ENERGY IN WAVES: INTENSITY

for GENERAL PHYSICS 1/ Grade 12

Quarter 2/ Week 4

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 FOREWORD

We are surrounded by waves and their presence works to channelize a

number of phenomena. Every day we hear sounds and we are able to receive
sound waves directly from different sources and those coming waves reflected
from different surfaces. Actually most waves look very complicated. Complex
waves are more interesting, even beautiful, but they look disturbing. Most
interesting mechanical waves consist of a combination of two or more traveling
waves propagating in the same medium. The principle of superposition can be
used to analyze the combination of simple waves.

Moreover, there are times when waves do not seem to move but rather,
they just vibrate in place. We can see unmoving waves on the surface of a
pitcher of water in a refrigerator, for example. Vibrations from the refrigerator
motor create waves on the water that oscillate up and down but do not seem
to move across the surface. Take a bowl of soup and place it on a common box
fan. Vibrations from the fan will produce circular standing waves in the bowl of
soup. The waves are formed by the superposition of two or more traveling
waves, for two identical waves moving in opposite directions. If the two waves
have the same amplitude and wavelength, then they alternate between
constructive and destructive interference. The result looks like a wave standing
in place which is called a standing wave. Sometimes when we vibrate a string,
or cord it's possible to get it to vibrate in a manner such that you're generating a
wave, but the wave doesn't propagate. It just sits there vibrating up and down
in place. Such a wave is called a standing wave and must be seen to be
appreciated.

In order to understand these concepts, let us put our focus on the core
concept of superposition of waves, together with the in-depth knowledge
related to superposition theorem.

Lastly, this SLK also allows you to relate the frequency (source dependent)
and wavelength of sound with the motion of the source and the listener.

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 OBJECTIVES

At the end of this Self-Learning Kit, you should be able to:

K: describe superposition of waves;
S: apply the inverse-square relation between the intensity of waves and the
distance from the source; and
A: recognize the importance of relating the frequency and wavelength of
sound with the motion of the source and the listener.

LEARNING COMPETENCIES
Apply the inverse-square relation between the intensity of waves and the
distance from the source (STEM_GP12MWSIIe- 34).

Describe qualitatively and quantitatively the superposition of waves

(STEM_GP12MWSIIe- 35).

Apply the condition for standing waves on a string (STEM_GP12MWSIIe-

36).

Relate the frequency (source dependent) and wavelength of sound with

the motion of the source and the listener (STEM_GP12MWSIIe- 37).

I. WHAT HAPPENED
PRE-TEST:
Directions: Fill in the blanks with the missing letters to form words that
corresponds to the given definition beside it. Write your answer on your
notebook/Activity Sheet.

W_V_S 1. A propagating dynamic disturbance (change from

equilibrium) of one or more quantities.
I_T_ _F_RE_CE 2. The phenomenon that occurs when two waves meet while
traveling along the same medium.
S_ _ER_OS_TI_N 3. When two or more waves cross at a point, the
displacement at that point is equal to the sum of the
displacements of the individual waves.
CO_S_R_CTI_E 4. A type of interference that occurs at any location along
the medium where the two interfering waves have a
displacement in the same direction.
_ _ST_U_TI_E 5. A type of interference that occurs at any location along
the medium where the two interfering waves have a
displacement in the opposite direction.

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II. WHAT I NEED TO KNOW
DISCUSSION:

INTENSITY OF WAVES

Figure 1. The destructive effect of an earthquake is palpable evidence of the energy carried in
these waves. The Richter scale rating of earthquakes is related to both their amplitude and the
energy they carry. (credit: Petty Officer 2nd Class Candice Villarreal, U.S. Navy)

All waves carry energy. The energy of some waves can be directly
observed. Earthquakes can shake whole cities to the ground, performing the
work of thousands of wrecking balls.

Loud sounds pulverize nerve cells in the inner ear, causing permanent
hearing loss. Ultrasound is used for deep-heat treatment of muscle strains. A laser
beam can burn away a malignancy. Water waves chew up beaches.

The power delivered per unit area is defined as wave intensity (also known
as irradiance in optics). Intensity is a ratio in general. For example, as force/area,
pressure is the strength of force. Also, as it is mass/volume, density (symbol) is the
intensity of mass. Wm-2 is the unit of intensity. The formula for calculating wave
intensity is as follows:

where; I = intensity
P = power
r = distance

Example:
Karen measures a wave at 5.0 m with a power of 9.4W. What is the
intensity of the wave?

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Solution:

= 9.4W ÷ 4 (5.0m)2
= 9.4W ÷ 12.57 (25m 2)
I = 3.0 × 10−2 Wm2

It can be shown that the sound intensity produced by a given sound

source is inversely proportional to the square of the distance from the source.

This is the inverse square law, which states that sound intensity is inversely
proportional to the square of the distance between the source and the listener.
It's important to note that when comparing sound intensities at two distances r1
and r2 from a source, the source's power remains constant. Therefore, P= 4πr12I1 =
4Πr22I2. This relationship then gives the following useful formula: I2/I1 = r12/ r22.

Examples:

1. Lei found out that the intensity of the wave is 13.4 Wm2 with a power of 2.6W.
What is the distance of the wave from the source?

2. If the sound intensity 3.0 m from a sound source is 4.0 × 10 −6 Wm2, what is the
intensity at (a) 1.5 m and (b) 12 m from the source?
(a).
r1 = 3.0 m
I1 = 4.0 × 10−6 W m2
r2 = 1.5 m
I2 = ?

I2/I1 = r12r22
I2 = I1r12 ÷ r22
= 4.0 x 10–6 W m2 x (3.0 m)2 ÷ (1.5m)2
= 4.0 x 10–5 W m2

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 (b).
r1 = 3.0 m
I1 = 4.0 × 10-6 Wm2
r2 = 12 m
I2 = ?

I2 = I1r12 ÷ r22
= 4.0 x 10–6 W m2 x (3.0 m)2 ÷ (12m)2
= 2.5 x 10–7 W m2

SUPERPOSITION OF WAVES
Most waves do not look very simple. They look more like simple water
wave considered in Waves. (Simple waves may be created by a simple
harmonic oscillation, and thus have a sinusoidal shape). Complex waves are
more interesting, even beautiful, but they look formidable. Most waves appear
complex because they result from several simple waves adding together.

When two or more waves arrive at the same point, they superimpose
themselves on one another. More specifically, the disturbances of waves are
superimposed when they come together, a phenomenon called superposition.
Each disturbance corresponds to a force, and forces add. If the disturbances
are along the same line, then the resulting wave is a simple addition of the
disturbances of the individual waves—that is, their amplitudes add.

Fig. 1 shows two waves

with the same amplitude
approaching towards each
other and becomes
superimposed (Fig 3) as they
meet. Eventually, the waves
overlap, producing a wave
that has twice the amplitude,
and then continue on
unaffected by the encounter.
The pulses are said to interfere,
and this phenomenon is known
as interference.

The principle of superposition says:

When two or more waves cross at a point, the displacement at that point is
equal to the sum of the displacements of the individual waves.

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 The individual wave displacements may be positive or negative. If the
displacements are vectors, then the sum is calculated by vector addition.

Superposition is an important idea that can explain phenomena including

interference, diffraction and standing waves. It works for any type of wave
(sound waves, water surface waves, electromagnetic waves...) but only works
under certain conditions, which we describe below.

When the waves pass beyond a point of intersection, they separate out
again and are unaffected.

The principle of superposition can be applied to any type of wave

providing that:
 The waves being superposed are of the same type (e.g. all are
electromagnetic waves)
 The medium that the waves are propagating through behaves linearly,
i.e. when part of the medium has twice the displacement then it has
twice the restoring force. This is usually true when the amplitudes are
relatively small. For example, for waves on water, it is a good
approximation for small ripples on a pond whose amplitude is much
smaller than their wavelength.

What happens when two waves meet while they travel through the same
medium? What effect will the meeting of the waves have upon the
appearance of the medium? Will the two waves bounce off each other upon
meeting (much like two billiard balls would) or will the two waves pass through
each other? These questions involving the meeting of two or more waves along
the same medium pertain to the topic of wave interference.
Wave interference is the phenomenon that occurs when two waves meet
while traveling along the same medium. The interference of waves causes the
medium to take on a shape that results from the net effect of the two individual
waves upon the particles of the medium. To begin our exploration of wave
interference, consider two pulses of the same amplitude traveling in different
directions along the same medium. Let's suppose that each displaced upward 1
unit at its crest and has the shape of a sine wave. As the sine pulses move
towards each other, there will eventually be a moment in time when they are
completely overlapped. At that moment, the resulting shape of the medium
would be an upward displaced sine pulse with an amplitude of 2 units.

Types of Superposition of Waves

According to the phase difference in superimposing waves, interference is

divided into two categories as follows.

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 1. Constructive Interference

Constructive interference is a type of interference that occurs at any

location along the medium where the two interfering waves have a
displacement in the same direction. In this case, both waves have an upward
displacement; consequently, the medium has an upward displacement that is
greater than the displacement of the two interfering pulses. Constructive
interference is observed at any location where the two interfering waves are
displaced upward. But it is also observed when both interfering waves are
displaced downward. This is shown in the diagram below for two downward
displaced pulses.

2. Destructive Interference

If two waves superimpose with each other in opposite phase, the

amplitude of the resultant is equal to the difference in amplitude of individual
waves, resulting in the minimum intensity of light, this is known as destructive
interference.

When two waves interfere, the resulting displacement of the medium at

any location is the algebraic sum of the displacements of the individual waves
at that same location.

In the cases above, the summing the individual displacements for

locations of complete overlap was made out to be an easy task - as easy as
simple arithmetic:

Displacement of Pulse 1 Displacement of Pulse 1 Resulting Displacement

+1 +1 +2
-1 -1 -2
+1 -1 0
+1 -2 -1

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 STANDING WAVES

When a wave comes together (superpose) with another wave,

interference occurs. The resulting wave is the superposition of the individual
waves that interfere. Consider an upward wave pulse moving to the right as
shown in the figure below. Because it is moving toward the +x direction, its
phase is given by − When it hits a rigid barrier, the reflected wave pulse
moves to the left and is inverted as shown in the figure. Because it is moving
toward the –x direction and π rad out of phase with respect to the incident
pulse, its phase is given by

Retrieved from http://libphysicsstuff.wdfiles.com/local--files/wave-properties/FixedEnd.jpg

Figure 4. A wave pulse moving to the right is reflected our of phase upon hitting a rigid barrier

Now, instead of a single wave pulse, if one end of the string is continuously
moved up and down, the incident wave will interfere with the reflected wave.
This will result in an interference pattern shown in the figure below. This is called a
standing wave. The points in a wave where the particles are relatively at rest are
called the nodes, and the positions of maximum transverse displacement are
called antinodes.

Retrieved from http://www.revisesmart.co.uk/images/resources/physics/nodes-antinodes.png

Figure 5. Free-body diagram of a standing transverse wave

Nodes and antinodes should not be confused with crests and troughs.
When the motion of a traveling wave is discussed, it is customary to refer to a
point of large maximum displacement as a crest and a point of large negative
displacement as a trough. These represent points of the disturbance that travel
from one location to another through the medium. An antinode on the other
hand is a point on the medium that is staying in the same location. Furthermore,

9
an antinode vibrates back and forth between a large upward and a large
downward displacement. And finally, nodes and antinodes are not actually part
of a wave. Recall that a standing wave is not actually a wave but rather a
pattern that results from the interference of two or more waves. Since a standing
wave is not technically a wave, an antinode is not technically a point on a
wave. The nodes and antinodes are merely unique points on the medium that
make up the wave pattern.

A variety of standing waves can be produced by shaking the rope at

different frequencies.

Example:
Find the wave function that describes a standing transverse wave.

Solution:
You can find the wave function of a standing wave using the principle of
superposition. Here, you simply add the wave functions for the incident and the
reflected waves. Let the incident wave be moving toward the +x-axis. Its wave
function is
−

The reflected wave for this incident wave is moving toward the –x
direction and π rad out of phase. Thus, its wave function can be written
as

Using the principle of superposition, the wave function for the standing
wave is

Using the relation − you have

− −

You can expand this by noting that This

gives −

This simplifies to

where

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 This wave function for a standing transverse wave can be interpreted as
follows:

1. The amplitude of the standing wave is twice the amplitude of the

incident wave and the reflected wave.
2. The term “sin kx” means that the shape of the standing wave is sinusoidal.
3. The term “sin ωt” means that the particles oscillate up and down (as time
progresses). But unlike the case of a travelling wave, the particles in a
standing wave are moving in phase as show in the figure below.

Retrieved from DIWA Learning Systems, Inc.

Figure 6. A comparison of traveling and standing waves

Example:
Consider a standing wave with
wavelength λ on a string having an
indefinite length as shown the figure below.
In terms of λ, find the positions x of the
nodes and the antinodes.

Solution:
To find the nodes, set

This gives

Because you are concerned with displacements, you use You

can then find x.

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 You can see that the nodes can be found at

To find the antinodes, set

Solving for x gives

So the antinodes can be seen at positions

SOUND
The longitudinal wave that is very important in your daily life is sound
wave. The intensity (I) of sound waves is defined as the time average rate at
which energy is transported per unit area (A) perpendicular to the direction of
propagation. Because the time average rate of energy transported is the
average power you can write sound intensity as

The unit of intensity is W/m 2 or J/s m2. Consider a source of sound shown in
the figure below. The energy transported by the sound through the two
imaginary spheres (with raddii r 1 and r2) shown in the figure is the same. So the
average power through each sphere is also the same.

Thus, you can write

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 This can be neatly written as

This result is the inverse-square law for intensity. This shows that the intensity
of sound waves decreases with the square of the distance from the source.

Your ears can start detecting sound with an intensity of 1x10 -12 W/m 2. This
intensity is the threshold of hearing . Because your ears are very sensitive and
can detect a wide range of intensities, sound intensity levels relative to the
threshold of hearing are used. The unit for sound intensity level is decibel (dB).
The sound intensity level for a sound wave with intensity I id defines as

Note that sound intensity is different from sound intensity level. The intensity
is average power per unit area with a unit of W/m 2, whereas the intensity level
is a scaled value of intensity with a unit of dB.

Example:
Find the sound intensity level for the threshold of hearing
and threshold of pain .

Solution:
As previously said, the threshold of hearing has an intensity of
. The corresponding sound intensity level is

Therefore, the threshold of hearing has an intensity level of 0 dB. An

intensity level of 0 dB corresponds to a very faint sound that the ears could
detect.

To find the intensity level foe the threshold of pain, simply substitute its
intensity to the following equation:

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 This is the intensity
level where your ear starts
to feel the pain due to a
very loud sound. The figure
on the right shows a scale
of varying sound intensity
levels.

Retrieved from
https://www.osha.gov/dts/osta/otm
/noise/images/common_sounds.gif

Figure 7. Diagram of various

sound intensity levels, from the
threshold of hearing to the
threshold of pain

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 DOPPLER EFFECT
Have you noticed that the pitch
of a siren from a police car or
ambulance increases when it moves
closer and closer to you? Do you
notice it too with the sound produced
by a train whistle when the train
moves farther and farther away from
you? In situations like these, the
frequency of sound heard by the
listener changes because of the
relative motion between the source of
sound and the listener. This
observation (apparent change in the
frequency of the sound) is called
Doppler Effect. Figure 8. Difference in the frequency heard by
the listener for different relative motions of the
source of sound (S) and the listener (L)

Consider different cases for the motion of the source (S) of sound and the
listener (L), as shown in the figure above.

When S and L are both stationary, the listener hears a sound with
frequency . When S and L are getting close to each other (such as in the cases
when L is approaching S and vice versa), the frequency heard by the listener is
higher than . This is because the wavelength of the wave between them is
shortened, which results in a higher frequency.

On the other hand, when S and L re moving away from each other (such
as in the cases when L is going away from S and vice versa), the frequency
heard by the listener is lower than . This is because the wavelength of the
sound becomes longer, which results in a lower frequency.

You can find the frequency heard by the listener if you know the speeds
of the source and of the listener. To do this, you need to define the following sign
convention:

1. The direction from the listener to the source is positive:

2. The speed of the sound (v) is taken to be always positive. Its value varies
with temperature. However, you can approximate its typical value to be
equal to 340 m/s for air at many cases.

15
 Consider a source that emits a sound wave with frequency and moves
at speed and a listener that moves at speed . You can show that the
frequency heard by the listener is

Example:

The siren of a police car emits a sound with a frequency of 70 Hz. The
police (P) is chasing a criminal (C) as shown in the figure below. The police car
moves at 30 m/s, whereas the criminal’s car is moving at 10 m/s. What is the
frequency of the sound emitted by the siren as heard by the criminal?

Solution:

First, note that by sign convention, the positive direction is from the
criminal (listener) to the police (source) as shown in the figure. So, the speed of
the criminal is − and the speed of the police is − . Let
the frequency emitted by the siren (police car) and be the frequency heard
by the criminal. Using the Doppler effect and assuming that speed of sound is
,

( ) −
( ) −

Caution: In analyzing the Doppler effect, many students like you confuse
the pitch of a sound with its loudness. Pitch is associated with the frequency of
sound. A high frequency corresponds to a high pitch. You can hear this as
someone sings the notes ―do re mi fa sol la ti do”. Loudness, on the on the other
hand, is associated with the amplitude of vibration and thus the energy sound
waves. Louder sounds have ―higher decibels‖ than weaker ones.

Consider an ambulance approaching a listener. When an ambulance

approaches the listener, the pitch of the sound becomes higher because of the
16
Doppler effect, and its loudness also increases because it is moving closer to the
listener. Similarly, when the ambulance passes by the listener and moves away,
both the pitch and the loudness of the siren become lower.

Because of the association between the two, many people incorrectly

think that pitch and loudness are the same things. As a physics student, you
should keep in mind that they are different from each other.

Performance Task:

Hearing is very important, so you need to take good care of your ears.
Avoid loud sounds, which could hurt your ears and cause hearing damage.
Expound this idea using Physics concepts. Write your answer in a short bond
paper. Be guided with the rubric that follows.

Rubric:

FOCUS CONTENT ORGANIZATION STYLE CONVENTIONS

The single- The presence of The order developed The choice, use and Grammar, mechanics,
controlling part ideas developed and sustained within arrangement of spelling, usage and
made with an through facts, and across words and sentence sentence formation.
awareness of task examples, paragraphs using structures that create
about a specific anecdotes, details, transitional devices tone and voice.
topic. opinions, statistics, and including
reasons and/or introduction and
explanations conclusion
Sharp, distinct Substantial, specific, Sophisticated Precise, illustrative Evident control of
controlling point and/or illustrative, arrangement of use of a variety of grammar, mechanics,
4 made about a confident, content with evident words and sentence spelling, usage and
single topic with demonstrating strong and/or subtle structures to create sentence formation.
evident awareness development and transitions. consistent writer’s
of task sophisticated ideas. voce and tone
appropriate to
audience.
Apparent point Sufficiently Functional Generic use of a Sufficient control of
made about a developed content arrangement of variety of words and grammar, mechanics,
3 single topic with with adequate content that sustains sentence structures spelling, usage and
sufficient awareness elaboration or a logical order with that may or may not sentence formation.
of task. explanation. some evidence of create writer’s voice
transitions. and tone
appropriate to
audience.
No apparent point Limited content with Confused or Limited word choice Limited control of
but evidence of a inadequate inconsistent and control of grammar, mechanics,
2 specific topic. elaboration or arrangement of sentence structures spelling, usage and
explanation. concept with or that exhibit voice sentence formation.
without attempts at and tone.
transition.
Minimal evidence Superficial and/or Minimal control of Minimal variety in Minimal control of
1 of a topic. minimal content. content word choice and grammar, mechanics,
arrangement. minimal control of spelling, usage and
sentence structures. sentence formation.
Adapted from https://pt.slideshare.net/mobile/jennytuazon01630/rubrics-in-essay

17
III. WHAT I HAVE LEARNED
EVALUATION/POST TEST:

I. TRUE OR FALSE: Write the word true if the statement is correct, false if
otherwise. Write your answers on your notebook/Activity sheet.

t 1. Wave intensity is the power delivered per unit area.

f 2. The sound intensity produced by a given sound source is directly
proportional to the square of the distance from the source.
f3. Inverse square law states that sound intensity is directly proportional to
the square of the distance between the source and the listener.
t4. When two or more waves arrive at the same point, they superimpose
themselves on one another.
t 5. When two or more waves cross at a point, the displacement at that
point is equal to the sum of the displacements of the individual waves.
f 6. Constructive interference is a type of interference that occurs at any
location along the medium where the two interfering waves have a
displacement in the same direction.
t 7. If one end of the string is continuously moved up and down, the
incident wave will interfere with the reflected wave. This will result in an
interference pattern.
f 8. You can find the frequency heard by the listener even without
knowing the speeds of the source and of the listener.
t9. The speed of the sound (v) is taken to be always positive.
t 10. A high frequency corresponds to a high pitch.

II. PROBLEM SOLVING: Solve the given problem below and write your answer
on your Physics notebook/Activity Sheet. Show your solution.

 If the sound intensity 4.0 m from a point sound source is 1.0 × 10 -6 Wm2,
what will be the sound intensity at each of the following distances from
the source:
a. 1.0 m? and
b. 2.0 m?

18
 REFERENCES

Books:
Arevalo, Ryan L. and Mulig, Charity I. General Physics 1. Makati City,
Philippines: DIWA Learning Systems Inc., 2017.

Physics Worktext by Quianbao and Floresta.p249-251.

Santos, Gil Nonato C. General Physics 1. Sampaloc, Manila, Philippines:

REX Bookstore, 2017.

Serway, Raymond A. and Beichner, Robert J. Physics for Scientists and

Engineers with Modern Physics, Fifth Edition. United States of
America: Thomson Learning Inc., 2000.

University Physics. Truman and Sanny.Vol 1.p.819

Webpages:

https://www.physicsclassroom.com/class/waves/Lesson-4/Formation-of-
Standing-Waves

https://physics.info/waves-standing/

https://www.physicsclassroom.com/class/waves/Lesson-4/Nodes-and-
Anti-nodes

https://byjus.com/jee/superposition-of-waves/

https://courses.lumenlearning.com/physics/chapter/16-10-superposition-
and-interference/

https://phys.libretexts.org/Bookshelves/University_Physics/Book
%3A_University_Physics_(OpenStax)/Map%3A_University_Physics
_I__Mechanics_Sound_Oscillations_and_Waves_(OpenStax)/
16%3A_Waves/16.06%3A_Interference_of_Waves

https://www.physicsclassroom.com/class/waves/Lesson-3/Interference-of-
Waves

https://www.physicsclassroom.com/class/waves/Lesson-3/Interference-of-
Waves

19
 DEPARTMENT OF EDUCATION
Division of Negros Oriental

SENEN PRISCILLO P. PAULIN, CESO V

Schools Division Superintendent

FAY C. LUAREZ, TM, Ed.D., Ph.D.

OIC - Assistant Schools Division Superintendent Acting CID Chief

NILITA L. RAGAY, Ed.D.

Assistant Schools Division Superintendent

ROSELA R. ABIERA
Education Program Supervisor – (LRMS)

ARNOLD R. JUNGCO
PSDS – Division Science Coordinator

MARICEL S. RASID
Librarian II (LRMDS)

ELMAR L. CABRERA
PDO II (LRMDS)

ROSEWIN P. ROCERO
JANICE M. SANDIGAN
Writers/Illustrators/Lay-out Artists

_________________________________

QUALITY ASSURANCE TEAM

ARNOLD D. ACADEMIA
ZENAIDA A. ACADEMIA
LIEZEL A. AGOR
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LIELIN A. DE LA ZERNA
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VICENTE B. MONGCOPA
FLORENTINA P. PASAJINGUE
THOMAS JOGIE U. TOLEDO

DISCLAIMER

The information, activities and assessments used in this material are designed to provide
accessible learning modality to the teachers and learners of the Division of Negros Oriental. The
contents of this module are carefully researched, chosen, and evaluated to comply with the set
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and may not be reproduced in any form without expressed written consent from the division.

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 SYNOPSIS AND ABOUT THE AUTHORS

All waves carry energy. Inverse square ANSWER KEY

law states that sound intensity is inversely
proportional to the square of the distance
between the source and the listener.
On the other hand, when two or more
waves arrive at the same point, they
superimpose themselves on one another.
More specifically, the disturbances of waves
are superimposed when they come
together. This is a phenomenon called
superposition.
Sound waves are longitudinal waves.
Loudness is quantitatively described using
sound intensity levels measured in units of
decibels. Just like other waves, the
frequency of a sound heard by the listener
may be different from the frequency of a
sound emitted by the source if there is
relative motion between the two. This
phenomenon is called Doppler Effect.

ROSEWIN P. ROCERO is Senior High School teacher

at Sta. Catalina Science High School. She is a part-time
instructor of NORSU – Bayawan-Sta. Catalina Campus.
She earned her Bachelor of Science in Biology from
NORSU Main Campus, and is currently finishing her post-
graduate studies in Master of Arts in Science Teaching.

JANICE M. SANDIGAN is a Junior High School

teacher of Don Emilio Macias Memorial National High
School. She graduated at Negros Oriental State
University – Main Campus, Dumaguete City with a
degree of Bachelor of Secondary Education, major in
General Science and finished Complete Academic
Requirement (CAR) for MAEd-Physics at University of
Negros Occidental-Recoletos, Bacolod City.

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