# EXPERIMENT NO -8

AIM -

To study the I-V characteristic curve

of a
p-n junction diode in
forward
brats I reverse bias .

APPARATUS REQUIRED -

A P -
N
Junction Diode apparatus with
a
high resistance rheostat ,
voltmeter ,

leads
ammeter , connecting .

THEORY INVOLVED -

- A p-n junction is a Semiconductor device

obtained contact
by putting in a p -

type type Semiconductor

Semiconductor
with an n -

FORWARD
type Semiconductor
BIASING - The
p -

is
forward biased by connecting the p
-

and
type to the terminal of battery n -

to terminal of battery
type we - .

Initially when voltage is increased

current increases
the
slowly in the

beginning ,
then Sharply .

forward current
flours only ef
•

The
initial forward voltage is greater than a

certain minimum voltage called knee

Nottage .
 A said
REVERSE BIASING -

p -
n
junction is
to be biased
reverse if the p -

type
connected to terminal and
crystal is -
ne

connected to terminal
n -

type is the tire

of the bias
battery .

A current 1in WA)

very small turns
due to minority carriers .

current is
The called Saturation
current as it is Independent of the
reverse bias .

At a certain reverse voltage ,

the
current Suddenly increases due to
covalent bonds
breaking of .

It is called genu breakdown Nottage .

-880
blank
→ on the
left
page
.

BABB

1mA)

BEREA

GABBA
MA)
# OBSERVATIONS -

1. FORWARD BIAS CHARACTERSTICS -

Voltmeter
Range of 0 3V
-

Least Count
of voltmeter =

got
= OOSV

Ammeter
Range of = 0 -
15mA

Count Ammeter
Least
of =

2;÷ = 0.25mA -
# REVERSE BIAS CHARACTERS-116s -

Voltmeter
Range of = 0 -
gov

Least Count
of voltmeter =

1,5-0=1
.5v

Ammeter
Range of = 0 -
1.5mA

Count Ammeter
Least
of =

0¥20 =
0.025mA

= 25µA
 I bias
# RESULT The
forward reverse
-

characteristics of p-n junction diode

has been plotted .

PRECAUTIONS -

1.
Measuring Instruments must be of
proper range
.

2. Make all connections meat clean &

,

tight .

3
key should be used in circuit and
'

opened when the circuit is not in use .

tnoid bias
4.
applying forward Voltage
beyond breakdown .

# SOURCES OF ERROR -

i. The connections
may
not be tight .

2. The Junction diode be faulty

may
.