ELECTRIC CHARGES AND FIELDS 37

Formulae of the ChaPter o i:

1. Quantisation of electric charge, q = ne. 11. According to Gauss's theorem, the total I
2. Coulom b's law, electric flux through a closed surface S en-
F =-1- qlq2. F - 1 qlq2 closing charge q is
vac 41tto . r2 , med ~ 41tto K • ?
3. Principle of superpo sition of electric forces,
r.-ft+ cc+ + Fl4 cc+ ➔ . Total flux ~
1 - 12 F13 + ... + flN . 12. Flux density = - - - = -
F = ✓Fl+ F2 +2Flf2 cos 0
2 Area S

13. Electric field of a long straigh t wire at

4. Electric field, E= F or F =% E distance r, ·
% E= ,.,
21te 0 r
5. Electric field of a point charge,
1 q 14. Electric field of an infinite plane sheet of
E=--
41tto . r2 charge density cr,
cr
6. Dipole momen t, p =q x 2a; where 2a is the E=-
distance betwee n the two charges. 2 e0

7~ Dipole field at an axial point at distance r 15. Electric field of a thin spheric al shell of
from the centre of the dipole is charge density cr 'and radius R,
1
2pr
1 q
Eaxial = 41t Eo • ( r2 - a2 )2 E = 41t Eo· • ,2 (Outsid e p oints, r > R)
When r>>a,
1 2p E=O (Inside points, r < R)
Eaxial ~ 41t e . ·_,J. .
f'·
.. ~
• •- ~ ...~ '
C 0 . . 1, q
E= - - . - (At the su rface, r = R)
·s. Dipole field ·a t an equatorial point at distance 4ne0 R2·
r from the centre of the dipole is
E __
1_ p Here 'cf = 41t R2 cr.
equa - 41t Eo • (r2 + a2)3/2
16. Electric field of a solid sphere of uniform
. ( 1 p
When r >>a, Eequi = - - . 3 · charge density p and radius R :
· 41te0 r
l
E=- -
q
9. Torque on: a dipole, t = pE sin 0, where 0 is 4nt0 · r2 (Outside points, r > R)'
the ~gle betwee n and E. p
10. Electric flux through a plane surface area S, (Inside points, r < R)
4t = E. $ = ES cos 0
where 0 is the angle which the normal to the (At the surface, r = R)
outward d; awn' normal ;o 'surface ·; rea 5
~ with th~eJa iL . . .· .. . .. ;, H~,) ':.¾it_R 3 p
 -
Formulae o f th e C h a p te r
uc tor of ra-
aci tan ce of a sp he ric al co nd
1 0 . C ap
ne
_ Wo rk do- diu s R,
I. Po ten tia l d"ff,
L ere nc e - - - -
_Ch arg e C= 4n c; 0 R
or V= ,,v 11 . Ca pa cit an ce of a pa ral
lel pla te ca pa cit or,
q
C= F-o A
po int ch arg e q at
2. Ele ctr ic po ten tia l du e to
a
d
dis tan ce r fro m it a se rie s co mb ina -
12 . Eq uiv ale nt ca pa cit an ce of
I

V =- 1 __ !__ tio n,
4n s0 r 1 1 1 1
- = - + - + - + ...
3. Electric po ten tia l at a po
int du e to N po int cs c1 c2 c-?
ch arg es,
13 . Eq uiv ale nt ca pa cit an ce
of a pa ral lel co mb i-
1 N qi
- --
V= 1: na tio n,
4n s 0 ; =1 ~
cP = c1 + c2 + c3 + ...
du e to a dip ole ,
4. Electric po ten tia l at a po int 14 . En erg y sto red in a ca pa cit or,
V= - 1- pc os 0 = - 1- p. r _1 2 1 q -q
2
1
41rn 0 · r3 U -- C V = -. -= V
4n: e0 r2 2 2 C 2
fie ld an d ele ctr ic lum e or the en erg y
5. Relation be tw ee n ele ctr ic 15 . En er? y sto red pe r un it vo
a ca pa cit or,
po ten tia l, de ns ity of the ele ctr ic fie ld of
E = -d V 1
dr U=-:--c;o E2
2
a sy ste m of tw o
6. Electric po ten tia l en erg y of rac ito r pl me s,
16 . Electric fie ld be tw ee~ ca.
po int ch arg es, . (j
E=-
LJ = _1·-. ql q2 eo
41t Eo 1.2
17· Ca pa cit an ce of or
of a sy ste m of N a far all el pla te ca pa cit
7. Electric po ten tia l en erg y filled . .
ns tan t K
po int ch arg es, wi th a die lec tri c of die lec tri c co
,
C = K Co = Eo K A
U = -1 - L qi qk
. d
41t s 0 all pai r!> 'jk 18
. Ca pa cit an ce of a pa ral lel pla te ca pa cit or
wi th a d" 1 . kn
ctric dip ole in au 1•_ ie ec tri c sla b o f tl11c es s t ( < d) in
8. Po ten tia l en erg y of an ele be tw ee n it 1
fo'rm ele ctr ic fie ld, U = - pE
(cos 0 _ cos 0 ~ sp at es ,
If ini tia lly the dip ole is pe rpe
nd i;u lar t h·
fie ld E, 0 1 = 90 ° an d 02 = 0 (sa
y), the n t e ° C= EoA

, : _ U ==;: - pE cos 0 = _ p.E d- 1( 1- ~ )

.
19. Ca pac ita
Ch arg e nc e of a pa cit or
9. Ca pa cit an ce = With a co nd u tin pa ral lel pl ate ca
Po ten tia l di-ffi-er_e_n;
c;k ne ss t ( < d )in
, be tw ee n its p~ ate !,s lab of thi
or C =!L
V
C ==~o ~
 191

Formulae of the Chapter 3

Charge or I = -q = -ne
I. Electric current = . 13. The equivalent resistance R5 of a number of
Tune t t
resistances connected in series i~ given by
2. In case of an electron revolving in a circle of
Rs=R1 +.Ri+~ + ...
radius r with speed v, period of revolution is
T=2w 14. The equivalent resistance R of a number of
V resistances connected in par~lel is given by
1 1 1 1
Frequency of revolution, l V - = - + - + - + ...
V=-= - ~
T 2w RP R1 .Ri
Current, I= ev = .E:... 15. For two resistances in parallel,
2w
v - currents through the two resistors will be
3, Ohm's law, R =- or V = IR
I .RiI R1 I
4 II Ri + Ri and I2 Rl + Ri
· Current in terms of drift velocity (vd) is
I =enAvd 16. EMF of a cell, E= W
5 q
· Resistance of a uniform <;:onductor,
-l ml 17, For a cell of internal resistance r, the emf is
R=p -=--
6, Resi ti · A ne2tA E= V + Ir= I ( R + r)
s VJ.ty or specific resistance, 18. Terminal p.d. of a cell,
RA m V=IR =-
ER
P=-=- R+r
l ne2-r
n -
7. Conducta ce __ 1 19, Terminal p.d. when a current is being drawn
R from the cell,
&. Co d 1 1 l
n Uctivity = -=--- -- or cr = - = - V =C-lr
Resistivity P RA
9 20. Terminal p.d. when the cell is being charged,
• Cllrrent density =· Current or j =i =envd V=E+l r -~
to .. Area A 21. Internal resistance of a cell,
· ~elaij - I ·
1~ on density and e ectric
[VE-v]
1eld between current
I
r=R
lt j ::: cr E or E= p j
' ~Obility - Vd qt . . I = -nE
. senes,
22. For n ceIIs m -
t , µ---= -
i, '), E m R + nr
•etll .
Perature coefficient of resistance, 23. For n cells in parallel, I = n E
Q:::~ nR+r
RI (t2 - t1) 24. Heat produced by electric current,
~ l
ti =:::QoC I
and t2 = t 0 G, then 2 . P Rt cal
H = I Rt Joule= -
4.18
Rt = Ro (1 +_al)
or H = Vlt joule = Vlt cal
4.18
 191

Chapter 3
ulae o f the
Form : !!:_ r of
or J::: !J.. :: o f a numbe
current == ~
n ce R
resista s
by
t t quivalent s i~ given
J. Electric Tu ne cle of 13, The. e d in se< ie
,g in a cir is , connecte
n revoJvn l'es1Stance ~ + ~ + ..
.
an electro eriod of revolution Rs ==R1 + f a numbe
r of
l bi case of v,p nce R o
h speed sista p y
radius r Wit !!!: uivalent re ! is given b
T==3 H . The• eq , connected in I>aralle
V l"eSJStance 1 1
1 1 + - + - + ...
of revolu
tion, V::::_
1 V
::::_ - =R =- ~ ~
Frequency T 2irr R 1P
el,
!!!_ tan ces in parall
== ev :::: _ o resis ill be
Current, J 21tr. 15. For tw two resistors W
through the
or V=
IR currents
, R= I _ d I == ,
~
l Oiun's law I I -S.!
:::: R, an R, R
+ 2
4, Curre t · eloeity (v,) is I R,+
'n II! tern,s
o fdrift v
of a cell,
e::::~
I ==enAvd 16. EMF q
r, e em f is
J,• Resist ~onducto tance r, th
uniform rn a l re s is
<lnce of a -!!;!__ cell of inte
R :::: P.!_ : : 17, For a R + r)
V + Ir:::: I (
e: :
6 sfi · A ne2rA ina l p.d. of a cell
,
, m
· ~esi
s pe cific resistance 18. Ter
vity o r =~
V::::JR=
_-R-A= = =m- R+r
P
I ne2r rr en t is b eing drawn
. when a C
U
7 e ::: 2_ aJ p .d
, Colldllct~c nn in
19. Tfreom the cell,
R 1 I
8 1
cr ==- = =
- V:::e-Ir d,
,C!iid~,, ,, ·
~ o r
p RA e c ell i s being charge
th
'"l'°t'1ty::::
Resistivity T erm in al p.d. when ",
I 2Q. r
9c Current
.
vd V ===E + I
.
' llrrent d 1ty ~ ----r-e-a-= or I = A
- = en
. es istance of a cell,
al r
f11s A 2l. Intern
lo .~e/auo b tnc
y and elec
urre
•tween c n t densit V
r===R [ E-v
J
lie/qI Q

m sene
. s, . l::: _n_E_
cell s .
22. For n R+nr
parallel, I:::~
cells in
23. For n nR +r
elec tric current,
Heat produced by
24. 2 t
2 I
- R cal
oule =
H== 1 Rt j 4.18

oule == ..;7:
cal
 >
191

Formulae of the Chapter 3

Charge q ne 13. The equivalent resistance Rs of a number of
or I = - =-
l· Electric current = T1me t t resistances connected in series i~ given by
2.In case of an electron revolving in a circle of Rs = RI + Ri + ~ + ...
radius r with speed v, period of revolution is 14. The equivalent resistance RP of a number of
T=21tr resistances connected in parallel is given by
V 1 1 1 1
1 . +-+ ...
-=-+-
~
V
Frequency of revolution, V=-=- RP RI Ri
T 21tr
ev 15. For two resistances in parallel,
Current, I = ev = - . currents through the two resistors will be
21tT
V
3. Ohm's law, R =- or V = JR I - Ri I and Iz = Rt I
I t - Rt + Ri RI +Ri
4· Current in terms of drift velocity (vd) is w
16.. EMF of a cell, E= q
I =enAvd
5
· Resistance of a uniform <_;:onductor, 17• For a cell of internal
resistance r, the emf is
.I
R= p-= --
ml e = V +Ir~ I (R + r)
A ne2tA l S~ Terminal p.d. of a cell,
6 · or specific
· ResistiVJ.ty resistance, · IR= eR-
V=
m R+r
RA
P=-=-
1 ne2t i9. Terminal p.d. when a current is being drawn
7, Conductance = ..!_ from the cell,
~ R l
V =e - Ir
· Conducti . 1 1 . p d when the cell is being charged,
v1ty = . , or cr==-== RA 20. Termma1 • ·
Resistivity p '
V=e + Ir
~C · ·J
urrent density = Curr ent or j == - == envd 21. Internal resistance of a cell,
.o
· Re1 · •
Area A

6eJ;tion between curre nt density and electric

•
r=R [e-v]
V
ne
I

l J == er E or E= p j 22. For n cells in series, . I = R + nr

i ' ~Obi!ity,µ __ =-
- Vd qt
nE
,'),
•em . E m 23, For n cells in parallel, I = nR + r
Perature coefficient of resi 5tance,
24. Heat produced by electric current,
ct:::~
~ (t2 -tl) J2Rt
If tl --oo I
H = J2Rt joule =m cal
. _ C and t2 = t°C, then
Vlt l
H = Vlt joule = ca
D -== R (1 + at)
or 418