modernphyse.es#.

-sNewton1scorpousculaeTheory-: →

Light → particle ( corpuscular

)

wowelheoy-i.is Light → Electromagnetic

wave

Einstein fh.tn theory →

-

small packet of energy

Light →

( photo)
well wave
particle as as

poofeetiesqphoton
.

-
→

well wave
particle
as
as
d)
is Eero
Cli) Rest mass

Ciii) f- § E-
¥
he = 12420 ev - AO

:# A°= 1510m lev = 1^6×10-19 he

 Power
Energize
=

←
I 1sec → iv photon

I see →
ivhg energy

p= Ñh=ÑhO
VIBGYOR
- XP
0$ -

→
Fred ¥9 yellow
#
ioowdt
¥8 walt
⑨
⑤
tee
⑨ which bulb emits more energy
Sec .

→ Walt too -7sec

too =

Both Bulb emits some

energy terse

compare No .

of emitted photon fer see

p= Ñ as w
→
¥ =
 f- Ñ XD
✗
torn ↳ SUIGT

song
> Ñ
Ñpod yellow

P.hotoelectoiceff.ec/--: →

→
It .
②

# Metal
¢ @ E)wax
hcg
=
-

↳ wook
fu on

0 < KE < ☒ thorax

Ñ → No of photon /see
in =
No of electron / see

Ñ×n% = in
[ at .
to ]
5%

[ effective collision añ
 Modern physics → n# ☒ ( low probability

Experiment photon

oath#€-µnde
diarist electron format
e$# photon At →

+
diff KE

O<KE<KEn@
electron dad → some electron having
sufficient energy
to move

anode
along
its

saturation
aunt
-v
 V r
eV
KE +

→É¥÷¥:
1.
KE - ev

stopping potential
stottirgtotntial :→ voltage that can

stop fastest electron just before

Anode .

*←¥¥t¥ Kena,=eVs=0
ktmax
KEma✗

hO-¢=KtTna×
¥ -
¢=KE1ma×= eus

,¥;
T-mkkesults-i.rs
¢ kEma×= evs
d)
¥ -
=

HO -
¢ =kEma×=eVs

¥7s
lii ) I
lighten
=
=

Intensity =

PITI
Ñ in
Liii ) *
my =

in
iu ) is = e

is doubted what will

o
9 f- frequency
hapten with kEna✗& Us

→ hi -

of = ktmax

°
times
too -10
180
} Morethan 2

200 - 10 =

KEma✗ , Us → More than twice

 If frequency of light becomes

three times
keeping Intensity
const what will happen with

Ñ in Ktmax .
Us
, ,

34ms
→
I=i¥-ea→
const ↳ % times
✗

Ñ → % times
in → 43 "
More than shines
KEna✗=
"
"
"

Us =

twice
gf no
of bhotan fer second becomes
a
.

const what will

keeping Intensity
happen with Yin, is , KEma✗&Y
-

→
 ѵ÷→
→

It
¥h#
=

yfmes
const .

Ét
HE ¢> HI < ¢

Iv =
zlmis NOem-i.si#
in =
atms
try
is = 2

no = Yz

kEna✗=
less than £
"
Vs =
experiments are

metal plate .

Then
graph is drown .

compare . i Us Ñ 0 I
, , , ,

→ i > i Vs
,
=
Vsz
, ,

in
,
> in ,
Y
ivg I =

4,1¥
Ik
?⃝
 Two photoelectric
experiments are

-
metal plate .

Then
graph is drown .

compare . i Us Ñ 0 I
, , , ,

→
is is " < us ,
,= z i

iY= o
I,
?⃝
 hi of =
I E)
wait
-

ask Evan
y "

÷¥µ÷÷÷=÷
Wthr eshdd -4--0

hi -
of = K Ewax

W-h%*told=kEma✗-@

¥:÷É
qvs
nu - lo =
evs ,

¥0 ¥ by
- -
-

*¥ .
Pointsman :
→

iuho
p=
pl I ;?→ Ñ =
Eu

i
iv = photon emitted/see
41T£ → ai photon
I → ¥-0k "

it
i¥gA=
A →

N' ny in
elation emitted
✗ =

in
.
=

i = ire
 Walt
I
0 f- too
⇐
zionm
✗
And Ñ

ev -1+0
hc= 12420

12400
ev -
Ao
→

Iihf
=

p= = 10 A-
°

Inm

?%o_ #
Ñ
too safe =

IN Jarle = Iv
1234,0-40=+1.6 Ñ☐J¥e
✗

Ñ the
!✗÷s
= +↳

Walt
too
f-

s.ae#T%aetalf1ateX--4aoA0rodiusr-- 1mm

of Metal plate 2%
efficiency
=

current from Metal

And saturation
plate .
 p= N' ¥
→

Ñ✗
13,4€
✗ e
too =

Ñ =
4%-2
f.
"
" =
¥¥×a⇐io→f
in =
i' Y;?e_ ⇐¥Ñ
✗ 2% =

is -
-
vie =
YE.EE?a-pAd-
area
is
I ;¥④#
-_

30 mV
Us =

to
if Metal plate is displaced
source Find
foam light
.

6m
potential
current 4 stopping
.

saturation
 ate
→
i ✗
MA
↳ =
20

(o / d)

d → 3 time is (new)= B- MA
is → b- limes

hi -
of =
evs
to
frequency
.

defends
on

Vs change
0 do not
dis lace
9 =

As
No change
↳ =

=
30mV
↳ ( old ) = Keng
Farceduetobhoton : →

when both fall 1- on surface

CaseI_:→
& loot .
reflection .

1¥ ai them

0→O→O→#§ Ñ¥
→

%¥
it
( see 2Ñ¥
.

DP =

Face =
change in momentum
/ see

Force =
21T¥
Pressure
FFF =2i¥µ_
=

2☒ É
f-

|Pressue=2=_
Cosette : photon falls 1- to surface
-

& loot .
abssbpton .

o#
→

Ii aithotn
Isg
→
N¥=Pi
Pf=0
1sec I
pp=i¥
i.
Presswe=
Consett : →
photon falls 1- to surface
& at . absobffon .

it Ñhx
.

/ See →

Ñ( 1- %) a
4-
( see A =

Ñh_ (2-4)

prtssine-e-ay.IQ
i

at
Caselli :→
photon fall some

reflection
angle & loot .
 →

÷µ n¥•s•
☒ Since

→ N' 1- Gsa
Pi=
↳
pigs.no
N' 1- Since
4- { N'
1- Gso
=
1-

I See IT DP = 21J # Since

Force = ziu
# Since

pressure -_2④⑤E¥⑨×É
 Pressure =

2I'§

EE* Ksmo
↳ It =

=
Ismo

Pressure Since
=
2¥

photon fall at
some

GseI_ : →

abssbptn
angle & at
.

0.*
¥
o¥¥Ñ¥Gso
¥0
" 1-since

ill -

aid # Since

¥ a- * • so

E= ѥGso(a%)
.

Fy

iuh-smolk-a-j E.IE?j- -Prusue=FY-ra- @-at.)T-

=

Sinha
 Deboogl.ee/shyfothesis-CtFza-oai-- :→

9N Rutherford model

in
circular path .

electrons move

centripetal acin
electron →

satiates
acctd charge fash de
Any will fall in
So electron
energy
,
.

nuclear

>
Qr
Some
orbits
Accosdirgtopsohr :
→

there
such that
are special orbits
loss . These
is no energy
orbits
are
called stationary .
?⃝
 For stationary orbits

must ¥9
loss
But , cause of no
energy
Bohr
explained by
.

is not

According to debnglie
orbits are

electrons revolving in

wave form with wavelength

in
( energy loss
hm-a
so
✗ ⇐ ,

is not possible
1st orbit → + wave

Id orbit →
aware

nth orbit n
ware
→
 §§ mur=n¥@
↳ r=n×

2hr =
ntmu

•m→u is
✗ =
Fu
de

tde-hm-u-h-h-m-E-h-m-a.TL
unit change at
potential diff
c-we

✓
point at set
=

on
work
point d- Isin ant

on = or charge at wskdI

acct faint change or

If
-

we a

with potential diff v. than work

 done will be on .
Kinetic
gain

kt-av-tde-hm-u-h-h-m-E-h-m-a.TL
energy

& d- battle is moving

proton
.

A
their de - broglie wavelength
compare
with
Both moving same

C) if
are

speed
Same Momentum
Lii )
Same K E
-

Ciii )
acted foam same

XD Both are
rest
diff starting from
.

potential

C) same speed proton → m

→
2- bastide → 4m

✗ =

!¥→
✗ atm ¥-2 =
=

}
 Const
(E) ✗ =
hp→→
L=Xp ⇐ =L
ta
¥EÉ→
-
✗
" "I ✗ =

¥= =±
TY ✗ =
*
¥a
→ Const

÷=E=¥
Intf
:→

gf.de broglie wavelength of

what will be
particle is ✗ .

its energy
.

( only f- Hotan
E¥h E=¥
( Not for particle
=

Innit
Epoxide
-_

=±m=±m⇐¥

ftp.arhde-z-mlh-de#
?⃝
BohrModef_:→
electron atm
valid for one

H, Het, Litt

②-②
the
milk
f- = =

2£ =
meds -

d)

Cii
nz¥ = mur -

¥5 a-

|v=→%m §
U=2•l8✗1o6§M#
 8=0-53*-211-52
KE= Emit

KE=13-62÷&

p.E-zxl-3.to/-&n-e #-E- PE-KE- -l3-62n&W

city
orbit
nth excited state →

n> m

El -
nth

Eq
# mthh
higher obit
when electron fall from
released
lower obit ,
is
to energy

in foam of EMW .
 E- Eq
=

¥
-13-6
2¥ -

(
- 13 -6
÷ =
h§

l3-6&(tme- =¥&
ñÉ↳
"
R=
lit per meter

¥¥¥
to l
hymanseries-i.is
-

n
n=n
-

n =
4
=3
I
n
to n=

PtMemb- n -2
-
=

Min
Energy
-
=

Max
✗
.

limit)
tastmembee ( series

h =D
to n =)

Energy = Max

Min
✗ =
BImeeserie-sn-nto.nu

pasdranseries-n-nton-SBroekel-tseries-n-nt.my
to

m-svisiblelight-i.YIBGY-Rxa-o. a t
:→n=n
Pfitendseries

↳
↳
400011-0 7-dolt

at
Balmer
Hydrogen
voilet at 317 Energy
vltavoilet :
→

lyman
↳ Hydrogen at

Red
Inferior from
Infrared
:
→

↳ Hydrogen art
others
Hinton _
n=3
E- =
:÷
- lister

h=|
→
/ | to
- zev

E=
-13-6 ev

upward energy
As move ,

Tm_b
we
d)
consecutive orbits
gap between
decreases .

both 1-2 is greater than

Lii ↳ of
240

orbit
move in higher
If electrons
giving energy
.

are
we
it mean

AEI
Energy
Ñ① Electrons is observed

state only for

in higher energy
second
of
.

order nano -

location
9f in the question
④
then
not given,
electron is
of electron in
we
will assume

state
ground
.

absorb potion is
Ciii) Partial

unless it is given
not allowed

in question .

Dita _#*
is
is 10 Zev
.

10.2ev
emission after
absoobpton

[ Absorption spectrum]
 is
→
1 lev ME ¥ 1kV

Emission
without
absorb lotion .

[ Emissimsmm]

→
12 I
. e v 17¥ :-#
→
*
-3

¥:
-
3

i
i. 9e ¥0
Zev
& 10 .

sample of H atom
-

→
agt at atom

→ Three types of
sedition
gf obits are involved .

Total
n

n¥-
emission
of
.

hey
no
.

E→
3
3(q=
6
4cg

electors fall from 4th excited

state to 2nd obit .
and total
radiation
of
.

no .

skit 5,43 2
5th ,

→ n
,=

naiad
obit
µambee=4cq=6=
nth orbit
9f electron falls from
with
to # excited state
satiation and 'm
types of
. .

lo
→
Ncq= 10

orbited
n = 5

s:
2¥47 ②

F¥f¥¥
.

→
I5eV -13.6
②-

②
→

KE= 15-13^6
=
1°4e#

for all
these energy calculation

Energy of
- as Zero
assume
we

( E•=o )
 1st orbit is
If Eenesgy of
Find KE PE
assumed as 200 .

Id obit of it atom
4 TE of
-

3- Y TE
=-3 -

Y
→ KE=
n=R- -2×3-4
☒ E=

-13.6
KE 13-6 TE =

h=l
-

PE= -2×13.6

Assume #
lstoobit of Energy
-0

kt-3.HU
seu
c- E- 1%
6.
PE=

✗ / 3- Gev

.GE#TE--OImt-IKE,AnytyfeofEnesgydif ce
kE=
-13
PE=

↳ referee # defend not

M2dT
-
 PE, TE → Reface 4T defend
on¥

Hyfolheh-calatom-n.es Soumitra
" '

Great
scientist
revolve
atom Pikcton
discover an
.

mais of pile atom

around proton .

I charge
electron
is 3 times of law is still valid
Bohr
217ms electron (
of
.

obit radius of Hydrogen

@ If 1st
1st orbit of
is ro
.
Find radius of
atom
this
.

new

→ y
If
②

ke÷=m¥ kea =
met
mur
n¥
=
 Kea =
muds
muds milk
Kea
¥2
=

mur
2¥
=

=
:-.

v2
tails →=¥m
saris
Elmi

i=%-A@ ie

wavelength of 1st #
me
(b) Sf
It atom is to
lyman
.

series of -

wavelength of 1st member

And
this atom .

of lyman
series
of

→
 ②
¥0 -=mRr
ke÷=m¥
kea
mur
IF
=

kE=±m&
kE=E②F¥?
Ex
mat
↳ ,↳→Ñt=s_
E=ktmf I=¥AI
X=¥t=is
Atomiccollision :*
pest

pro@→kE H-at@
& H atom are

of proton
-

Mass

almost same .

②→ a ②

Maximum loss is possible

perfectly inelastic collision

for
.

of v1
→ →

② ②

Pi =
Pf
mutiny
Muto
=

Y
 KEI = Emt KEF =
Item ) Call

Max .
loss = KEI -

KEF
=
Emit (1-2)
=
KEI

CaseI_:→
2
"
KEI -20
-

10¥
loss =
-
So
than Zev .

lo
is less
,
-

This
state can't
electron in ground
So , this loss is
absorb energy
.

So Collision
not possible .

elastic
perfectly
.

is
 zoev H-at@ Rest
④ →

Sgafteecollision
④ Rest H-a1@→zoev

EaseI_:→
25 ev
KE, -

sgmaxloss-KEiz-12.SU
Collision
so
, may
possibilities .

is inelastic .

electron from
ground
to
lo-z.eu
state absorb energy
in 2nd orbit 4 Rest
move
2-3 EU in
12.5-10-2 =

energy
of kE(
both P & H atom
-

form
 electron from
ground
ev
to
12.1
absorb energy
state
move in 3rd orbit 4 Rest
Uev in
12.5-12.1=0
-

energy
of KE (
both P & H atom
-

form
⑧Rest
Poo①→kE
Find minimum KE of protein

to excite Het .

Rest
u ⑦
→ ②→
'
→ → v1
⑨ u①

mu 5m v1
45=01
KEI =
Em v2

KEF =
tz5m(¥R
loss =
ztmull %-) -

%faoionifyy.gg
= KEI ✗

10.2×4
=

KEi=5l&
X-Ray High energy Electromagnetic
:→

wave .

At
• 1 IF < ✗ < too

*÷¥-§g
KEIO
☒
V =

10,000k¥
✗

kE=±o+eV

collide with
High
energy
electrons

anode & observe loss

we
energy .
 loss
Energy
€-7
Electromagnetic
Heat wave

lot .

90%
:
i 50%
50%
I %
199%

Max of electromagnetic wave

energy
.

= tool .
loss
ev
¥%n
⇐

tmin=h
Xmin<w
 Natural distribution
#N¥ ( Poisson distributary

continuous
' ✗ -
says

'

:
1min Is

x-rays is produced in a tube

volt , And
with battery so
,
on

✗min •

→
✗ min --¥u="¥ooE¥°_
✗ min =
0.6217°
chasacteristrcx-oay-r.mg

E)
It is observed that some wavelength
towing higher energy foam graph .

Some wavelengths are

another method
coming from
.

②
 electron
gf KE of attacking
is more than
Binding energy

electron it
of revolving , may
fill this
knock out
. To

space electron from higher

down
state falls
energy
observe sodiatm
.

and we

single
DE= 13-6 &( tn -1mg For

electasfslem
Mosdeycorrectvn
:→

13.6 ⇐⑤(¥-tme)
DE=
 fall in kshell (n =D
Naming :→ K →

L " " L "

( n
-
-

2)
→

fall from
one higher
✗ →
shell
two higher
B → fall from
shell

I n=u to n=2
•

to
K✗ n=2 ↳
n= →

to n= I
n=3

Kp
→

to n=2
n=3
↳→

6--1 for
Ka
L
for
b--74
 For 2=41 And wavelength
,

of kin .

→
1¥ ↳
= Rai -54¥ -

E)
"
it meter

✗ Kai C) meter

n
art audit ont ÑuT → tzykpiky
-
- -
-
inmost
"

n¥
" "
"
→ ↳ ↳ -
-

k¥ ? Ekp Eka
>

✗ # Kh
Kp
 "
¥

f_:÷÷
-
E

XKPXKBQpo fe tygarode.is
it High strength
Melting t.int
High .

Ciii ) High conductivity

④) 2 must be high
 EP

Two diff graph is obtained

experiments
two different
.

from f-
voltage of battery
Compare
anode
of

☒ jde
.

→
→
✗ min =
Eu
4min72
4min) , >

y
¥=r*%¥¥)
=

7, < ¥2

a
?⃝
 foam tube
graph X-ray is

given

E)r÷÷ ✗
min
A

@ Sf 2 is increased

MT
¥
¥ - ✗min
't
→ 29 ✗
*
=
II. ¥5K
Same
trim -_

matelot
✗ ✗ min
=

Ka
-

9 what will
⑤ if votoge is

✗ min
haffen with
✗
ka
-
→ up ✗ min -_ ¥
Xmin=h
✗ k<=Con#

UP ✗ k←Xmin=9*'"#
T-ntensityofx-oay-n.is

To
µ I=FÉ¥Any-

11--1
to
☐ to To
☐
In
7mm
 Kt
→ I = To e-
"
"
e- Xz
Ioék
=

II =

_¥
"
" e- =

e-
It =
To

==
3

322K$
(e- =
④ 8-
eJ=⇐ e
¥A±
Nucleaefooce-n.es
short Range face
( Fermi level) .

d)
4515 meter)
Attractive
Iii )
Generally
study qualitative
.

i we will

charge
Independent of

all neuclie Const

Density of
=

Imb 23×10/7
←
¥m3
Neutron Nuclear
proton -1 →

Mass number
A =

A✗q = no .

of Proton + Neutron

2 ⇐ Atomic number
= No .

of footer .
Totaling

2) Mn =
S×%qR3
# -

empt

¥ mp=mn=m

sxyg-apt-F.is?A- jB- -RBAY3- R&

Am =

↳ 1.2 Fermi
1- 2 ✗ 1515m

mealie of c- 12
are placed
Two
both touches each
such that
other -
Erol electrostatic repulsion .

R=
1-2×10-15 ¥3m
→
FR be =
6×1-6×1519
q=

F =
k¥÷= -
 form
Nhatsdefet :→ As nucleons
.

decreases
.

mats
nucleons of
^

→
8h
8 P +
oxygen
> mlnu)
Smp -18mn

DM = 8mp
-18mn -
m(nu)

Bindirgeneogy
:→
During formation
mores
decreased
of nucleons ,

is
released .

and energy

E-
0m£

Iamu =
1^67×10-27 Kg

f- =
1.67×1527×{3×108} Jarle
E= 1i•??¥¥§✗ ev
 f- = 930.8 MeV

E=-Meu
1. 008am u
I -007
=
amu Mn
Q Mp
=

15-99 Famu
m (nucleus of oxygen )=
oxygen
.

Ard Birding energy of

→ mnu)&
(Smp -18mn
-

B. E =

DM =
(8×1007+841008-15997) 9mn

BE =
Dm✗93¥É
E-

Bindirgeneogyteenuelone :→

break
Energy given
released
a nuclear Energy or

nuclear
while adding one
.
 Binding per
B¥- ⇐

Maclean
energy

stability
✗
Btnudene
¥Hoe Ni, Fe

|=→ Nucleons &

i.

Heavier Nucleons
higher
Unstable
Both are
.

nucleus
stability lighter
To gain

combine → Nuclear Fusion

 To gain stability heavier

break → Nuclear
nucleus Fission

deoay.rs/VudeaeFission-:.-sx-deeay-:-s
A > 210

4y
A-
*
✗ →
Ite -1

2-2
a

T →
reft
& daughter
Both a- tamale in opposite
will move
nucleus momentum .

with same

direction
 nucleons np=nn
lighter
→

neutron
heavier nucleons
no .

of
For
greater of than
slightly
no -

is
stable
booth .

1.2 g-
1.5
< [ nudie]
F-
<

" →

GaseI_ 1.5<7-2

i. →
1- ↳ Antineutrino
ÑT2 ↳ ☒ €2
ziz
p parade
-

f- particle
9152

" "

q
✗ →
y -1%+9
2+1
 1.2
g-
<
Cersei :→

:p →
'
on
+
%+%↳
t
neutrino
0152
site

sitar
pt bastide
=

q#

*
*
→ Y+§+%
e- I
 released
Quatre Energy
:
or
→

nuclear
absorbed during
reaction .

aA¥-bB
→
eC+ydd_
product
Reactant
&
A-
value =
@ mreadant
-
EM
product
Hanf
o -
value = + we
[
Mass ]
release
=
Energy

A- value
Energy isabssbed
_¥
=
=
x-deoay-i.es -1*44
→
Ite 2-2

→ p
Igt ←p

G)
ml 'D ]I
[m⇐
-

value = ) -
m

o -

t
.
distributed among
Energy released
→

2- fash de 4 daughter
nucleons .

A-value = KEY + Kt
o -

L¥-yñ+I÷m
value =

8-kt-m-iah.pe
value
LIM
0
A¥-
-

KEE =
 KEy=P÷µ =¥_o-vo@
d- value
KEE P÷m=A¥-

pdeoayorp-deoay-i.no
% I
"
"

y
+
✗ → +

2
2+1

t.gg to
Rest past

←
Nutt) ]
me
[ Nak)
-

value
-

0 =

Nak)== Atx)
→ me

At 4) ¢+1 ) me
NULY )=
-

At +413m¢
0 value __

[ At -2m¢ -

-1m€ ] t
to
Nutt) ]
me
[ Nak)
-

0 value
-

value At G) At A) ] 4
[
-

-
=

Met = 0.5 MeV

|O-vahe=KEp_tEo#
-
antineutrino
We observe sÉ=m of
< 0 value
0 <
Ey
Ej

E-
is
ptdeaay
:-# → Ay
2-1
+
Iet?
to
Rest KpE+
Rest

ovatue-f.NU/D-NutD-meJI#o-vahie=fAtCD-/me-AtlY+K-Dme)
- me

o-vatve-f.AT/Y-AtCY)-zmeJ&f O-valne- - KEp-

< a-
+
to
value
0 < E
,
 and
ifhecay After several
:→ ✗

proton
& Neutron get
p decay ,
to higher
moves
•

excited 4
observe
state
we
.
Now
energy
emission .

energy
* hi
* ✗
Ax
+
→
2
2

1m¥ '
→
:p +
I it
-

0
}→¥¥Eintimate
on
%} Nudes
if → if +
+
b- niet

exeitedfn.to#m(*pootn)smlneuty
k-caftweorelectooncaftuf.rs
when size of nucleus
absorb elector of
is large it

1st obit

④←
.

election from
To fill this space,
down f-
orbit fall
higher
is
released .

energy

"
✗ + § → AY tho
2 2-1
→
26 Proton +30 Neutron → Fe

Dm=[26mp +30mn
- Nu (Fe) ]

[ [ ma me] +30mn

AKEY
-

26
-

=
.

26
+ Me

[ 26m¢ -246m -130mn

+26¢
-

Atte
]
Am =

[26×1.00783+30×1.00867]
-

55 .
9349
army

B. E- =
0M£ = Dm ✗ 931 Meu
 94 92 2

kt(A)o- value ✗

Pu U + a

R-est-K-E-kt-n-O-v-a-ne.cl
pest

-
value -_
[ Naan)
-
Nuff -
nu
(4) ✗ 931MW

=[AtHu ) M Attu )+§me

]eu
-

Atlltetzme
=[At( Pu) -
Attu) -

Atllti
✗ 931 MeV
 % -1°F
"
→ 190 F +
@ g 9

value Nato) Nuff ) me ]#

(
-
-
=
a-

At G) -8m¢ -
At (F) + Mme -4m]&
=
[
ATH Atlf )]×&
[
-

⑨ "
Al → Fug -1%+9
12 0
13

a- value __[Nu( AD - Nulty ) -

me]&
At ( Mg + nine
[At CAD
Bme )
-

-
me ] ←
a- value AHMAD e) d-
[ AHAD -2m
= -

=
[24.990432-24.985839]×93 ,

2m⑧°
Mev
-

"
Lu → Hft
""

Rest Rest EE
ke

a- value (kEe)+Ejo
mat

a- valve KEna✗( B)
=
@u( )
her - Nal #f) -

medal
g- value AHH f) 3×93 1M¥
=[At[ ]
her -

n
ntl -1

→ o -
value
-_[Nu*u) -

NulHg*) -

]&
me

=[ AHAD -

At(Hg*]d
¥ve
g-
=
197.968233×931 Mev

( 197.966760×931 ]
- Me

1- 1088 MeV
 old
AA _ibB → cc +

o-valve⇐[EMreactont-EMpooduc+]93lM

o-votre-BEpo duct-BEreaetant~E wez.me#-

•"

smelt
- -
-
-
-
- -

i
y

É→
Find a-value of
2×+4=2
the reaction .

BE BE reactant
value -_ product
-

→ a-

= 6×70 -
(5×20112+7×30)
o¥ue= 101¥
Radioactivity :
→

Decay of 4PM

All results are purely

Imb to
It has nothing
statistical .

Nucleons
individual
.

do with

lowgdeoiy :→
prate of decay ✗ Number

t
1- =0 No

-
GIAN
✗N
-

dd¥=
"

fd¥=
-

x§
°

No

it
In (F)
-
=
 it
F. =
e-

N=No
"

Halfh→µ=µ .
e-
it

✗ To
1¥ = ☒ e-

✗ To
In 2
-
=
-

To==k
 "

}
Noé
"¥To
a-
" =

→
To =

1¥
Number
O Tye todays
-
No '
Frd

after a- days .

✗ =

%=É÷-A=

No-É¥
today →
Is net

sdoy → Yy II
Paratleldecay : →

B
A
* a

✗ 2A
HA
dI,==
-
-

d,¥
A
=
+ 4

✗ 2A
¥1 = +

Seriesdeaay : -

A "→ is c

KB
dd¥=
-

HA dd¥= +

diff =
+
HA
- ✗2B
pooatlddecay : →

A
s:
HA ✗ 2A
dd¥
-
-

✗ 2) A
dd¥
-
+
=

deff A
dd¥= -

✗ it ✗2
✗ eff =

¥I=¥i+t¥
¥=¥- ie
a-
→
Initial Number No -

TyzK)=2 days
days observe only
tyfp)
=3 we
.

for 6
days then only
✗ decay ,

next 6 days . Then

p decay for
for next
6 days . For
both decay
No .

of nudie after 18 days .

→ Tea
=
¥

Istcdags :
→

N='÷%
-
'
%

ideology
%%- %-
→
µ=
.

eastward "

µ = ⇐

¥
Activity - → pate of decay

A-=
_dd¥= XN

Probability of decay =
PKD =

&eY2→y
% decay = decaying
Total

probability of sustained =

sus¥y%
avg.li/-e--- → <D=
☒

EfÉE .

Xt
N = No e-

N
=%_e =
1¥ =
0 :S Fsd poobabity of decay after .

3 Mean life
→ ✗ t
µ= as e-
✗✗

IN No e-
=

1%3
=

9¥

decoy = No -

1%3

p ( decay) =

%o%3_ = é¥
seriesdecay-e.rs
⑦
é_A×→B
nudie of A formed
d- No -

G-
per second

d¥=É
-
XA

when É=XA
A=na±
dd¥=o
so
,

AD

* =
 d- ✗
%¥= A

§:¥+=§+
0

[k]?
=
t

it
In (% =
-

¥-é"
 A
# BIC
0
0
t -0 No
C

A B
t=t
→
-4A
¥=
KB tip
+4A
ddB_+=
-

=
+ XZB -

✗ it
Fom A= No e-

putirginii )

dd+B_=X,%e→'t→zB
 X No
e-
"
the
£+1
=
,

e-
✗ it
X , No
✗ 2B
d¥+
=

✗ 2T

ektdf-d tz.pe#=X,xgeC2-tDd +Be-t=qageCz-tDxz-xDt

IF = e

Best K

h%⇐÷
=
+

1- = 0 4-2 B = 0

§ k=
_×¥I-,
 I
"

Best
__hNo⇐ 1)

B=¥f÷ (e⇐"I&
At Btc
= No

y¥¢*
A B
-

C = No -