
Santosh Kumar Panda, & Patra, A. (2021). Determination of Coefficient of Contraction of Orifice with
Variation of Geometrical Parameter. Lecture Notes in Mechanical Engineering, 413–421.
https://doi.org/10.1007/978-981-33-4165-4_38

1.4 - Orifice Discharge Coefficient - Report - OCT23

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COURSE CODE : CEW

At the end of the experiment, students should be able to

A. Under Constant Head

B. Under Varying Head

UNDER CONSTANT HEAD

Volume Time (s) Head (h)

UNDER VARYING HEAD

Time (s) Head (h) √H

PART 2 : ANALYSIS AND INTERPRETATION OF DATA

Under Constant Head Analysis and Interpretation of Data:

30 400 435.5 4.35x10-4 1.45x10-5 1.980×10−5 -0.268 2.051 0.732 0.732 1

30 375 405 4.05x10-4 1.35x10-5 1.917×10−5 -0.296 1.910 0.704 0.704 1

30 350 386 3.86x10-4 1.29x10-5 1.852×10−5 -0.303 1.825 0.697 0.697 1

30 305 360 3.60x10-4 1.20x10-5 1.729×10−5 -0.306 1.698 0.694 0.694 1

30 282 365 3.65x10-4 1.22x10-5 1.663×10−5 -0.266 1.726 0.734 0.734 1

UNDER CONSTANT HEAD

Under Varying Head Analysis and Interpretation of Data:

UNDER VARYING HEAD

ANALYSIS AND INTERPRETATION OF DATA (SAMPLE CALCULATION)

Under Constant Head Calculation:

Under Varying Head Calculation:

Coefficient discharge, cd:

PART 3: DISCUSSION AND CONCLUSION

Orifice, Nozzle and Venturi Flow Rate Meters. (2023). Engineeringtoolbox.com.

Variation of Geometrical Parameter. Lecture Notes in Mechanical Engineering, 413–421.

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