CHEMISTRY

organic Chem

FUEL

boiling point increases ,

number of carbon atoms increases ,

fractions become more vicious

HOMOLOGOUS SERIES
•
Groups of compounds where each group member have : 4
homologous series :

1 •
same general formula alkanes

2 •
same functional group alkenes

3 °
similar chemical properties alcohol

°
4
gradation in physical properties carboxylic acid

no . of carbon atoms

1
meth

2 Eth

3
prop

4 but

5 pent

6 hex

7
kept

8 Oct
 ALKANES ( cntlzntal

saturated hydrocarbon

physical properties
•
3 C 1-14
insoluble in water soluble in organic solvents methane
mpbpbp increases
•

bigger alkanes :
higher melting 3 boiling point CZHG ethane size > mass
-

increases
-

more vicous Cztlz propane

Catlio butane
-

less flammable

size increases

mass increases

chemical properties

very stable 3 unreactive

1
complete combustion carbon dioxide 3 water

→
C. Ha t
202 coz +
21-120

2
incomplete combustion carbon monoxide 3 water

cha
t
3- Oz →
CO +
21-120

3
substitution by halogen

in the presence of UV light

UV
light
C. Ha +
Cla →
( Hz ( l
t
HCl

chloro methane

isomers

two or more compounds having the same molecular formula but different

arrangement of atoms .

H H H H H H H

H C H C C C H
C C C H

H
H
H H H H H C H

greater force
linear alkane H
Of attraction

branched alkanes
higher mp3 bp
-

more viscous } less flammable

?⃝
ALKENES ( cnn.nl c=c

unsaturated hydrocarbon

physical properties

°
insoluble in water & soluble in some organic solvents

higher mp3
•

bigger alkenes : -

bp
- H H H H
more viscous
1 I 1 I
H
-

less flammable H -
C =
C -
C -
C -

l l
size
-

increases
H H

mass increases Catto

-

chemical properties
'

complete combustion carbon dioxide } water

→
Cztla t 302 2C0z +
21-120

2
combustion carbon monoxide 3 water
incomplete
→
Cz 1-14
+
202 2 CO +
21-120

3
addition of hydrogen
→ •
C. 21-14 +
Hz CZHG Ni
catalyst
• -

200 C temperature

4
addition of steam

•
Cztla t
H2O → ( 21-1501-1 1-131304 Catalyst

•
300°C temperature
•
GO atm

manufacturing of alkenes

alkanes alkenes alcohol

-

cracking

{ catalyst : Ni addition of bromine

µ,
temp :
200
-

ang
-

→ alkene

µ cdecoiouris.es

Ah
alkane
bromine )

11
 H
ALCOHOL ( Cn Han +101-1 ) -
OH
H H
1 I 1

H C -
C -
C -
o - H
properties
-

physical
l l I

H H H [ 31-1701-1
•
miscible with water

boiling point 3
•

density increase as number of carbons increases

chemical properties
'
complete combustion carbon dioxide 3 water

CHZOH
+ ¥02 →
coz +
21-120

2
incomplete combustion carbon monoxide 3 water

→
CH > OH
+
02 CO t
21-120

3
Oxidation

[ ]
•
0 → bacterial
CHZOH
+
HCOOH oxidation

KMnOa /
•

Ka Cr ,
O >

alcohol
manufacturing of

glucose

yeast
( fermentation )
30
-

alkenes → alcohol →
carboxylic acid

{ catalyst 1-131304
:

H2O
( steam ) temp :
300°C

alcohol +
carboxylic acid =
ester
-

esterification

ester link

example :

H
1
0
11 If it 0
11
H
1
H -

c -
o - ti t H -
O -
c -
c -
H ¥ H -
C -
O -
c -
c -
H + H2O
I 1 I 1
H H
H H

methanol + methanoic acid methyl + water

ethanoate

Uses of ethanol :

•
solvent

•
renewable fuel

production of vinegar
 CARBOXYLIC ACID ( cntlant , COOH ) -
COOH

chemical properties

•
acids of 4
weak pH 3 to

•
reacts with metals , alkalis ,
carbonate } alcohols

reacts with alcohol to form esters

alcohol +
carboxylic acid =
ester
-

esterification

ester linkage

?
H H H H H H O
H H
1! 1
l l I 1 1 11 I 1
H -
C -
C -
-
O -
H + H c c H → H c -
c -
c -
O -
c -
c -
H +
1-1,0
O
-
- - - -

/ / 1 I 1 I 1 I

H H H H H H H H

→
propanoic acid +
ethanol ethyl propanol -
e t
water

uses of esters :

perfumes
0

flavourings
°
solvents

manufacture of carboxylic acid

→
alcohol carboxylic acid
-

Oxidation

← →
bacterial Kuno 4 / Kzcrzo >
( oxidising agent )
 POLYMERISATION

addition polymerisation
°

C
breaking of = C double bonds

Starting material is alkene

poly ( ethene )

H H H
•

I 1 I 1,4 cheap , strong ,

waterproof
•
C = c -
c -
c used plastic
-

as
' ' ' '
H H H H
n

condensation polymerisation

natural

protein polyamide
R
1
R o R 0
C COOH
Hz N
- -

, 11
I 1 11
-

N - C - C -
N -
C -
C -

µ
l l
l
R R H H
H
l l

1-121-1 -
c -
co N -
C -
coat amide linkage ✗
I 1
H H peptide linkage

man -
made

terylene polyesters

water is eliminated

%
Ho -
e -
É
"
-
OH + HO - -
OH

no I +

H2O
-

c- -
c -
o - -
o -
n
n

ester linkage

nylon polyamide

water is eliminated
0 0

Ot
" "
HO C
c-
MHz
- - -

N
- -

-
i
11
-
-
i
c -
N - -
N -
t n H2O
ti ti
n

amide linkage