BUKIDNON NATIONAL HIGH SCHOOL

Malaybalay City
JHS –Science and Technology Department
Grade 8 Module 1
Quarter 4

DIGESTIVE SYSTEM
Digestive Processes
1. Ingestion: Under normal conditions, the act of using our hands to put something like food, drink, medicine,
and other substances in our mouth.
2. Digestion is the mechanical and chemical breakdown of food into small organic fragments. Mechanical
digestion refers to the physical breakdown of large pieces of food into smaller pieces which can
subsequently be accessed by digestive enzymes. Chemical digestion - enzymes break down food into the
small molecules the body can use.
3. Absorption. The simple product of digestion is small enough to be absorbed by the epithelial cells of the
intestinal villi. Each day, the alimentary canal processes up to 10 liters of food, liquids, and GI secretions,
yet less than one liter enters the large intestine. Almost all ingested food, 80 percent of electrolytes, and 90
percent of water are absorbed in the small intestine. Although the entire small intestine is involved in the
absorption of water and lipids, most absorption of carbohydrates and proteins occurs in the jejunum. The
small intestine is highly efficient at this, absorbing monosaccharides at an estimated rate of 120 grams per
hour. Notably, bile salts and vitamin B12 are absorbed in the terminal ileum.
4. Assimilation is the movement of digested food molecules into the cells of the body where they are used.
The liver is important in the assimilation process: glucose is used in respiration to provide energy and
amino acids are used to build new proteins.
5. Egestion By the time chyme passes from the ileum into the large intestine, it is essentially an indigestible
food residue (mainly plant fibers like cellulose), some water, and millions of bacteria. The colon is the first
part of the large intestine. It absorbs most of the remaining water. This leaves semi-solid waste material
called feces. The feces are stored in the rectum, the last part of the large intestine. Egestion happens when
these feces pass out of the body through the anus.
What is the role of Digestive Enzymes in the Digestive Process?

Enzymes are organic catalysts that can initiate or speed up chemical reactions. They work well in
temperature ranging from 300C -400C. Raw diets such as vegetable salads, fruits, nuts, vegetables, and fruit juices
are rich with enzymes that hasten the chemical breakdown of food. Digestive enzymes are classified based on the
substrate they work on.

Food molecule Enzymes Product

Carbohydrate carbohydrase simple sugar

Proteins protease or peptidase amino acid

Lipids or fats lipase fatty acid and glycerol

Nucleic acid nuclease nucleotide

What are the organs of digestion?

The human digestive system is tube-like because it has an opening where food enters via the mouth and the
waste products exit through an anus. The organs of digestion are divided into two main parts: the organs
of alimentary tract and accessory organs.

Digestion begins in the mouth or oral cavity. It contains 32 teeth that break down food into small pieces,
tongue that mixes food with saliva and ducts of salivary glands, secrete ptyalin that start the chemical digestion
of carbohydrates. Partially digested food mixes with saliva and lubricated and chewed until it forms into a ball-
shaped bolus. Swallowing pushes the bolus into the pharynx or throat. Pharynx is 5-6 inches long, during
swallowing, the sphincter muscles relax and raises the epiglottis to cover the opening of trachea so food passes
from the pharynx to the esophagus then into the stomach by wavelike contraction and relaxation of involuntary
muscles called peristalsis.
 Stomach is a pear-shaped organ, about 30.5cm long and 15.2 cm wide and has the capacity of about 1 liter.
Stomach has many folds called rugae. Within the rugae are gastric glands secreting gastric juices and hydrochloric
acid that digest proteins. The contraction or churning of the stomach mixes the food with gastric juices and the
food is converted into chyme, a semifluid partially digested food. During the churning, the sphincter muscles on
both side of the stomach are closed. Food usually remains in the stomach for 2-3 hours. The pyloric valve at the
intestinal end, opens and closes several times emptying or moving the chyme to the small intestine.
Small intestine is about 6 meters long and approximately 2.5 cm in diameter for adult. It is divided into 3
sections: duodenum, jejunum, and ileum. Small intestine is considered as organ of complete digestion because it
secretes the enzymes that change food materials into their simplest components. The walls of the small intestine
contain many folds that are lined up with villi. Every villus has epithelial cells for covering and blood vessels
scattered within. On the surface of every epithelial cell, it has tinier projection called microvilli add up a wide
surface area for the absorption of nutrients. and into the bloodstream and get transported to various parts of the
body.
Not all food is completely digested. These undigested materials become watery and pass from small
intestine into the large intestine. Large intestine or colon is about 5cm wide and 1.5 meters long. Water is
absorbed from undigested food and the remaining materials which then become more solid are pass into the
rectum where they are temporarily stored and are eventually eliminated through the anus as waste.

Accessory organs of digestion.

1. Salivary glands – these include parotid, sublingual and submandibular which secretes saliva that
contains salivary amylase or ptyalin.
2. Liver is located at the right side of upper abdomen. It is responsible for production of bile, about 500mL
-1,000 mL daily. Bile is temporarily stored and concentrated in the gallbladder. Bile emulsifies fats and
neutralizes the chyme from the stomach.
3. Pancreas – is yellowish gland about 18cm long and 4 cm wide. The acinar cells of pancreas secrete
amylopsin, trypsin, steapsin and nuclease.

The human body contains trillions of cells, 78 different organs and more than 60,000 miles of blood vessels
if you stretched them end-to-end. Incredibly, all these cells, vessels and organs work together to keep you alive.
Every cell in the body needs energy to perform its duties and stay alive. Cells use energy when they have
the nutrients they need to perform. The digestive system converts bulk foods like bread and meat into their
simple components and absorbs them into the bloodstream through the intestines.
The circulatory system moves the nutrients from the intestines to the cells that need them. The
respiratory system provides the oxygen necessary for cells to metabolize, and the circulatory system moves the
oxygen around the body and to the cells.
The excretory system and respiratory system both get rid of waste products. The excretory system
disposes of all food not absorbed by the body, and any foods that the digestive system couldn't break down. The
respiratory system removes carbon dioxide, a waste product of the cell, from the circulatory system.
Integration of Systems

When the stomach is empty and blood glucose levels are low, the digestive system receptors and the brain
respond by making you feel hungry—your stomach may “growl,” and you may feel pain or discomfort in your
midsection. These sensations prompt you to eat, which provides new nutrient sources to raise blood glucose levels.
The exocrine part of the pancreas produces enzymes that help digest the nutrients you have eaten so they can be
absorbed by the small intestine into the blood.

The circulatory system is important in transporting the glucose and pancreatic hormones in blood to all
body cells. When your blood circulates through your digestive system, it picks up the nutrients your body absorbed
from your last meal. Your blood also carries oxygen inhaled by the lungs. Your circulatory system delivers oxygen
and nutrients to the other cells of your body then picks up any waste products created by these cells, including
carbon dioxide, and delivers these waste products to the kidneys and lungs for disposal. Meanwhile, the circulatory
system carries hormones from the endocrine system, and the immune system’s white blood cells that fight off
infection. Each of your body systems relies on the others to work well.

The respiratory system relies on your circulatory system to deliver the oxygen it gathers, while the
muscles of your heart cannot function without the oxygen they receive from your lungs. The bones of your skull
and spine protect your brain and spinal cord, but your brain regulates the position of your bones by controlling
your muscles. The circulatory system provides your brain with a constant supply of oxygen-rich blood while your
brain regulates your heart rate and blood pressure.

The cardiovascular, urinary, and lymphatic systems all help control water balance. The cardiovascular
and lymphatic systems transport fluids throughout the body and help sense both solute and water levels and
regulate pressure. If the water level gets too high, the urinary system produces more dilute urine (urine with a
higher water content) to help eliminate the excess water. If the water level gets too low, more concentrated urine is
produced so that water is conserved. The digestive system also plays a role with variable water absorption.

Cellular respiration is the intracellular process that breaks down glucose with oxygen to produce carbon
dioxide and energy in the form of ATP molecules. It is the process by which cells obtain usable energy to power
other cellular processes. Which organ systems are involved in cellular respiration? The glucose needed for cellular
respiration comes from the digestive system via the cardiovascular system. The oxygen needed for cellular
respiration comes from the respiratory system also via the cardiovascular system. The carbon dioxide produced in
cellular respiration leaves the body by the opposite route. In short, cellular respiration requires at a minimum the
digestive, cardiovascular, and respiratory system.

General Directions: Write all your answers for Assessment and Performance Task in a separate sheet of paper (1
whole). Do not write anything on this worksheet.

Assessment 1: Choose the letter of the correct answer. Write your answers in a separate paper.

1. Which life processes is done the moment you put food in your mouth?
A. assimilation B. digestion C. ingestion D. mastication
2. Which of the following are the catalysts which speed up the breakdown of complex food into simple and soluble
products?
A. enzymes B. hormones C. mucus D. teeth
3. Which of the following digestive organs is the site for most and final chemical digestive process?
A. stomach B. small intestine C. large intestine D. pancreas
4. Which of the following is involved in removing undigested food out of the body?
A. excretion B. exhalation C. perspiration D. urination
5. Which of the following is a correct sequence?
A. digestion, ingestion, assimilation, absorption C. ingestion, digestion, assimilation, absorption
B. digestion, ingestion, absorption, assimilation D. ingestion, digestion, absorption, assimilation
6. Which of the following organs is involved in the ingestion process?
A. liver B. mouth C. stomach D. small intestine
7. Which part of the small intestine does absorption of digested food happen?
A. duodenum B. ileum C. jejunum D. villi
8. Out of more than 9000 mL of water used daily for several secretions like saliva, bile, gastric juice, mucus etc.,
how many milliliters were reabsorbed by the small intestine?
A. 1,200 mL B. 1,500 mL C. 2,000 mL D. 7,800 mL
9. How does the liver help in assimilation process?
A. It secretes bile. C. It converts glucose into glycogen.
B. It concentrates bile. D. It removes excess amino acids.
10. Why do we need to break the food that we eat?
A. It can fit in our stomach. C. Bodies’ enzymes have something to do.
B. Body use nutrients from food. D. Separate the solid from liquid.
11. What happens to the food in your small intestine?
A. Mechanical digestion happens. C. Undigested food is stored.
B. Water is absorbed. D. Final digestion occurs.
12. How does the food moves through the digestive tract?
A. By gravity C. Chemical absorption
B. By cilia D. Wavelike muscle contraction
13. Where is Bile stored and concentrated?
A. Gall bladder B. Urinary bladder C. liver D. Pancreas
14. Which of the following best maintain intestinal health?
A. Fatty food B. fiber C. starch D. vitamin
15. Which of the following is a tube which connects the mouth and stomach?
A. Trachea B. Larynx C. Esophagus D. pharynx
16. What organ is food completely digested and absorbed?
A. liver B. Mouth C. Stomach D. Small intestine
17. Which of the following is a function of the gall bladder?
A. produce bile C. stores and concentrates bile.
B. attached the pancreas D. produce insulin.
18. Which of the following practices is helpful to our digestive organs?
A. Ice cold drinks after meal C. Raw diet and rich in fiber
B. Intake of ready to eat food D. Eating small portion of food.
19. Where does the digestion and respiration process occur?
A. trachea B. Nose C. Pharynx D. Larynx
20. Many people died of colon cancer. Which of the following can prevent this from happening to us?
A. Consulting a doctor C. Drinking enough amount of water.
B. Eating food rich in fiber D. All of these
21. What condition affects ingestion, your appetite, and the feeling of hunger?
A. Aroma of the food C. Low level of water
B. Level of glucose or blood sugar D. When stomach is empty
22. After a moderate to heavy exercises, you feel tired, muscle fatigue and maybe thinking of replenish the lost
energy by eating food. What will be the best thing to do to find out if you are hungry?
A. Rest for a while B. Drink water C. Rest and sleep D. Rest and drink water
23. Which of the following illustrate/s how the digestive system interacted with other organ systems?
I. Digestive: food processor III. Respiratory: ventilator
II. Circulatory: conveyor IV. Excretory: trash collector
A. I, II & III B. I, II & IV C. I, III & 1V D. I, II.III & IV
24. Which of the following is/are correctly matched?
A. Digestive: small intestine C. Respiratory: lungs
B. Circulatory: blood D. All of the these
25. Water intake is crucial in the digestion process, together with some hormones of the body, which organ system
keep it at normal level?
A. Cardiovascular B. Digestive C. Excretory D. Respiratory

Performance Task 1. Direction. Label the organs and indicate the functions of each organ. No. 1 is given below.

1. Mouth - break down food into small pieces through mechanical

( with the help of teeth and tongue by chewing, biting, etc.) and
chemical (with the aid of saliva’s amylase) digestion.
2._________________________________________________
3. _________________________________________________
4. _________________________________________________
5. _________________________________________________
6. _________________________________________________
7. _________________________________________________
8. _________________________________________________
9. _________________________________________________
10. ________________________________________________
11. ________________________________________________
12. ________________________________________________
13. ________________________________________________
14. ________________________________________________
15. ________________________________________________