VELAMMAL VIDYALAYA

AVADI CHENNAI-71.

CHEMISTRY INVESTIGATORY PROJECT

ACADEMIC YEAR: 2023-2024

Hormones
PREPARED BY

NAME :K.PRABHUKUMAR

CLASS : XII-B

SUBJECT CODE : 043

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 VELAMMAL VIDYALAYA
AVADI CHENNAI-71.

NAME: BATCH NO:

CLASS: REGD.NO:

CERTIFICATE

Certified that this is a bonafide Record of Practical work done by

Mr./Miss. in

the Laboratory during the year 2023- 2024

Teacher-In-Charge

Submitted for the Practical Examination in on Held on

VICE PRINCIPAL INTERNAL EXAMINERS EXTERNAL EXAMINERS

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 INDEX

S.NO DESCRIPTION PAGENO:

1. ACKNOWLEDGEMENT 04

2. INTRODUCTION 05
Hormone Regulation
3. 07

Hormones During Pregnancy

4. 07
Chemical Nature of Hormones
5. 08

6. Characteristics of 08
Hormones

7. Classification of Hormones 09

8. 15
Important Hormones

of the human body

Conclusion
9. 17

BIBLIOGRAPHY
10. 18

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 ACKNOWLEDGEMENT

In the accomplishment of this project successfully, many

people have bestowed their blessings and heart pledged
support up on me, I take this opportunity to express my
gratitude to all, who have been instrumental in the
successful completion of this project.
Primarily, I express my deep sense of gratitude to the
luminary,
The VICE PRINICIPAL - Mr. H. Abdul Subahan for providing
the best of facilities and environment to bring out
innovation and spirit of inquiry through this venture
I am deeply indebted to my teacher Mr. S.MANIKANDAN
without whose constructive feedback, this project would
not have been successful. The valuable advice and
suggestions for correction, modifications and improvement
did enhance the quality of the task.
I would also like to thank my parents, friends and all the
members who contributed to this project was vital for the
success of the project.

I am grateful for their constant support and help

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 TOPIC: Hormones
INTRODUCTION:

Hormones are chemical substances that act like messenger

molecules that stream through the bloodstream. Hormones
carry chemical messages from the glands where they are
produced to cells in different parts of the human body.
These chemical messages help to turn on or turn off cellular
processes that control stress, appetite, growth, sleep cycle.
The importance of hormones in the proper functioning of
the human body is immense. They control the functions of
organs and influence their growth, reproduction and sexual
characteristics. Moreover, hormones also affect the way a
human body stores and uses energy and regulates the
volume of fluids as well as the level of sugar and salt in the
blood. Thus, a small amount of hormone can trigger a
significant response in the human body.
Our body contains two different kinds of glands.
Endocrine Glands: These glands, such as the pituitary
and adrenal glands, do not have ducts and deliver their
secretions through the blood straight to the site of
action. Endocrine glands secrete “Hormones”.

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Exocrine Glands: These glands have ducts by which
their secretions are transported. Example: sweat and
liver.

FUNCTION OF HARMONES
Hormones act as a messenger which is released into
the blood. Blood transmits them to various organs and
tissues of the human body. After reaching a target site,
hormones bind to the receptors. Once this process is

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complete, hormones then transmit the message which
causes an organ or tissue to perform a specific action.
The following are some important functions of
hormones:
1. Regulating mood and cognitive functions
2. Growth and development
3. Food metabolism
4. Maintaining body temperature
5.Controlling thirst and hunger
6.Initiating and maintaining sexual development and
reproduction

Hormone Regulation
Hormones may be regulated by glands and organs, by a
negative feedback mechanism, or by other hormones.
Hormones that regulate the release of other hormones
are defined as tropic hormones, which are secreted by
the anterior pituitary in the brain.

Hormones During Pregnancy

Many hormone levels are affected in the body during
pregnancy. Several hormones play major roles during
pregnancy such as Estrogen,Progesterone, human
chorionic gonadotropin hormone (hCG), and Human
placental lactogen (hPL).

Chemical Nature of Hormones

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Hormones may be chemically classified as either
proteins or steroids. All of the hormones in the human
body, except the sex hormones and those from the
adrenal cortex, are proteins or protein derivatives.
The significant properties of hormones are –
1. They have a low molecular weight; thus, they can
easily pass through capillaries.
2. Hormones always act in low concentration.
3. They are soluble in water, so that they can be
transported via blood.
4.The importance of hormones is that they are non-
antigenic. They are organic catalysts. Hormones act as
coenzymes of other enzymes in the human body.
5.Hormones, in their first action, cause a limited
number of reactions and do not influence any
metabolic activities of a cell directly.
6. A significant characteristic of hormones is that
,after their function is over, they are readily
destroyed, excreted or inactivated.
Characteristics of Hormones
Hormones possess the following characteristics:
 Endocrine cells release hormones into the body.
 Circulating in bodily fluids, hormones are chemical
messengers.
 They act on one portion of the body after being
secreted in another.

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  Unlike enzymes, hormones do not catalyse any
reactions.
 They are not stored beforehand and are only
secreted
in minute amounts when necessary.
 The nervous system uses the feedback effect to
control hormone secretion
 The majority of the time, hormones have long-
lasting impacts such as altered behaviour, growth,
etc.

Classification of Hormones
The hormones produced in the human body are
classified based on their chemical structure and nature
as follows:

a. Peptide/Protein Hormones:
These hormones are made of polypeptide chains—
linked chains of amino acids. The secretory
vesicles serve as both a place for peptide hormone
synthesis and storage. They are located in the
membrane of the cell and are expelled from the
parent cell through exocytosis. After being stored
in vesicles, the substance is released when a
stimulus causes a reaction, such as when high
blood glucose levels cause the release of insulin.

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 These hormones are water soluble but not fat
soluble. The cell membrane comprises a
phospholipid bilayer that prevents any fat-insoluble
compounds from diffusing into the cell, preventing
peptide hormones from passing through the
membrane. Since the peptide hormones are unable
to pass through the cell's plasma membrane, the
receptors are present on the target's cell surface.

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 Endocrin Target
Hormone Function
e Gland Tissue/Organ
Influences development and growth,
Growth Hormone Most Tissues activate the synthesis of proteins d
an modifies the distribution of fat
Thyroid-Stimulating Promotes the synthesis and of
Thyroid Gland
Hormone (TSH) release thyroid hormones
Adrenocorticotropic Promote secretion of
Adrenal Cortex
Hormone (ACTH) glucocorticoid hormones.
Melanocyte-
Melanocytes Promotes melanin production in
Stimulating
Anterior In Skin the melanocytes present in the skin
Hormone (MSH)
Pituitary
Gland Luteinizing Ovaries Stimulates ovulation and n of
Hormone (LH) In productio progesterone in ovaries
Females
Follicles
Follicle-Stimulating Helps in follicle maturation
Present In The
Hormone (FSH) and oestrogen production in
Ovaries Of A
ovaries
Female
Mammary
Glands
Prolactin Promotes milk production in breasts
And
Ovaries In
Female
Antidiuretic Influences kidney water and
Kidney
Hormone retention regulates blood
Posterior (ADH) pressure
Pituitary
Uterus,
Gland Stimulates uterine and breast duc
Oxytocin Mammar
milk contraction t
y Gland
Regulates metabolism and has a
Most Cells corresponding impact on nt
Thyroid Hormone
Of The Body developme maturation, nervous ,
Thyroid Gland system activit and metabolism y,
Reduces rate of bone
Calcitonin Primarily Bone decomposition and prevents the m
increase in calciu ions in the blood.
Parathyroi Parathyroid a key factor in controlling blood
Bone, Kidney
d Gland Hormone (PTH) calcium levels
Adrenal Gland Epinephrine Blood Vessels, Increases blood flow, heart rate, and
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 Liver, oxygen intake.
Heart, Fat
Cells
Blood
Norepinephrine Vessels, Regulate blood pressure
Liver, Heart,
And Fat Cells
Kidneys,
regulates blood pressure,
Aldosterone Sweat Glands,
water balance, and salt levels.
And Intestine
controls important bodily s,
processe reduces inflammation, d
Corticosteroid Most Tissues keeps bloo sugar, blood pressure,ar
and muscul strength stable, and nd
manages salt a water balance.

Pancreas, Liver, lowers blood sugar levels and

Insulin Skeletal accelerates protein, lipid, and ose
more Muscle, gluc metabolism
specifically Adipose
Islets Tissue
of Glucagon Primarily Liver Increases blood sugar level
Langerhans
Immune Helps in the development and r
Thymus Thymosin
Cells/Tissues prope functioning of the immune
system
Hypothalamus
releases melatonin during the t to
Pineal Gland Melatonin And Many
nigh promote sleep
Other Tissues
vital for the health of the uterus d
an breasts, has an impact on the
Oestrogen Most Tissues development of female sexual
characteristics and maintains
Ovaries bone health.
stimulate uterine lining for ion
Progesterone Most Tissues concept and get the breasts
prepared for producing milk
enhancement of male sexual
Testes Testosterone Most Tissues
characteristics and
maturation
Gonadotropin-
controls the release LH/FSH the
releasing Pituitary Gland
from pituitary gland.
Hypothalamus hormone (GnRH)
Corticotropin- controls the release of
Pituitary Gland
releasing adrenocorticotropic from the tary
 hormone pitui

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(CRH) gland.
controls the release of thyroid-
Thyrotropin-
Pituitary Gland stimulating hormone from the tar
releasing hormone
pitui gland. y
(TRH)
Growth
controls the release of growth
hormone- Pituitary Gland
hormone from the pituitary
releasing
gland.
hormone
(GHRH)
 ADH (antidiuretic hormone), which is produced in
the brain and released into the circulation by the
posterior pituitary gland, is one example along with
oxytocin and vasopressin.
b. Steroid Hormones:
These hormones are lipid-derived hormones that
are obtained from cholesterol. On-demand, they are
synthesised from precursors and released from the
parent cell by a simple diffusion process. These
hormones typically have the goal response of
inducing the synthesis of new proteins because they
bind to proteins while being transported through
the blood. Steroid hormones, in contrast to peptide
hormones, are fat-soluble and may pass through the
cell membranes. Steroid hormones comprise sex
hormones including progesterone, estrogen, and
testosterone.
Functions of Hormones
 Metabolism of food.
 Development and growth.
 Controlling hunger and thirst.

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  Preserving one's body's temperature.
 Maintain Homeostasis
 Regulating sleep and wake cycle
 Regulating mental and emotional functions.
 Establishing and sustaining sexual development
and reproduction,Endocrine glands are secreted by
them

Important Hormones of the human body:

 Melatonin: It primarily controls the circadian rhythm or

sleep cycles.
 Estrogen: This is the main sex hormone present in

women which bring about puberty, prepares the uterus

and body for pregnancy and even regulates the menstrual
cycle. Estrogen level changes during menopause because
of which women experience many uncomfortable
symptoms.
 Cortisol: It has been named the “stress hormone” as it

helps the body in responding to stress. This is done by

increasing the heart rate, elevating blood sugar levels etc.
 Progesterone: It is a female sex hormone also
responsible for the menstrual cycle, pregnancy and
embryogenesis.
 Testosterone: This is the most important sex hormone

synthesized in men, which cause puberty, muscle mass

growth, and strengthen the bones and muscles, increase
bone density and controls facial hair growth.
Some hormones, such as serotonin and dopamine, also
function as neurotransmitters, which are chemicals that

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 relay messages between nerve cells in the brain and from
neurons to muscles.

Types of Hormones are:

1. Lipid-Derived hormones.
2. Amino Acid Derivative
Hormones. 3.Peptide harmones

1. Lipid-Derived Hormones
Lipid-derived hormones are primarily derived from
cholesterol, and they share a similarity in terms of their
structure. Steroid hormones are the primary lipid
hormones in the human body, and chemically they are
either ketones or alcohols. Examples of steroid hormones
are cortisol and aldosterone.

2. Amino Acid-Derived Hormones

These classes of hormones originate from amino acids,
tyrosine and tryptohan. Examples of such hormones as
norepinephrine and epinephrine. The medulla section of
the adrenal glands produces these. Moreover, the pineal
gland in the brain synthesizes melatonin, which controls
the sleep cycle.

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3. Peptide Hormones
The structure of the peptide hormone is similar to
that of the polypeptide chain (chain of amino
acids). A popular example of peptide hormone is
insulin produced by the pancreas.

Name of Hormones and Their Functions:

 Insulin: Produced by the pancreas, this hormone helps

the human body to synthesize glucose from food intake

for energy. Additionally, it controls the blood sugar level
in the human body.
 Cortisol: It is a steroid harmone synthesized in the cortex
of adrenal glands. Furthermore, this hormone is also
called stress hormone as it helps the human body to deal
with any pressure
.

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  Melatonin: The pineal gland in the humanbrain
produces this hormone. It primarily controls the sleep
cycle.
 Progesterone: This female hormone is responsible for
embryogenesis, menstrual cycle, and pregnancy. It is
produced in the corpus luteum section of the ovary.

Examples of Hormones:
• Insulin is a hormone that's made by the beta cells in the
pancreas. When it is released into the blood, insulin helps
regulate how the cells of the body use glucose (a type of
sugar) for energy.
• Androgens are responsible for male sex characteristics.
Testosterone, the sex hormone produced by the testicles, is an
androgen.
• Estrogens are the group of hormones responsible for
female sexual development. They are produced primarily
by the ovaries and in small amounts by the adrenal glands.
• The thyroid gland secretes two main hormones,
thyroxine and triiodothyronine, into the bloodstream. These
thyroid hormones stimulate all the cells in the body and
control biological processes such as growth, reproduction,
development, and metabolism.

Conclusion
The existence of humans depends heavily and fundamentally on hormones. Having
too little or too much of a certain hormone might have negative health effects,
even though your body generally carefully manages its hormone levels. Diabetes,
including Type 1 diabetes, Type 2 diabetes, and gestational diabetes are a few of
the most prevalent hormone-related illnesses.

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BIBLIOGRAPHY
THE CONTENT FOR THIS PROJECT REPORT HAS BEEN TAKEN
FROM THE FOLLOWING SOURCES:

 https://www.vedantu.com
 https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hormone

THANKYOU

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