de-Broglie

wavelength asso
Elength ofelectron. The
1.227
nm= 12.27AA verified
2mE 2meV diffraction
arrangement
has
and confirm
electron
Germer
Davisson and Germer experiment. Davisson and
wave-nature of electrons.

UNITS USED
Unit Dimensions
Symbol
Physical quantity eV, JJoules)
[ML2 T-]
Work function Hz, s-1 IT-
[ML2 T-3 A-
Threshold frequency
Stopping potential o (ML2 T
Js
Planck's constant h L
m
de-Broglie wavelength

Questions
Previous Years' CBSE Examination
Two lines, A
and B, in the plot given belor
2. show
Very Short Answer Type Questions VSA the variation of Broglie waveleng
1 Mark) versus where V is the accelerat
2008 potential difference,
1. An electron and alpha particle havethe same de- for two particles
How
Broglie wavelength associated with them. carryingthe same
are their kinetic energies related to each
other?
Which one of
(Delhi) charge.
two represents a
EK Kinetic energy particle of smaller 11T
Ans. where p= momentum mass? (All India)
m = mass ofthe particle
Ans. According to de-Broglie wavelength, =
de-Broglie wavelength, 2
=
h
where [h = Planck's constant
1/v 2me 1/V
h
The slope is given by slope m
21Ex
Both the particles have the same de-Broglie Slope of B>slope ofA
wavelength .Given
ymg <mA
h h mB mA
2m Eke 2 Eka mgmA
B represents a particle of smaller mas
mass of electron
ma mass of a -particle 2009
or whereEe =K.E. of electron 3. The figure shows a plot of three curve a
Ma EKe showing the variation of photocurrent vs. U h
EKa= K.E. ofa- paticle ntensities

plate potential for three different

K.EKe> Bka
pective)

As ma>me andI, having frequencies v, V, andv,res

incident on a photosensitive surface.
 DOAL NATURE OF RADIATION AND MATTEN
Photoelec Current

A proton and an electron have same kineuc

Chergy. Which one has greater de-Broglie (All India)
wavelength and why?
Ans. Kinetic energy of a particle E =5mm2

Collector pilate potential

or mv 2mE with the
de-Broglie wavelength associated
the two curves tor which the
tw

incident
point
o u t

have same frequency but different particle is A = h

ations
2mE
intensities,
will be same for the
(Delhi)
s t o p p n gp o t e n t i a

same For a given value of E, A =

So its curves 'a and "b which have m

trequency Mass of electron < mass of proton
ency but different intensities (I
a n ef r e q u e n c y

in an es ( > 1,)
I). >

So, electron has greater de-Broglie wavelength

opping
potential
experiment on
proton and an electron have
same kinetic
nhe
I n esto
ic effect is 1.5 V. What is the 0. A
smaller de-Broglie
photoelectriic
m kinetic energy of the photoelectrons energy. Which one has (All India)
maximum

(All India) wavelength and why?

enitted?

of the
electron e = 1.5 ev Ans. K.E. of a particle, K= mv= =
E maximum inetic energy of a photoelectron
The is its stopping potential? Linear momentum, p = y2mK
3eV. What h
(All India) ^
de-Broglie wavelength, =

2mK
Smce
Amaxevo
kinetic energy
Km For the particles possessing same

= 3 volt
Stopping potential V% e

mex< mp n >mp
Proton has smaller de-Broglie wavelength.
the variation of the de in photon picture
Show graphically, () with the potential (V) 11. Define intensity of radiation (Comptt. Delhi)
Broglie wavelengthelectron is accelerated from
of light.
electrons emitted per
through which an
Ans. It is the number of photo
Delhi)
second.
rest. emission not possible at all
h
12. Why is photoelectric (Comptt. All India)
frequencies?
2eV Ans. Photoelectric
emission is possible only if the energy
work
m
of the incident (hv) is greater than the
photon
of the metal. Hence the
fre-
h
function (W hv,)
=

radiation must be greater

of the incident
>V quency v
2meV than the threshold frequency vo

A in relation
2013
shows the variation of photo-
Define the term 'stopping potential' (All India) 13. The given graph applied voltage (V) for
electric current ()
versus

to photoelectric effect. the materials and for two

potential at which two different
photosensitive
incident radiation.
retarding intensities of the
ine value of the becomes zero
is called cut
different
of curves
Paoto electric Identify the pairs
current
frequency
the given
stopping potential for that correspond
to different
s a m e intensity
ot the incident radiation. materials but
of incident radiation.

2 (Delhi)
3)
(Delhi)

(2, 4) and (1,

late de-Broglie hypothesis. particle of Ans. The pairs but
hypothesis,
a
be same intensity V
Accordingto e-Broglie
mass on moving with given
velocity
v
must

7
have
different material.
the Broglie
de
of
wavelength expression for
the particle
Write with a charged
sociated with a matter
waver
14,
wavelength
associated
'm, when it is
given by: and mass
charge fpotential V. (All India)
having
accelerated by a
 254 (Physics XI)
SnIV Das Solutions
Chapterwise Board
Metal 'A,
because
of1 higher threshold freg
Ans.
for it. of sta
Ans.| hF graph
shows
variation
pping poter
20. The of inci ncident radi
15. Show
2mqV
plot the nature
Vversus
frequency
als A
two photosensitive metals and jation v
on a
ot
the
eitv or
intensity of metals has higher threshol
Ad freque
photoelectric current with the two

radiation incident on a photosensitivesurtace.

(Comptt. Delhi)
and why?7
Metal B
(Al Ind,
Metal A
Ans.
Stopping
potential (V
O VoV
Wo Frequency of ncidert
> Intensity of Radiation
radiation (v)
Wo
e

16. Figure shows a plot of

where V is the
Ans. Metal 'A', because reshold frequene
of higher threshold
accelerating for it.
potential, vs. the de-Broglie v 21. An electron
is revolving around the
wavelength ' in the case of constant speed of 2.2 x 10 m/s. E
with a
de-Broglie wavelength associated with i
two particles having same
O
charge but different
(Comptt. Delhi
masses m, and m2. Which line (A or B)
represents a particle of larger mass? de-Broglie wavelength ()
=

Ans. mv
(Comptt. All India)
6.63 x 10-34
Ans. B line represents particle of larger mass because 3.31 x 10-12
X10-1",m
=

(9.1x1031)x(22x105) S.31
slope m 2015.
17. Find the ratio of de-Broglie wavelengths associ- 22. Draw a plot showing the variation of de Brogl
ated with two electrons accelerated through 25 V wavelength of electron as a function of is Ki
and 36 V (Comptt. All India) (Comptt. Delhi
Ans. Ans.
2
A26:5
2014.
18. Define intensity of radiation on the basis of
photon picture of light. Write its S.I. unit. KE
(All India)
ins. It is the number of photo-electrons emitted per
2017
second per unit area.
23. Name the the
SI unit: ms-1 phenomenon which shows
quantum nature of electromagnetic radiation
19. The graph shows the variation of
stopping (Delhi
potential with frequency of incident radiationAns. Photoelectric whidh
for two photosensitive metals A and B. Which
shows the
Effect is the phenomenon
gnete

one of the two has higher value of

work quantum nature of electro-mag
function? Justify your answer. radiation.
(All India) 24. State one factor ntensity

Metal B Metal A which determines the in

of light in the
photon picture of light.
(Compt. Delhi
Stopping
potential (V) ns. The factor
determining the
1umber of electrons emitted
intensityo
Frequency of incident per secon. ryo
Wa 25. State one reason to plain why wave t
radiation (v)
W'o light does not support photoelectric effect
(Compt. Delh
 Solutions (Physics
XI) a
260 S Chapterwise Board incident radiation.
Therefore,
of
potential
is higher
in v.
sopp
i) Since a = 4
Photo electric
current
2x 4m, x 2ex V 22»1
2 x2xm, xexV v V2 V1 Saturation
Current
Proton will have greater de-Broglie
wavelength lesser
(17) Energy E =qV. So one proton having
-Vo1--Vo2 O Collector plate
less K.E. potential V
charge in coulomb will have Retarding potential
55. An electron and a proton are accelerated through hypothesjs
two has Using de-Broglie's expla
the same potential. Which one of the 58. (a) with the help of a suitable diagram,
() greater value of de-Broglie wavelength second postulate of quantization off energ
associated with it and (ii) less momentum? Justify
(Delhi) hydrogen atom.
levels in a
your answer.
Ans. As a charge q is accelerated by potential V,
a
we (6) The ground state energY of hydrogen a.
is -13.6 eV. What are the kineti
potential energies of the electron in
haveW qv =mv2=
2 2m
becomes K.E.,
state? (All Indiy
As the work done on the charge Consider the motion of an
Ans. (a)
electron in a circular orbit
P 2mqV of radius r around the
() Since
() Since 2 = , _ 2meV
2mev 1 nucleus of the atom.
According to de-Broglie Nuceus
So the electron will have greater de-Broglie
hypothesis, this electron is
wavelength. also associated with wave
is
(ii) Since p« ym and m, <
my momentum character. Hence a circular
less with electron. orbit can be taken to be a stationary orbit
i tcontains an integral number of de-Brogie
2011
photon each have a
wavelength i.e., 27tr, na =
= 1,23
56. An electron and a

wavelength of 1.50 nm. Find (i) their momenta, Butde-Broglie wavelength =

(i) the energy of the photon and (iin kinetic
2tr= nh
energy of the electron. (Delhi) mo
6.63 x 10-34 The angular momentum C of the eletro
Ans. ) Momenta, p=
1.5x 10-9 must be
= 4.42 x 10-25 kg ms-l
nh
L mor = .Here In= 1,23
(ii) Energy, E =
C =6.63 x 104) x (3 x 108) 2T
(1.5 x 10-) x (1.6 x 10-19) The electrons circulate on
to
19.89 x 10-26
are permitted
= 8.2875 x 102 in those orbits in which the angula
2.40x 10-28
= 828.75 eV
momentum of an electron is an ne

1
(ii) Kinetic energy, Ex= multiple of;h being Planck's nstan
m
(4.42 x 10-25)2 (6) Total energy, E = - 13.6 eV
-

(9x 10-31)x (1.6 x 10-19) Kinetic energy: T =- E =-(-13.6 e

119.54 x 10-0 19.54 x 10-50
0.678
= 13.6 eVV
0.68 x 10-50 28.8 x 10-50 (i) Potential ene V=-2T 2x13.6
eV - 27.2 eV
57. Draw a plot showing the variation of
photoelectric current with collector plate 2012.
potential for two different frequencies, v> V2r 59. Write Einsten's photoelectric equation Sung
State

the
of incident radiation having the same
intensity.
In which case will the stopping potential be
clearly how this equation is obtained usi
higher? Justify your answer. (All India)
photon picture of electromagn
gnetic radiation
rved i
Write the three salient tures
obser
explained
s. Stopping8 potential 1S directly proportional to the
photoelectric effect which can be (Delhi

frequency of incident radiation. 1he stopping

using this equation.
potential is more negative for higher frequencies Ans.
Ans. hv =o+ Kmax
 Solutions (Physics XIl) ea
262 Shlv Das Chapterwise Board p h o t o e l e c t r i c

ion and
Einstein's

incident radiation
63.
Write
out any
two
characterist

properties of
tion is based
frequency of
equati
point this
(u) For the same
the which
energy of
maximum kinetic
on
three observed
Vo), the
photons the
work equat:.eatue
of explain
from the material by this ion.
electrons, emitted emitted Briefly
be
explained

India, Comptt. All Ind.

of electrons
function W, is < that
can

tuwo)
which
(All
work function W2.(any
from material of
equation
photoelectric
Einstein's

Ans.
013 be
62. (a) Why photoelectric
effect can not
nature of
hv =hv, +mvmax
frequency of
incident radiati.
on
basis of wave =

explained on the
wher
= maximum kinetic energ
light? Give reasons.
features of photon picture
1vmax
(6) Write the basic radiation on which =
threshold frequency
V
of electromagnetic based.
Einstein's photoelectric
equation is properties of photons on
(Delhi) characteristics
Two based.
of the is
maximum kinetic energy which eguation take place onlyit
emission will
Ans. (a) ()The electron
be directly
should
1.
Photoelectric
radiation is
emitted incident of
incident greater
the intensity of frequency
proportional to threshold frequency.
radiations but it s not observed than or equal to
kinetic c o l l i d e s with an
electron#
experimentally.
Also maximum
2. When a photon electron.
should to
the emitted electrons all its energy
energy of gives
incident frequency
not depend upon
not so.
Threefeatures K.E. is directy
theory, but it is
maximum
the
according to wave
threshold i) If v >
Voof incident light. if
wave theory, to frequency
(ti) According to of all proportional
intensity of light
m o r e photons
should not exist. Light increasing
frequency
should emit electrons on surface, it may
result in ejection
frequencies
is sufticient fallön metalnumber of electrons but their
provided intensity
of light of greater
for electrons to eject energy remains unchanged.
to theory
wave
(ii) According be
should not hv -hv,- mV
(i) Ifv>vo then according to
effect
photoelectric cannot
instantaneous. Energy of wave
electroon of incident light
be transferred to
a particular K.E. depends on frequencyemission does not
to all the
Vy photoelectric
be distributed
but will
illuminated
(ii) If v <
radiation below
electrons present
in the take place for incident
there has to be a time threshold frequency.
portion. Hence, and photons of
incidence of radiation
lagbetween 64. (a) State three important properties
of elec
which describe the particle picture
emission of electrons.

(6) Basic features of photon picture of tromagnetic radiation.

electromagnetic radiation:
(b) Use Einstein's photoelectric equation to de
Radiation behaves as if it is made of fine the terms () stopping potential and
(1) Each photon has (Comptt. Delhi)
particles like photons. (ii) threshold frequency.
hv and momentum p= h/1.
energy E
=

Ans. (a) Refer to Q. 62 (6), Page 262

of radiation can be understood
(i) Intensity (6) ) Stopping potential or cut-off poten
in terms of number of photons falling per The minimum value of the negative y
second on the surface. Photon energy

depends only on frequency and is tential Vo, which should be applied

the photo
independent of intensity.
the anode in a
electric current becomes zero, 1s ca
photo cell so that led

(ii1) Photoelectric effect can be understood as

the result of one to one collision between stopping potential.
an electron and a photon. The maximum kinetic energy (max
(iv) Whena photon frequency (v) is incident
of photoelectrons is given by,
a part of its energy is
on a metal surface,
the work function and Kmax = eVo or max eVo
used in overcoming fre

other part is used in imparting kinetic (i) Threshold frequency. The minimu m u s t

KE =h(v -v). quency v which the incident light u

energy, so
Shiv bas Chapterwise Board Solutions (Physics XI)
(i) The photoelectric emission is an
instantaneous process without any
apparent time lag (-10 s or less), even
when the incident radiation is made
exceedingly dim.
)Wave theory cannot explain photoelectric
effect
) According to the wave picture of light, the
free electrons at the surface of the metal
(over which the beam of radiation falls)
absorb the radiant energy continuously.
The greater the intensity of radiation, the
greater are the amplitude of electric and
magnetic fields. Consequently, the greater
the intensity, the greater should be the
energy absorbed by each electron. In this
picture, the maximum kinetic energy of
the photoelectrons on the surface is then
expected to increase with increase
intensity. Also, no matter what the
frequency of radiation is, a sufficiently
intense beam of radiation (over sufficient
time) should be able to impart enough
energy to the electrons, so that they exceed
the minimum energy needed to escape
stfrom the metal surface. A threshold
frequency, therefore, should not exist
These expectations of the wave theory
directly contradict observations (a) ), (i)
and (ii) given above.
() In the wave picture, the absorption of
energy by electrons takes place
continuously over the entire wavefront
of the radiation. Since a large number of
electrons absorb energy, the energy
absorbed per electron per unit time
turns out to be small. Explicit
calculations estimate that it can take
hours or more for a single electron to
pick up sufficient energy to overcome
the work function and come out of the
metal. This conclusion is again in
striking contrast to observation (iv) that
the photoelectric emission is
instantaneous.
In short, the wave picture is unable to
explain the most basic features of
photoelectric emission
a) Write the important properties of photons
which are used to establish Einstein's
photoelectric equation.
Use this equation to explain the concept of
() threshold frequency and (ii) stopping
potential. (All India)
Ans. (a) Important properties of Photons
) In interaction of radiation with matter.
radiation behaves as if it is made up of
particles called photons.
(i) Each photon has energy E hv) and
momentum p (= Iv/c), and speed c, the
speed of light.
(ii) All photons of light of a particular
frequency v, or wavelength , have the
same energy E = hv = hc/2) and
momentum p(=hvlc =h/2), whatever
the intensity of radiation may be. By
increasing the intensity of light of given
wavelength, there is only an increase in
the number of photons per second
crossing a given area, with each photon
having the same energy. Thus, photon
energy is independent of intensity of
radiation.
(io) Photons are electr ally neutral and are
not deflected by electric and magnetic
fields.
() In a photon-particle collision (such as
photon-electron collision), the total energy
and total momentum are conserved.
However, the number of photons may not
be conserved in a collision. The photon
may be absorbed or a new photon may be
created.
(b) Einstein's photoelectric equation is
Kmay hv o
) Threshold frequency. Since Knax must
be non-negative, equation (i) implies
that photoelectric emission is possible
only if
hv > o or v> Vo» where vo=
This equation shows that the greater the
work function do, higher the threshold
frequency Vo needed to emit
photoelectrons.
Thus, there exists a threshold frequency
Voo/h) for the metal surface, below
which no photoelectric emission is
possible, no matter how intense the
incident radiation may be or how longit
falls on the surface.
(i) Stopping potential. The minimumn
value of negative potential vy which
should be applied to the anode in a
photocell, so that the photoelectric
current becomes zero, is called Stopping
potential.
max
K
=zm=eVo