Shear Force Diagram &

Bending Moment Diagram

1
Types of Beam

1.Simply supported beam:-

A beam supported freely on the walls or columns at its both ends is known
as simply supported beam

2.Over hanging beam:-

A beam is freely supported on two supports. But its one end or both the
ends are projected beyond the support.

2
Types of Beam…

3.Cantilever Beam:-
A beam fixed at one end and free at the other end is known as
cantilever beam.

4.Fixed Beam:-
A beam whose both ends are rigidly fixed is known as fixed beam.

3
Types of Beam…

5.Continuous Beam:-
• A beam supported on more then two support is known as continuous
beam.

4
Types of loads

1.Point load or Concentrated load:-

When a load is acting on a relatively small area it is considered as
point load or concentrated load.
W = point load, its is given in N or kN.

5
Types of loads…
2.Uniformly Distributed load:-
A load which is spread over a beam in such a manner that each unit
length of beam is loaded to the same intensity is known as uniformly
distributed load.
w = U.D.L, It is given in N/m or kN/m.

6
Types of loads…
3.Uniformly Distributed load:-
A load which is spread over a beam in such a manner that its intensity
varies uniformly on each unit is called uniformly varying load.
w = U.V.L, It is given in N/m or kN/m.
w

7
Determinate & Indeterminate Beams
1.Determinate Beam
A beam is said to be statically determinate if the total no. of unknown
reactions are equal to the no. of conditions of static equilibrium.

A B

HA

VA VB

Conditions of Static equilibrium = 3

No. of unknown reactions = 3, so
The beam is statically determinate
8
Determinate & Indeterminate Beams…
2.Indeterminate Beam
A beam is said to be statically indeterminate if the total no. of
unknown reactions are more than the no. of conditions of static
equilibrium.

A B

HA HB

VA VB
Conditions of Static equilibrium = 3
No. of unknown reactions = 4, so
The beam is statically indeterminate

9
Determinate & Indeterminate Beams…

We will limit our study to shear force and bending moment diagrams of
statically determinate beams.

Commonly encountered statically determinate beams are,

a. Cantilever Beam
b. Simply Supported Beam
c. Over-hanging Beam

10
Shear Force & Bending Moment…

Consider a section x-x at a distance 6m from left hand support A

6m

5kN 10kN 8kN

x
A B

C D E
x
4m 5m 5m 1m

RA = 8.2 kN RB=14.8kN

Imagine the beam is cut into two pieces at section x-x and is separated, as shown in
figure.

11
Shear Force & Bending Moment...

4m 5kN
5m 1m
A
10kN 8kN
6m B
8.2 kN

9m 14.8 kN

• To find the forces experienced by the section, consider any one portion of the
beam. Taking left hand portion
• Transverse force experienced = 8.2 – 5 = 3.2 kN (upward)
• Moment experienced = 8.2 × 6 – 5 × 2 = 39.2 kN-m (clockwise)
• If we consider the right hand portion, we get
• Transverse force experienced = 14.8 – 10 – 8 =-3.2 kN = 3.2 kN (downward)
• Moment experienced = - 14.8 × 9 +8 × 8 + 10 × 3 = -39.2 kN-m = 39.2 kN-m
(anticlockwise)
12
Shear Force & Bending Moment...

5kN
3.2 kN
A

8.2 kN 39.2 kN-m

10kN 8kN B

39.2 kN-m
3.2 kN 14.8 kN
Thus the section x-x considered is subjected to forces 3.2 kN and moment
39.2 kN-m as shown in figure. The force is trying to shear off the section
and hence is called shear force. The moment bends the section and
hence, called bending moment.

13
Shear Force & Bending Moment...
Shear force at a section: The algebraic sum of the vertical forces acting
on the beam either to the left or right of the section is known as the shear
force at a section.

Bending moment (BM) at section: The algebraic sum of the moments of

all forces acting on the beam either to the left or right of the section is
known as the bending moment at a section

3.2 kN 39.2 kN

3.2 kN
F M

F
Shear force at x-x Bending moment at x-x
14
Moment and Bending moment

Moment: It is the product of force and perpendicular distance between

line of action of the force and the point about which moment is required
to be calculated.

Bending Moment (BM): The moment which causes the bending effect on
the beam is called Bending Moment. It is generally denoted by ‘M’ or
‘BM’.

15
Sign Convention for shear force

F
F

+ ve shear force - ve shear force

16
Sign Convention for bending moment

The bending moment is considered as Sagging Bending Moment if it

tends to bend the beam to a curvature having convexity at the bottom as
shown in the Fig. given below. Sagging Bending Moment is considered as
positive bending moment.

Convexity

Fig. Sagging bending moment [Positive bending moment ]

17
Sign Convention for bending moment…

Similarly the bending moment is considered as hogging bending

moment if it tends to bend the beam to a curvature having convexity
at the top as shown in the Fig. given below. Hogging Bending Moment
is considered as Negative Bending Moment.

Convexity

Fig. Hogging bending moment [Negative bending moment ]

18
Shear Force and Bending Moment Diagrams
(SFD & BMD)

 Shear Force Diagram (SFD):

▪ The diagram which shows the variation of shear force along the length of the
beam is called Shear Force Diagram (SFD).

Bending Moment Diagram (BMD):

▪ The diagram which shows the variation of bending moment along the length
of the beam is called Bending Moment Diagram (BMD).

19
Point of Contra flexure [Inflection Point]:

• It is the point on the bending moment diagram where bending

moment changes the sign from positive to negative or vice versa.

• It is also called “Inflection point”. At the point of inflection point

or contra flexure the bending moment is zero.

20
Relationship between load, shear force and bending
moment.
x x1 w kN/m

x x1
dx L
Fig. A simply supported beam subjected to general type loading

The above Fig. shows a simply supported beam subjected to a general

type of loading. Consider a differential element of length ‘dx’ between any
two sections x-x and x1-x1 as shown.

21
Relationship between load, shear force and bending
moment…
w kN/m
x x1
V+dV

M M+dM
v
x dx O x1

Fig. FBD of Differential element of the beam

Considering the Equilibrium Equation ΣFy = 0

- V + (V+dV) – w dx = 0 ➔ dv = w.dx ➔
dv
w=
dx
It is the relation Between intensity of Load and shear force
22
Relationship between load, shear force and
bending moment…
w kN/m
x x1
V+dV

M M+dM
v
x dx O x1

Fig. FBD of Differential element of the beam

Taking moments about the point ‘O’ [Bottom-Right corner of the differential element ]
- M + (M+dM) – V.dx – w.dx.dx/2 = 0
Neglecting the small quantity of higher order
V.dx = dM ➔ dM
v=
dx
It is the relation between shear force and BM
23
Variation of Shear force and Bending moments

Variation of Shear force and bending moments for various standard loads are as shown
in the following Table

Table: Variation of Shear force and bending moments

Type of load Between point loads Uniformly Uniformly varying
OR for no load distributed load load
SFD/BMD region
Shear Force Horizontal line Inclined line Two-degree curve
Diagram (Parabola)

Bending Moment Inclined line Two-degree curve Three-degree curve

Diagram (Parabola) (Cubic-parabola)

24
Example Based on Cantilever Beam

25
Ex1 Draw shear force and bending moment diagram [SFD &
BMD] for a Cantilever beam subjected to loading as shown
in the figure.

10 kN

A B

5.0m

26
 10 kN

Ma A B

5.0m
Ra

[Clockwise moment is Positive]

Solution:
Using the condition: ΣMA = 0
- Ma + 10 × 5 = 0 ➔ Ma = 50 kN.m (anticlockwise)
Using the condition: ΣFy = 0
RA - 10 = 0 ➔ RA = 10 kN
27
Shear Force Calculation:

10 kN

0 1 2 3
50 kN.m

0 1 2 3
5.0m

10 kN

Shear Force at the section 0-0 is denoted as V0-0

Shear Force at the section 1-1 is denoted as V1-1 and so on...
V0-0 = 0; V1-1 = + 10 N
V2-2 = + 10 N
V3-3 = + 10 – 10 = 0
(Check)
28
 10 kN

A B

5.0m
10 kN

10 kN
+ve

S.F. Diagram

29
Bending Moment Calculation 10 kN

50 kN.m A
B
x
5.0m

10 kN

M@x = -50+10 * x -50+10 * x

50 kN.m -ve
Linear Equation
 (+ve)
Bending moment at A is denoted as MA B.M. Dia.
Bending moment at B is denoted as MB
and so on…
MA = -50 kN.m [ it is Fixed supported]
MB = -50 + 10 x 5 = 0
or MB = 0 30
 10 kN

A B

5.0m
10 kN

10 kN +ve
10 kN

S.F. Diagram

50 kN.m -ve

 (+ve)
B.M. Dia. 31
Ex2 Draw shear force and bending moment diagram [SFD &
BMD] for a Cantilever beam subjected to loading as shown
in the figure.

10 kN

4.0m
A B

5.0m

32
Ex3 Draw shear force and bending moment diagram [SFD &
BMD] for a Cantilever beam subjected to loading as shown
in the figure.

20 kN 10 kN

C
A B

2.5m 2.5m

5.0m

33
 20 kN 10 kN

C B
A
Ma
2.5m 2.5m

5.0m
Ra

[Clockwise moment is Positive]

Solution:
Using the condition: ΣMA = 0
- Ma + 10 × 5 + 20 x 2.5 = 0 ➔ Ma = 100 kN.m (anticlockwise)
Using the condition: ΣFy = 0
RA - 10 - 20 = 0 ➔ RA = 30 kN
34
Shear Force Calculation:
20 kN 10 kN
2 3 4 5
0 1

100 kN.m
0 2.5m 2 3 2.5m 4 5
1

5.0m
30 kN
Shear Force at V0-0 = 0
30 kN
V1-1 = + 30 kN 20 kN
V2-2 = + 30 kN +ve
10 kN
V3-3 = + 30 – 20
= 10 kN
V4-4 = + 10 kN S.F. Diagram
V5-5 = + 10 – 10 = 0
(Check)
35
Bending Moment Calculation
20 kN 10 kN

C B
100 kN.m A
2.5m 2.5m
x
30 kN 5.0m

-ve 25 kN.m
100 kN.m

Mx (AC) = -100 +30 * x

Linear Equation
B.M. Dia.
MA = -100 kN.m [ it is Fixed supported]
Mc = -100 + 30 x 2.5 = -25 kN.m
MB = -100 + 30 x 5 = 0
36
 20 kN 10 kN
C
B
A 2.5m 2.5m

5.0m
30kN

30 kN 20 kN
+ve 10 kN

S.F. Diagram
0.0
-ve 25 kN.m
100 kN.m

B.M. Dia.
37
Ex3 Draw shear force and bending moment diagram [SFD &
BMD] for a Cantilever beam subjected to loading as shown
in the figure.

10 kN/m

A B

5m

38
 10 kN/m

Ma A B

5m
Ra

[Clockwise moment is Positive]

Solution:
Using the conditiocn: ΣMA = 0
- Ma + 10 x 5 x 2.5 = 0 ➔ Ma = 125 kN.m (anticlockwise)
Using the condition: ΣFy = 0
RA – 10 x 5 = 0 ➔ RA = 50 kN
39
Shear Force Calculation:
10 kN/m
0 1 Sec X-X

125 kN.m B
0 1
x
50 kN
5m

 (-ve)
50 kN
+ve

S.F.D. S.F. Dia.

S.Fx = wL – wx ( linear variation)
Shear Force at V0-0 = 0
V1-1 = + 50 kN
VB = +50 – 10 x 5 = 0
40 40
Bending Moment Calculation 10 kN/m
Sec X-X

125 kN.m A B

x 5m
50 kN

-ve
125 kN.m
B.M. Dia.
 (+ve)
B.M.D.
Mx = -wL2/2 + wLx - wx2/2 (parabolic variation)
MA = -125 kN.m [ it is Fixed supported]
MB = -125 + 10 x 5 x 2.5 = 0
41
 Sec X-X 10 kN/m

B
A
125 kN.m
5m
50 kN

 (-ve)
50 kN +ve

S.F. Dia.

-ve
125 kN.m B.M. Dia.
 (+ve)
42
Ex4 Draw shear force and bending moment diagram [SFD &
BMD] for a Cantilever beam subjected to loading as shown
in the figure.

10 kN/m

2.5 m
A B
C

5m

43
Ex5 Draw shear force and bending moment diagram [SFD &
BMD] for a Cantilever beam subjected to loading as shown
in the figure.

10 kN/m

A 2.5 m
C B

5m

44
 10 kN/m

Ma
A 2.5 m C B

5m
Ra

[Clockwise moment is Positive]

Solution:
Using the conditiocn: ΣMA = 0
- Ma + 10 x 2.5 x (2.5 + (2.5/2)) = 0 ➔ Ma = 93.75 kN.m (anticlockwise)
Using the condition: ΣFy = 0
RA – 10 x 2.5 = 0 ➔ RA = 25 kN
45
Shear Force Calculation: 10 kN/m

0 1
93.75 kN.m 2.5 m B
C
0 1

5m
25 kN

25 kN +ve

Shear Force at V0-0 = 0 S.F. Dia.

V1-1 = + 25 kN
VC = +25 kN
VB = +25 – (10 x 2.5) = 0 kN
` 46
Bending Moment Calculation
10 kN/m

93.75 kN.m 2.5 m B

A
C

25 kN
5m

31.25 kN.m
-ve
Parabola
93.75 kN.m betn BC

linear B.M. Dia.

B.M.D.
MA = -93.75 kN.m [ it is Fixed supported]
MC = -93.75 + 25 x 2.5 = 31.25 kN.m
MB = -93.75 + 25 x 5 - (10 x 2.5 x (2.5/2)) = 0
47
 10 kN/m

2.5 m
A
93.75 kN.m C B

25 kN
5m

25 +ve

S.F. Dia.

-ve
31.25
Parabola
93.75 betn BC
linear
B.M. Dia.
48
Ex6 Draw shear force and bending moment diagram [SFD &
BMD] for a Cantilever beam subjected to loading as shown
in the figure.

10 kN/m 10 kN/m
20kN

A B
2m C 2m D 2m E 2m

8m

49
 10 kN/m 10 kN/m
20kN

Ma A B
2m C 2m D 2m E 2m

Ra 8m

[Clockwise moment is Positive]

Solution:
Using the conditiocn: ΣMA = 0
- Ma + 10 x 2 x (0.5 x 2) + 20 x 4 + 10 x 2 x ((0.5x 2) + 6) = 0
Ma = 240 kN.m (anticlockwise)
Using the condition: ΣFy = 0
RA – 10 x 2 – 20 – 10 x 2 = 0 ➔ RA = 60 kN
50
Shear Force Calculation:
10 kN/m 10 kN/m
20kN
0 1 2 3
240 kN.m B
2m C 2m 2m E 2m
0 1 2 3

60 kN 8m

Shear Force at V0-0 = 0 40 kN

V1-1 = + 60 kN
60 kN
VC = +60 – 10 x 2 +ve
= 40 kN 20 kN
V2-2 = +40 kN
V3-3 = +40 – 20 = 20 kN
VE = +20 kN S.F. Dia.
VB = +20 – 10 x 2 = 0
51
Bending Moment Calculation
10 kN/m 10 kN/m
20kN

240 kN.m A B
2m C 2m D 2m E 2m

60 kN 8m

B.M.D.
MA = -240 kN.m [Fixed supported] MB = -240 + 60 x 8 - (10 x 2 x (1+6))
MC = -240 + 60 x 2 – (10 x 2 x 1) –(20 x 4) – (10 x 2 x 1)
= -140 kN.m =0
MD = -240 + 60 x 4 - (10 x 2 x (1+2))
= -60 kN.m
ME = -240 + 60 x 6 - (10 x 2 x (1+4))
–(20 x 2) = -20 kN.m
52
 10 kN/m 10 kN/m
20kN

240 kN.m A B
2m C 2m D 2m E 2m

60 kN 8m

20 kN.m
Parabola
-ve 60 kN.m
linear
140 kN.m
240 kN.m
linear

Parabola B.M. Dia.

53
Ex7 Draw shear force and bending moment diagram [SFD &
BMD] for a Cantilever beam subjected to loading as shown
in the figure.

10 kN/m

A B

5m

54
 10 kN/m

Ma A B

5m
Ra

[Clockwise moment is Positive]

Solution:
Using the conditiocn: ΣMA = 0
- Ma + (0.5 x 10 x 5 x (2/3) x 5) = 0 ➔ Ma = 83.33 kN.m (anticlockwise)
Using the condition: ΣFy = 0
RA – 0.5 x 10 x 5 = 0 ➔ RA = 25 kN
55
Shear Force Calculation: 10 kN/m

Sec X-X wx/L = 2x

0 1
83.33kN.m
B
0 1 x
5m
25kN

25 kN  -ve
+ve

Fx= wL/2-(x*(wx/L))/2
= wL/2-wx2/2L (parabolic variation) S.F. Dia.
Shear Force at V0-0 = 0
dv
V1-1 = + 25 kN w=
VB = +25 – (0.5 x 10 x 5) = 0 dx
56
 10 kN/m
Bending Moment Calculation:
Sec X-X wx/L = 2x

0 1
83.33kN.m
A
B
0 1 x
5m
25kN

83.33 kN.m -ve

B.M.D.
Mx = -wL2/3 + wL/2*x B.M. Dia.
- {wx2/2L*(x/3)}  (+ve)
dM
= -wL2/3 + wL/2*x - wx3/6L (Cubic variation) v=
dx
MA = -83.33 kN.m [Fixed supported]
MB = -83.33 + 25 x 5 – (0.5 x 10 x 5 x (1/3) x 5) = 0 57
 10 kN/m

A
83.33kN.m
B
5m
25kN

 -ve
+ve
25 S.F. Dia.

-ve
83.33
B.M. Dia.
 (+ve)
58
Ex8 Draw shear force and bending moment diagram [SFD &
BMD] for a Cantilever beam subjected to loading as shown
in the figure.

10 kN/m

A B

5m

59
Ex9 Draw shear force and bending moment diagram [SFD &
BMD] for a Cantilever beam subjected to loading as shown
in the figure.

100 kN.m

A
B
10 m

60
 100 kN.m
Ma A
B
10 m
Ra

[Clockwise moment is Positive]

Solution:
Using the conditiocn: ΣMA = 0
Ma - 100 = 0 ➔ Ma = 100 kN.m (anticlockwise)
Using the condition: ΣFy = 0
RA = 0
61
Shear Force & Bending Moment Calculation:
100 kN.m
0 1
100 kN.m A

10 m 0 1
 SFD VA =0
Shear Force at
V0-0 = 0
V1-1 = 0 S.F. Dia.
VB = 0
 BMD +ve 100 kN.m
MA = + 100 kN.m
M0-0 = +100 kN.m
B.M. Dia.
M1-1 = +100 – 100 = 0
Or
MB = 0 62
Example Based on Simply Supported Beam

63
Ex9 Draw shear force and bending moment diagram [SFD &
BMD] for a simply supported beam subjected to loading as
shown in the figure.

5m 10kN

A B
C

10m

64
 5m 10kN

A B
C
HA

10m
VA VB

Solution: [Clockwise moment is Positive]

Using the condition: ΣFy = 0
VA + VB = 10 kN --- Eq 1
Using the condition: ΣFx = 0
HA = 0
Using the conditiocn: ΣMA = 0
-VB x 10 + 10 x 5 = 0 ➔ VB = 5 kN
Placing value of VB in Eq 1 ➔ VA = 5 kN
65
Shear Force Calculation:
10 kN
0 1 5m 2 3 4 B

0 1 2 3 4
10m
5 kN 5 kN
5 kN
Shear Force at
5 kN + ve
V0-0 = 0
V1-1 = + 5 kN
- ve
V2-2 = +5 kN
V3-3 = +5 – 10 5 kN
= -5 kN
V4-4 = -5 kN S.F. Diagram
VB = -5 + 5 = 0
66
Bending Moment Calculation
10 kN
5m B
A
C

10m
25 kN.m 5 kN
5 kN

+ ve

B.M. Diagram
B.M.D.
MA = 0 [simply supported]
MC = 5 x 5
= + 25 kN.m (Sagging)
MB = 0 [simply supported]
67
 5 10kN

A C B

10m

5 kN
5 kN
5 kN

S.F. Diagram 5 kN + ve

- ve
5 kN
25 kN.m

+ ve
B.M. Diagram
68
Ex10 Draw shear force and bending moment diagram [SFD &
BMD] for a simply supported beam subjected to loading as
shown in the figure.

4m 10kN

A B
C
10m

69
Ex11 Draw shear force and bending moment diagram [SFD &
BMD] for a simply supported beam subjected to loading as
shown in the figure.

10 kN/m

A B

10 m

70
 10 kN/m

A B
HA
10 m
VB
VA
Solution: [Clockwise moment is Positive]
Using the condition: ΣFy = 0
VA + VB = 10 x 10 = 100 kN --- Eq 1
Using the condition: ΣFx = 0
HA = 0
Using the conditiocn: ΣMA = 0
-VB x 10 + 10 x 10 x 5 = 0 ➔ VB = 50 kN
Placing value of VB in Eq 1 ➔ VA = 50 kN
71
Shear Force Calculation: 10 kN/m
2 3
0 1

C 2 3
0 1 5m
50 kN 10 m
50 kN

50 kN + ve

- ve
S.F. Diagram
Shear Force at V0-0 = 0 50 kN
V1-1 = + 50 kN
VC = +50 – 10 x 5 = 0
V2-2 = 0 – 10 x 5 = -50 kN
V3-3 = -50 + 50 = 0
72
Bending Moment Calculation 10 kN/m

B
A
C

5m
10 m
50 kN
50 kN

125 kN.m
+ ve

B.M. Diagram
B.M.D.
MA = MB = 0 [simply supported]
MC = 50 x 5 – (10 x 5 x 2.5)
= +125 kN.m (Sagging)
73
 10 kN/m
74
A B
C

50 kN 10 m 50 kN

50 kN
S.F. Diagram + ve

- ve

50 kN

+ ve 125 kN.m

B.M. Diagram

74
Ex12 Draw shear force and bending moment diagram [SFD &
BMD] for a simply supported beam subjected to loading as
shown in the figure.

10 kN/m

A C B

5m

10 m

75
Ex13 Draw shear force and bending moment diagram [SFD &
BMD] for a simply supported beam subjected to loading as
shown in the figure.

5N 10N 8N

A B

C D E

2m 2m 3m 1m

76
 5N 10N 8N
A B
C D E
HA
2m 2m 3m 1m

VA VB

[Clockwise moment is Positive]

Solution:
Using the condition: ΣMA = 0
- RB × 8 + 8 × 7 + 10 × 4 + 5 × 2 = 0 ➔ RB = 13.25 N
Using the condition: ΣFx = 0
HA = 0
Using the condition: ΣFy = 0
RA + 13.25 = 5 + 10 + 8 ➔ RA = 9.75 N
77
Shear Force Calculation:

5N 10N 8N
0 1 2 3 4 5 78 9
6

0 2 4 5
1 3 6 7 8 9
2m 2m 3m 1m

9.75 N 13.25 N
SFD
V0-0 = 0; V1-1 = + 9.75 N V6-6 = - 5.25 N
V2-2 = + 9.75 N V7-7 = 5.25 – 8 = -13.25 N
V3-3 = + 9.75 – 5 = 4.75 N V8-8 = -13.25
V4-4 = + 4.75 N V9-9 = -13.25 +13.25 = 0
V5-5 = +4.75 – 10 = - 5.25 N (Check)
78
 5N 10N 8N

A B

C D E

2m 2m 3m 1m

9.75N 9.75N

4.75N 4.75N

5.25N
SFD 5.25N

13.25N 13.25N
79
Bending Moment Calculation

Bending moment at A is denoted as MA

Bending moment at B is denoted as MB
and so on…
MA = 0 [ since it is simply supported]
MC = 9.75 × 2= 19.5 Nm
MD = 9.75 × 4 – 5 × 2 = 29 Nm
ME = 9.75 × 7 – 5 × 5 – 10 × 3 = 13.25 Nm
MB = 9.75 × 8 – 5 × 6 – 10 × 4 – 8 × 1 = 0
or MB = 0 [ since it is simply supported]

80
 5N 10N 8N
A B

C D E

2m 2m 3m 1m

29Nm

19.5Nm
13.25Nm

BMD
81
Ex14 Draw shear force and bending moment diagram [SFD &
BMD] for a simply supported beam subjected to loading as
shown in the figure.

5kN 10kN 5kN

2kN/m

C A D B E

2m 3m 3m 2m

82
 5kN 10kN 5kN
2kN/m

C A D B E

2m 3m 3m 2m

VA VB

Solution:
Calculation of Reactions:
Due to symmetry of the beam, loading and boundary conditions,
reactions at both supports are equal.
.`. RA = RB = ½(5+10+5+2 × 6) = 16 kN
83
Shear Force Calculation:

5kN 10kN 5kN

2kN/m
2 3 4 5 6 7
0 1 8 9

C 2 3A 4 D5 B7 8 9
E
0 1 6

2m 3m 3m 2m

16 kN 16 kN
Shear Force Calculation: V0-0 = 0
V1-1 = - 5kN V6-6 = - 5 – 6 = - 11kN
V2-2 = - 5kN V7-7 = - 11 + 16 = 5kN
V3-3 = - 5 + 16 = 11 kN V8-8 = 5 kN
V4-4 = 11 – 2 × 3 = +5 kN V9-9 = 5 – 5 = 0 (Check)
V5-5 = 5 – 10 = - 5kN
84
5kN 10kN
5kN
2kN/m

C A D B E

2m 3m 3m 2m

11kN
5kN 5kN 5kN
+
+

5kN 5kN
5kN
SFD 11kN
85
Bending Moment Calculation
5kN 10kN 5kN
2kN/m

C A D B E

2m 3m 3m 2m

16 kN 16 kN

Bending Moment Calculation:

MC = ME = 0 [Because Bending moment at free end is zero]
MA = MB = - 5 × 2 = - 10 kNm
MD = - 5 × 5 + 16 × 3 – 2 × 3 × 1.5 = +14 kNm
86
5kN 10kN 5kN
2kN/m

C A D B E

2m 3m 3m 2m

14kNm

10kNm
BMD 10kNm
87
 10kN 5kN
5kN 2kN/m

C A D B E

2m 3m 3m 2m
11kN
5kN 5kN 5kN
SFD +
+

5kN 5kN 5kN

11kN
14kNm
BMD

10kNm 10kNm 88
 10kN
5kN 2kN/m 5kN
x
89

C A x D B E

x
2m 3m 3m 2m

10kNm 10kNm
Points of contra flexure
Let x be the distance of point of contra flexure from support A
Taking moments at the section x-x (Considering left portion)
x2 x = 1 or 10
M x − x = −5(2 + x) + 16x − 2 =0
2 .`. x = 1 m 89
Ex15 Draw shear force and bending moment diagram [SFD &
BMD] for a simply supported beam subjected to loading as
shown in the figure.

2 kN 5kN
10kN/m

A
C B D

4m 1m 2m

90
Ex16 Draw shear force and bending moment diagram [SFD &
BMD] for a simply supported beam subjected to loading as
shown in the figure.

60kN/m
20kN
20kN/m

A
C B D

3m 2m 2m

91
 60kN/m
20kN
20kN/m

A
C B D

3m 2m 2m

VA VB

Solution: Calculation of reactions: [Clockwise moment is Positive]

ΣMA = 0
-RB × 5 + ½ × 3 × 60 × (2/3) × 3 +20 × 4 × 5 + 20 × 7 = 0 ➔ RB =144kN
ΣFy = 0
RA + 144 – ½ × 3 × 60 – 20 × 4 -20 = 0 ➔ RA = 46kN
92
Shear Force Calculation:
60kN/m
20kN
20kN/m
0 1 2 3 4 5 6

0 1 2 3
4 5 6

3m 2m 2m

46 kN 144 kN

V0-0 =0 ; V1-1 = + 46 kN V4-4 = - 84 + 144 = + 60kN

V2-2 = +46 – ½ × 3 × 60 = - 44 kN V5-5 = +60 – 20 × 2 = + 20 kN
V3-3 = - 44 – 20 × 2 = - 84 kN V6-6= 20 – 20 = 0 (Check)
93
 60kN/m
20kN
20kN/m
0 1 2 3 4 5 6

0 1 2 3
4 5 6

3m 2m 2m

46 kN 144 kN
46kN Parabola 60kN
20kN

44kN
SFD 84kN

94
 X 60kN/m
20kN
20kN/m

A
x C B D
X
3m 2m 2m

46 kN 144 kN

Max. bending moment will occur at the section where the shear force is zero.
The SFD shows that the section having zero shear force is available in the
portion AC. Let that section be X-X, considered at a distance ‘x’ from support A
as shown above. The shear force expression at that section should be equated to
zero. i.e.,
Vx-x = 46 – ½ .x. (60/3)x = 0 ➔ x = 2.145 m
95
Bending Moment Calculation
60kN/m
20kN
20kN/m

A
C B D

3m 2m 2m

46 kN 144 kN
MA = M D = 0
MC = 46 × 3 – ½ × 3 × 60 × (1/3 × 3) = 48 kNm[Considering LHS of section]
MB = -20 × 2 – 20 × 2 × 1 = - 80 kNm [Considering RHS of section]
Absolute Maximum Bending Moment,
Mmax = 46 × 2.145 – ½ × 2.145 ×(2.145 × 60/3) × (1/3 × 2.145) = 65.74 kNm
96
 60kN/m
20kN
20kN/m

A
C B D

3m 2m 2m

46 kN 65.74kNm 144 kN
Cubic
parabola Parabola

Point of
BMD Contra flexure Parabola
80kNm 97
Point of contra flexure:
BMD shows that point of contra flexure is existing in the portion
CB. Let ‘a’ be the distance in the portion CB from the support B at
which the bending moment is zero. And that ‘a’ can be calculated
as given below.
ΣMx-x = 0

(2 + a) 2
144a − 20(a + 2) − 20 =0
2
a = 1.095 m

98
Ex17 Draw shear force and bending moment diagram [SFD &
BMD] for a simply supported beam subjected to loading as
shown in the figure.

40kN
0.5m
30kN/m
20kN/m
0.7m
A
B C D E

2m 1m 1m 2m

99
 40kN
0.5m
30kN/m
20kN/m
0.7m
A
B C D E

2m 1m 1m 2m
40kN

40x0.5=20kNm 30kN/m
40kN
20kN/m

A
B C D E

2m 1m 1m 2m
100
 40kN 30kN/m
20kN/m
20kNm
A
B C D E

2m 1m 1m 2m

VA VD

Solution: Calculation of reactions: [Clockwise moment is Positive]

ΣMA = 0
-VD × 4 + 20 × 2 × 1 + 40 × 3 + 20 + ½ × 2 × 30 × (4+2/3) = 0 ➔ VD =80kN
ΣFy = 0
VA + 80 – 20 × 2 - 40 - ½ × 2 × 30 = 0 ➔ VA = 30 kN

101
Shear Force Calculation:
40kN 30kN/m
20kN/m
0 2 3 4 5 6 7
1
20kNm

0 2 3 4 6 E
1 5 7

2m 1m 1m 2m

30 kN 80 kN
Calculation of Shear Forces: V0-0 = 0
V1-1 = 30 kN V5-5 = - 50 kN
V2-2 = 30 – 20 × 2 = - 10kN V6-6 = - 50 + 80 = + 30kN
V3-3 = - 10kN V7-7 = +30 – ½ × 2 × 30 = 0(check)
V4-4 = -10 – 40 = - 50 kN
102
 40kN 30kN/m
20kN/m
0 2 3 4 5 6 7
1
20kNm

0 2 3 4 6 E
1 5 7

2m 1m 1m 2m

30 kN 80 kN
30kN Parabola
30kN

x = 1.5 m
10kN 10kN

SFD
50kN 50kN
103
Bending Moment Calculation
X
40kN 30kN/m
20kN/m
20kNm
A
X= 1.5 m B C D E

X
2m 1m 1m 2m

30 kN 80 kN
Calculation of bending moments:
MA = M E = 0
MX = 30 × 1.5 – 20 × 1.5 × 1.5/2 = 22.5 kNm
MB= 30 × 2 – 20 × 2 × 1 = 20 kNm
MC = 30 × 3 – 20 × 2 × 2 = 10 kNm (section before the couple)
MC = 10 + 20 = 30 kNm (section after the couple)
MD = - ½ × 30 × 2 × (1/3 × 2) = - 20 kNm( Considering RHS of the section)
104
 X
40kN 30kN/m
20kN/m
20kNm
A
X= 1.5 m B C D E

X
2m 1m 1m 2m

30 kN 22.5kNm 30kNm 80 kN
Parabola 20kNm
10kNm Point of contra flexure

BMD Cubic parabola

20kNm
105
 30kN Parabola
30kN

x = 1.5 m
10kN 10kN

SFD
50kN 50kN
22.5kNm 30kNm
Parabola 20kNm
10kNm Point of contra flexure

BMD Cubic parabola

20kNm
106
Ex18 Draw shear force and bending moment diagram [SFD &
BMD] for a simply supported beam subjected to loading as
shown in the figure.

15kN/m
10kN
20kN/m
5kNm

1m 1m 3m 1m 1m 2m

107
Ex19 Draw shear force and bending moment diagram [SFD &
BMD] for a cantilever beam subjected to loading as shown in
the figure.

40kN
0.5m
300
20kN/m
0.7m
B
A

3m 1m 1m

108
Ex20 Draw shear force and bending moment diagram [SFD &
BMD] for a simply supported beam subjected to loading as
shown in the figure.

8kN 16kN
4kN/m 8kN

A B
2m 2m 2m 2m

109