10/22/20

Tyres
Dr. Devender Kumar
Assistant Professor
Mechanical Engineering Department
Thapar Institute of Engineering & Technology, Patiala, Punjab

Tyre requirements
1. To support the vehicle weight and distribute it over the road
surface.
2. To reduce power consumption by offering minimum rolling
resistance.
3. To contribute to the suspension of impact forces created by
road surface irregularities.
4. To provide sufficient traction, braking and steering forces on
road.
5. To safely operate the vehicle up to maximum designed speed of
vehicle.
6. To absorb road noise and vibration.
7. To perform as per the designed parameters over its life in
different drive conditions.

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Types of Tyres
Based on material and construction type
• Tubed tyres
• Tubeless tyres
• Solid rubber tyres
• Run flat tyres
• Tuff-up tubed tyres
• Tweel- special air free tyres
Based on layout of internal construction
• Biased /cross ply tyres
• Radial tyres
Based on tread pattern
• Symmetric tyres
• Asymmetric tyres / directional tyres
• Weather specific tyresDr. Devender Kumar,AP,MED,TIET,Patiala 3

Radial Tyre

Biased Tyre

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Run-flat Tyre
Solid Rubber Tyre

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Tweel Tyre

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Technical terms

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Tyre Section

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Construction Types

Cross-ply
Tyre
Construction

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Cross-ply
Tyre
Construction

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Radial Tyres

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Radial-ply
Tyre
Construction

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Ride Comfort

Cornering Behavior

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Contact Patch
Bias or Cross-Ply Tyres

Radial Tyres

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Advantages of Tubeless Tyres over Tubed Tyres

• Improved Road Contact

• Improved Safety
• Improved Ride Comfort
• Improved Cooling
• Improved wheel assembly balance
• Improved Braking
• Improved air retention after puncture

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Tyre Specifications
Key Tyre Marking Description
Manufacturers or brand name, and commercial
A
name or identity.
Tyre size, construction and speed rating
designations. Tubelessdesignates a tyre which
requires no inner tube. See tyre sizes andspeed
B ratings below. DIN-type tyre marking also has the
load index encoded in it. These go from a load
index of 50 (190kg) up to an index of 169
(5800kg).
C Denotes type of car tyre construction.
M&S denotes a car tyre designed for mud and
D
snow. Reinforced marking only where applicable.
E Pressure marking requirement.
F ECE (not EEC) type approval mark and number.

North American Dept of Transport compliance

G
symbols and identification numbers.
H Country of manufacture.
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Typical tyre terminology.

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Tyre Dimensions and Markings

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Section Rim
Aspect ratio Radial Load index Speed rating
width diameter

Ultra high speed tyre size notations

149+
Section Aspect Rim Load Speed
mph Radial
width ratio diameter index rating
rated
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The aspect ratio (profile) of a tyre

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Aspect Ratio decreased and

the Rim Diameter increased.
As per tyre designer’s “only 3% increment in circumference is permitted”

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Aspect Ratio decreased and

the Rim Diameter increased.

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Effects of Aspect Ratio

• A higher aspect ratio provides a softer ride because they

will deflect more over irregular surfaces and under
heavy loads.
• However, lower aspect ratio tyres are normally used for
higher performance vehicles. They have a wider road
contact area (therefore better traction) and a faster
response. This results in less deflection under load,
causing a rougher ride to the vehicle.

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Contact
Patch/ Tyre
Print of
different tyre
sizes

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Tyre size comparison and Compatibility

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Table-1

Table-2

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Table-3

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Influence of the Tyre on the Speedometer

The speedometer is designed to show slightly more than

actual, and under no circumstances less than, the actual
speed.

Actual speed (km /h) 30 60 120 180 240

Max displayed value (km/h) 37 70 136 202 268

3 mm tyre wear gives an advance of around 1%

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What Effect Does Tyre Size Have

on following
1. Speedometer Reading: Actual running speed is more than
displayed on speedometer if larger diameter (lead to increase
perimeter) tyres are used directly on same rims. As per definers
recommendation, only 3% increment in tyre perimeter is
acceptable. Surface velocity on the contact point of larger tyre is
more with same axle speed.
2. Odometer Reading: If tyre is larger than recommended that
odometer will show less reading than actually travelled. Larger
diameter tyre will cover the same distance in lesser number of
turns. e.g. if tyre is 10% larger and odometer reads 100 km then
actual distance travelled will be 110 km.
peri. 1m 10 turns
10 m
peri. 1.1m
9.09 turns
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Tyre rubber main composition

• 38% -Rubber: Natural/synthetic
• 16% -Reinforcements: Steel, rayon, nylon
• 30% -Compounds: Silica, carbon, chalk etc.
• 4% -Vulcanization: Sulphur, zinc oxide
• 2% -Miscellaneous
Bulk (40-60%) of tyre tread is composed of a variety of rubbers,
including natural rubber co-polymers, butadiene rubber, styrene
butadiene rubber (SBR), nitride rubber, isoprene rubber, neoprene
rubber and polysulphide rubber.

Source: Hildemann 1991; Rogge et al 1993; Kumata et al 1996 and 2000; Fishman and Turner 1999
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Under- and over-inflated tyre

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Source: https://www.bridgestonetire.com

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Symmetric Tyres
• Symmetric tyres have a same tread pattern on the inner
edge than the outer edge.
• Can be used to rotate on both directions.
• Tyres on front and rear axles can be interchanged on
either direction.
• General purpose tyre/all weather tyre.

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Symmetric Tyres

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Asymmetric Tyres
• Asymmetric tyres have a different tread pattern on the
inner edge than the outer edge.
• The outer tread pattern is designed to improve
cornering on dry surfaces.
• The inner tread pattern is designed to improve traction
on wet surfaces.
• An asymmetric tyre must be mounted so the proper
edge faces the outside of the wheel.
• This type of tyre is generally marked with the word
outside to indicate which way it should be mounted on
the wheel. Dr. Devender Kumar,AP,MED,TIET,Patiala 35

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Asymmetric Tyres

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Asymmetric Tyres

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Directional Tyres
• Directional tyres are high-performance tyres designed to
rotate in a specific direction to minimize hydroplaning.
• Hydroplaning is a loss of control that occurs when layer
of water prevents the tyre tread from contacting the
road surface.
• Directional tyres have an arrow and the word rotation
molded onto their sidewalls.
• Care must be taken to mount directional tyres in the
proper location so they rotate in the desired direction.

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Directional Tyres

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Run-Flat Tyres: Self Supporting Type

• Run-flat tyres have an extremely stiff sidewall construction so that
they are still usable with a loss of air pressure.
• If the tyre leaks, you can drive the vehicle to a repair shop without
tyre and wheel damage.

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Run-Flat Tyres- Self Supporting Type

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Source: https://www.bridgestonetire.com

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Run-Flat Tyres: Support Ring Type

A cutaway of a run-flat tyre
with an insert for support
in case the tyre goes very
flat.

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Run-Flat Tyres - Support Ring Type

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Source: https://www.bridgestonetire.com

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Self-Sealing Tyres
• Some tyres are self-sealing (seal small punctures).
• These tyres have a coating of sealing compound applied
to their liners.
• If a nail punctures a self-sealing tyre, air pressure will
push the soft compound into the hole to stop air
leakage.

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Self-Sealing Tyres
A - Nail punctures the
tyre.
B - Nail is pulled out
C - Sealing compound
flows into the hole
to prevent air from
leaking out.

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Winter Tyres are recommended

only for winters, which is
mandatory in some countries

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Source: https://www.bridgestonetire.com

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Winter Tyres

Sipes

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Winter Tyres

Holes for studds

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Nitrogen Filled Tyres

• Ambient air is composed of:
– 1% Water Vapor + Other Gases – Escapes up to 250 times faster than
Nitrogen
– 21% Oxygen – Escapes 3-4 times faster than Nitrogen
– 78% Nitrogen – The largest molecule in air, dry, non-flammable.
• Due to large size, nitrogen molecules are the least permeable and
stay in tyre longer.
• A tyre filled with ‘Ambient Air’
can lose 1.5 psi (10.34kPa)
[approx 5% ] in less than a
month.
• When filled with nitrogen, it
can take up to six months to
lose 1.5 psi.
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Nitrogen Filled Tyres: Benefits

• Increased Fuel Efficiency – With reduced air leakage, correct tyre
pressure is maintained for longer time. This reduces rolling
resistance and improve fuel efficiency.
• Longer Tyre Life – Correct tyre pressure à Better contact patch à
less tyre wear.
• Increased Safety – Under-inflated tyres cause 90% of blowouts.
Nitrogen provides more reliable pressure & reduce chance of
blowout .
• Longer Rim Life – No Air à No water condensation à No Resting.
Pure Nitrogen is completely dry, hence eliminates condensation.
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DOT Codes and the 6-year shelf life

DOT: Department of Transport (USA)

After yr 2000, the code was switched to a 4-digit

code
Example: 4 6 1 8 means the tyre was
manufactured in the 46th week of 2018.

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Porsche N-rated Tyres

Rating from N-0 to N-4

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Tyre Wear (Squirm effect, Tyre Bite)

456 Chassis systems

the need to replace the tyres as they approach the
legal tread depth limit. Tyres should be subjected to
careful assessment during service periods and also
on regular occasions by the driver to ensure that
they deliver their optimum level of performance.
Worn tyres can dramatically alter the handling
and braking performance of a vehicle so it is very
important to ensure that they are in the best possible
condition. Generally, the contact patch of a tyre on
a regular vehicle is less than the size of a piece of
A5 paper. For this reason, tyres are one of the most
important areas of maintenance.
Tyre pressures are also very important in ensuring
that the tyre delivers its maximum level of traction
and grip. In many cases, the tyre pressures should be
altered with different vehicle loads so it is important
to check the manufacturer’s recommended settings.
Interchanging tyres
At present, there are various recommendations
regarding the interchanging of tyres, so tyre
manufacturers’ guidance should be followed.
Generally, cross-ply tyres should be interchanged
at frequent intervals if uniform tyre wear is to be
achieved. Longitudinal changes (L/H front to L/H
rear, etc.) and diagonal changes (R/H front to L/H rear
and spare to L/H front, etc.) are normally advised.
Some manufacturers of radial-ply tyres recommend
that the front tyres are not moved to the rear because
of the different wear pattern of front and rear tyres.
Legal requirements
Legislation exists to prevent the use of a vehicle that
is fitted with defective tyres. The current regulations
specify the following tyre faults:

During routine inspection, tyres should be checked ! The use of unsuitable tyres
for the following defects: ! Under-inflation
! Break in the fabric in excess of 2.5 cm (1
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! Inflation pressures per cent of the section width
! Wear and tread depth ! Lumps or bulges
57 ! Damage ! Exposure of cords
! Tread depth less than minimum. The law
Tread wear indication
requires a tread depth of at least 1.6 mm across
The tread of a modern tyre has a pattern that changes the central three-quarters of the breadth of
when the tread has worn down to a given limit. This tread around the entire circumference of the
safety feature allows an observer to determine the
Tread Wear indicate the fault in vehicle
tyre
danger limit quickly without having to use a tyre
tread depth gauge. A tyre with a puncture outside the central tread area
must be replaced according to British Standard (BS)
recommendations.

rapid wear at rapid wear at centre wear on one side feathered edge bald spot(s)
shoulders

under-inflation over-inflation excessive camber incorrect toe steering slackness

misalignment brake drum or disc
wear or distortion
worn dampers
unbalanced wheels
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Heel-Tow Wear

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Side wall rubbing

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Tyre Wear Indicator

Tread Depth Indicator

Tyres With Non Skid Depth (N.S.D.)
less than 0.8mm for two and three wheeler tyres
and 1.6 mm for other motor vehicles tyres are
unsafe to drive. Tyres worn beyond these limits are
not fit for use.

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http://atmaindia.org/tread-wear-indicator-twi/

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Causes of Tyre Wear

• Incorrect Inflation
• Incorrect castor, camber
• Excessive braking, acceleration
• Out of balance wheels
• Misalignment
• Over-loading
• Wrong-loading
• Defective brakes
• Bleeding of air (when hot)
• Unequal tyres
• Incorrect rotation of tyres
• Careless driving
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Wheel/Rim Geometry

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Disc Pressed Wheel

Source: www.depositphotos.com
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Aluminum Alloy Wheels

Chrome
Finished

Chrome
Finish and
Painted

Diamond
Cut Painted

Aluminium
Surface
Finish

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Source: Engineering Clicks, DIY Trade, TSW Wheels, Manchester alloy wheel repair

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Magnesium Alloy wheels

Advantages
• Very Light Weight
• High Strength
• Excellent Corrosion Resistance
Disadvantages
• High Cost
• Brittle
• Can catch fire if during accidents

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Source: www.baanvelgen.com/en/mr-magnesium-wheels-porsche-991-gt3-rs

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Carbon Fiber Composite Wheels

Advantages
• Extremely Light Weight
• High Strength
• Excellent Corrosion Resistance
Disadvantages
• Very High Cost
• Very Brittle
• Difficult to manufacture

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Source: www.autohauslancasterporsche.com

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Wheel Offsets

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Wheel Offsets
+ 0 -

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Source: www.discounttire.com

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Multi-piece rims

2 piece

3 piece

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Locking Ring Locking Rim

Source: www.mtfca.com Dr. Devender Kumar,AP,MED,TIET,Patiala 71

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Three Piece Split Rim

Wheel Centre

Outer Rim

Inner Rim

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Source: www.carthrottle.com

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Rim Width

Clearance for Brake

Calipers

FRONT REAR

Offset

Back Spacing
CENTRE LINE

Front Spacing Dr. Devender Kumar,AP,MED,TIET,Patiala 73

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Source: Asanti Wheels, Turbo Bricks Forum

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Tubeless, Radial tyres with Alloy

wheels J give better safety, better
road grip, better fuel economy and
better rolling resistance.
You spend lot of money for better
rolling.

Someone needs your humanity for

rolling, to get life.
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