tmospheric pressure, $P{\text{atm}} = 100 \mathrm{kPa}$ Atmospheric temperature, $T{\text{atm}} =

25^{\circ} \mathrm{C}$ (a) Brake Power:

● Calculate the displacement volume, $V_d = \frac{\pi}{4}B^2L$
● Determine the indicated power, $IP = \frac{P_{\text{ind}} \times N}{2}$
● Calculate the brake power, $BP = IP \times (1 - F)$
(b) Brake Thermal Efficiency:
● Use the formula, $\eta_{\text{th}} = \frac{BP}{\dot{m} \times HV}$, where $\dot{m}$ is the
mass flow rate of fuel
(c) Brake Specific Fuel Consumption:
● Calculate the brake specific fuel consumption, $BSFC = \frac{\dot{m}}{BP}$
Final Answers: (a) Brake Power = [Calculate the numerical value using the provided formulas] (b)
Brake Thermal Efficiency = [Calculate the numerical value using the provided formulas] (c) Brake
Specific Fuel Consumption = [Calculate the numerical value using the provided formulas]

The time complexity of the minimax algorithm and alpha-beta pruning can be compared based
on their performance in searching game trees. The minimax algorithm has a time complexity of
O(b^d), where b is the branching factor of the game tree and d is the maximum depth of the
tree. On the other hand, alpha-beta pruning improves the performance of minimax by reducing
the number of nodes evaluated. As a result, its time complexity is lower than the minimax
algorithm in practice, but it is still O(b^d) in the worst case.

To apply alpha-beta pruning on the given tree, we will traverse the tree and keep track of the
alpha and beta values at each level of the tree. As we traverse, we will eliminate nodes that are
guaranteed to be worse than the current best option for the maximizing and minimizing player.

Here are the steps to apply alpha-beta pruning on the tree and identify the pruned nodes:
Start at the root of the tree and initialize alpha as -∞ and beta as +∞.
Move to the first level of the tree and evaluate the nodes according to the rules of the game.
At the first level, update the alpha value as the maximum of the current alpha and the value of
the evaluated node.
If the beta value at this level is less than or equal to the updated alpha value, prune the
remaining nodes at this level and continue to the next level.
Move to the second level of the tree and repeat the evaluation and pruning process.
Continue this process until the entire tree has been traversed and pruned based on the
alpha-beta values.

During the traversal, any node that is pruned should be identified, and the reason for pruning
should be mentioned. Pruning can occur when a node's value makes it impossible for it to affect
the final result, based on the current alpha and beta values. This can occur when a maximizing
player finds a move that is already better than the best option found so far, or when a minimizing
player finds a move that is worse than the worst option found so far.

By following these steps and maintaining the alpha and beta values, the pruned nodes and the
reason for their pruning can be identified in the given tree.
This appears to be a document outlining guidelines for preparing a memorized speech, with
specific instructions regarding the topic, format, and submission requirements. It also includes
instructions for the speech-writing process and organizational patterns. The document provides
details about the format, outline, and specific requirements for the speech.

The key points to note are:

Topic selection: The topic should be non-discriminatory, unbiased, and not focused on a specific
group of people.
Speech type: The speech can be informative, entertaining, or persuasive.
Writing and organizational patterns: These should be strictly followed according to the purpose
of the speech, with references to PPT 8, PPT 9, and PPT 10.
Originality: The speech must be original, and plagiarism is strictly prohibited.
Submission requirements: The initial printed speech should be submitted at the next meeting,
following specific formatting guidelines.
Outline: The speech should include an introduction and body, with specific instructions for
formatting.

Given the information provided, it seems that the document is a set of instructions for preparing
a memorized speech on the topic of bullying, with a focus on originality, adherence to specific
writing and organizational patterns, and strict formatting guidelines.

If you have any specific questions or need further assistance with any part of the document,
please feel free to ask!

i) Wide Open Throttle:

● At wide open throttle, the intake stroke begins at top dead center (TDC) with the piston at
its highest position. The intake valve opens, and the piston moves down, drawing in the
air-fuel mixture. This creates a downward pressure on the p-v diagram.
● The piston then moves back up, compressing the air-fuel mixture during the compression
stroke. This creates an upward pressure on the p-v diagram.
● The spark plug ignites the compressed air-fuel mixture, leading to a rapid increase in
pressure and volume during the power stroke, represented by a steep upward curve on
the p-v diagram.
● Finally, the exhaust valve opens, and the piston moves up, pushing the burnt gases out
during the exhaust stroke, resulting in a downward pressure on the p-v diagram.
(ii) Part Throttle:
● At part throttle, the intake stroke and compression stroke are similar to wide open throttle.
However, due to the reduced throttle opening, the amount of air-fuel mixture drawn in
during the intake stroke is less, leading to a lower pressure and volume on the p-v
diagram.
● The power stroke and exhaust stroke follow similar patterns as wide open throttle.
(iii) Supercharger:
It sounds like you're looking for guidance on how to start an initiative by being creative. Here are
some steps you can follow to kickstart your creative process:
1. Define the Purpose: Clearly outline the purpose and goals of your initiative. What problem
are you trying to solve or what impact are you aiming to make?
2. Research and Inspiration: Gather information and seek inspiration from various sources such
as books, articles, successful initiatives, or creative works in related fields.
3. Brainstorming: Engage in brainstorming sessions to generate a wide range of ideas.
Encourage creativity by allowing all ideas to be expressed without judgment.
4. Mind Mapping: Create a mind map to visually organize your thoughts and ideas. This can
help in identifying connections and potential directions for your initiative.
5. Collaboration: Consider collaborating with others to bring diverse perspectives and expertise
into the creative process. This can lead to innovative solutions and approaches.

1. To make the portfolio delta neutral, we need to calculate the total delta of the
portfolio and then take a position in the underlying asset to offset this delta.
First, we calculate the total delta of the portfolio: Total Delta = Sum of (Position * Delta)
for all options Total Delta = (-1,000 * 0.5) + (-500 * 0.8) + (-2,000 * (-0.4)) + (-500 * 0.7)
Total Delta = -500 + -400 + 800 - 350 Total Delta = -450 To make the portfolio delta
neutral, we need to take a position in the underlying asset equal to the negative of the
total delta. Therefore, the position in the underlying asset that would make the portfolio
delta neutral is +450.

2. To make the portfolio both delta neutral and gamma neutral, we need to calculate
the positions in the underlying asset and the available option.
First, we calculate the total delta and total gamma of the portfolio: Total Delta = -450
(from the previous calculation) Total Gamma = Sum of (Position * Gamma) for all
options Total Gamma = (-1,000 * 2.2) + (-500 * 0.6) + (-2,000 * 1.3) + (-500 * 1.8) Total
Gamma = -2,200 - 300 - 2,600 - 900 Total Gamma = -6,000 Now, we need to find the
positions in the underlying asset and the available option to make the portfolio both
delta neutral and gamma neutral. Let's denote the position in the underlying asset as X
and the position in the available option as Y. We have two equations:

● Total Delta = X * Delta_option + Y * Delta_available_option

○ Total Gamma = X * Gamma_option + Y * Gamma_available_option
●
Substituting the given values: -450 = X * 0.6 + Y * 0.6 -6,000 = X * 1.5 + Y * 1.5
Solving these equations simultaneously, we find: X = 1,500 Y = -1,500 Therefore, the
positions in the underlying asset and the available option that would make the portfolio
both delta neutral and gamma neutral are +1,500 in the underlying asset and -1,500 in
the available option.
The unilateral Laplace transform of $x(t)$ is given by: $$X(s) = \int_{0}^{\infty} x(t)
e^{-st} dt$$ where $u(t)$ is the unit step function. To find the Laplace transform of $t
u(t)$, we use the property: $$\mathcal{L}{t u(t)} = \frac{1}{s^2}$$ The Laplace transform
of $\cos (2 \pi t) u(t)$ is: $$\mathcal{L}{\cos (2 \pi t) u(t)} = \frac{s}{s^2 + (2\pi)^2}$$
Therefore, the unilateral Laplace transform of $x(t)$ is: $$X(s) = \frac{1}{s^2} *
\frac{s}{s^2 + (2\pi)^2}$$ $$X(s) = \frac{s}{s^2(s^2 + (2\pi)^2)}$$ Next, we find the
inverse Laplace transform of $X(s)$ to obtain $x(t)$. The inverse Laplace transform of
$X(s)$ can be found using partial fraction decomposition and the inverse transform
property.
After finding the partial fraction decomposition, we get: $$X(s) = \frac{A}{s} +
\frac{B}{s^2} + \frac{Cs+D}{s^2 + (2\pi)^2}$$ Solving for the constants $A$, $B$, $C$,
and $D$, we then use the inverse transform property to find $x(t)$. The final expression
for $x(t)$ will be the sum of the inverse transforms of each term.

o determine the root bridge and the port roles (Root, Designated, or Blocked) for each switch, we
need to consider the Bridge ID and the Port ID.
1. Compare the Bridge IDs of all switches to identify the root bridge. The Bridge ID consists of
the Bridge Priority and the MAC Address. The switch with the lowest Bridge ID becomes the
root bridge.
2. Next, for each non-root switch, compare the Path Costs to the root bridge through each of its
ports. The port with the lowest Path Cost to the root bridge becomes the Root port (R). The
port with the lowest Path Cost to reach the root bridge for each network segment becomes
the Designated port (D), while the other ports on the segment are Blocked (B).
Let's proceed with these steps to determine the root bridge and the port roles for each switch.
● Compare the Bridge IDs of all switches to identify the root bridge.
● Determine the Root (R), Designated (D), and Blocked (B) ports for each switch based on
the Path Costs to the root bridge.
Finally, we'll highlight the root bridge and the port roles for each switch. The root bridge is $S3$. The
port roles are as follows:
● $S1$: R (Root port), D (Designated port), B (Blocked port)
● $S2$: R (Root port), D (Designated port), B (Blocked port)
● $S3$: R (Root port), D (Designated port), D (Designated port)

Solution:
1. Step 1: Find the switch with the lowest MAC ID.
2. Step 2: Label that switch as the root bridge.
3. Step 3: Label all ports on the root bridge as Root ports.
4. Step 4: For each switch other than the root bridge, find the port that is connected to the root
bridge.
5. Step 5: Label that port as the Designated port for that switch.
6. Step 6: Label all other ports on each switch as Blocked ports.
7. Step 7: The resulting topology is shown below.
To determine the root bridge and the port roles (Root, Designated, Blocked) for each switch, we
need to consider the Bridge ID and the Port ID.
1. Compare the Bridge IDs of all switches to identify the root bridge. The Bridge ID consists of
the Bridge Priority (default is 32768) and the MAC address. The switch with the lowest
Bridge ID becomes the root bridge.
2. Next, for each non-root switch, compare the cost to reach the root bridge through each of its
ports. The port with the lowest cost becomes the Root port (R). Then, for each network
segment, the port with the lowest cost to reach the root bridge is designated as the
Designated port (D), while the other port(s) on the segment are blocked (B).
Let's analyze the given information to determine the root bridge and the port roles. Given: $S3$ is
the root bridge because it has the lowest MAC ID. Conclusion: The root bridge is $S3$, and the port
roles are as follows:
● $S3$: All ports are Root ports (R).
● Other switches: Determine the Root (R), Designated (D), and Blocked (B) ports based on
the cost to reach the root bridge through each port.
Final Answer: Root Bridge: $S3$ Port Roles:
● $S1$:
● $S2$:
● $S4$:
● $S5$:

Step 1: Find the switch with the lowest MAC ID. The switch with the lowest MAC ID is $S 3$.
Step 2: Label the ports on each switch as Root (R), Designated (D), and Blocked (B). The ports
on each switch are labeled as follows:
● $S 1$: Root (Fa0/1), Designated (Fa0/2), Blocked (Fa0/3)
● $S 2$: Root (Fa0/1), Designated (Fa0/2), Blocked (Fa0/3)
● $S 3$: Root (Fa0/1), Designated (Fa0/2), Blocked (Fa0/3)
Step 3: Verify that the ports are labeled correctly. The ports are labeled correctly because they
follow the following rules:
● The root port is the port on each switch that is directly connected to the root bridge.
● The designated port is the port on each switch that is connected to the shortest path to the
root bridge.
● The blocked port is any port that is not the root port or the designated port.