Metods of Differentiation 3.0

1 Methods of Differentiation
Definition
The Process of Calculating Derivative is Called Differentiation.
Derivative of F(X) From the First Principle
y f(x+  x) − f(x) dy
Obtaining the derivative using the definition Lim = Lim = f'(x) = is called
x →0 x x →0 x dx
calculating derivative using first principle or ab-initio or delta method.
dy dy
Note: can also be represented as y1 or y' or Dy or f '(x). represents instantaneous rate of change
dx dx
of y w.r.t. x.
Example 1:
Differentiate each of following functions by first principle:
(i) f(x) = tanx
(ii) f(x) = esinx
Solution:
tan(x+ h) − tanx tan(x+ h− x)[1 + tanx tan(x + h)]

(i) f'(x) = lim = lim
h→0 h h→0 h
tanh
= lim . (1 + tan2x) = sec2x. Ans.
h→0 h
sin x
esin(x +h) − e esin(x +h)−sinx − 1  sin(x+ h) − sinx 
(ii) f'(x) = lim = limesin x  
 
h→0 h h→0 sin(x+ h) − sinx  h 
sin(x+ h) − sin x
= esin x lim = esinxcosx Ans.
h→0 h
Concept Builders - 1
(i) Differentiate each of following functions by first principle:
(a) f(x) = nx
1
(b) f(x) =
x
Methods of Differentiation 1
Derivative of Standard Functions
f(x) f '(x) f(x) f '(x)
(i) xn nxn 1
(ii) ex ex
(iii) ax axna, a > 0 (iv) nx 1/x
(v) logax (1/x) logae, a > 0, a  1 (vi) sinx cosx
(vii) cosx sinx (viii) tanx sec2x
(ix) secx secxtanx (x) cosecx cosecx . cotx
(xi) cotx cosec2x (xii) constant 0
1 −1
(xiii) sin–1 x , –1 < x < 1 (xiv) cos–1 x ,–1 < x < 1
1− x 2
1 − x2
1 1
(xv) tan 1 x ,xR (xvi) sec 1 x ,| x | 1
1 + x2 | x | x2 − 1
−1 −1
(xvii) cosec 1 x , |x| > 1 (xviii) cot 1 x ,x  R
|x| x −1 2
1 + x2
Fundamental Theorems
If f and g are derivable functions of x, then,

d df dg
(a) (f ± g) = ±
dx dx dx
d df
(b) (cf) = c , where c is any constant
dx dx
d dg df
(c) (fg) = f + g known as "PRODUCT RULE"
dx dx dx
 df   dg 
g  −f 
d f  dx   dx 
(d)   = where g  0 known as "QUOTIENT RULE"
dx  g  g2
dy dy du
(e) If y = f(u) and u = g (x) then = . known as "CHAIN RULE"
dx du dx
dy du
Note: In general, if y = f(u) then = f '(u). .
dx dx
Example 2:
dy
If y = ex tan x + xlogex, find .
dx
Solution:
y = ex.tan x + x · logex
On differentiating we get,
dy 1
= ex · tan x + ex · sec2x + 1 · log x + x ·
dx x
dy
Hence, = ex(tanx + sec2 x) + (logx + 1) Ans.
dx
Example 3:
log x dy
If y = + ex sin2x + log5x, find .
x dx
Solution:
dy d  log x  d d
=   + (exsin2x) + (log5 x)
dx dx  x  dx dx
1
.x − log x.1
1
= x + exsin2x + 2ex. cos2x +
x 2
xloge 5
dy  1 − log x  1
Hence, =   + e (sin2x + 2cos2x) +
x
Ans.
dx  x
2
 xloge 5
Example 4:
dy
If y = loge(tan 1
1 + x2 ), find .
dx
Solution:
y = loge (tan 1
1 + x2 )
1 1 1
= . . .2x
tan −1
1+ x 2
1+( 1+ x ) 2 2
2 1 + x2
x x
= = Ans.
( tan −1
1+ x 2
) ( 
1 + 1 + x

2
)
2

 1+ x

2
( tan
−1
1+ x
2
)( 2 + x2 ) 1 + x2
dy
(i) Find if -
dx
(a) y = (x + 1) (x + 2) (x + 3)
(b) y = e5x tan(x2 + 2)
Logarithmic Differentiation
To find the derivative of a function:
(a) which is the product or quotient of a number of functions or
(b) of the form [f(x)]g(x) where f and g are both derivable functions.
It is convenient to take the logarithm of the function first and then differentiate.
Example 5:
dy
If y = (sin x)n x, find
dx
Solution:
n y = n x. n (sin x)
1 dy 1 cos x dy  n(sinx) 
= n (sinx) + n x.  = (sinx)n x  + cot x nx  Ans.
y dx x sin x dx  x 
Example 6:
  y − x2   dy
If x = exp  tan−1    , then equals -
 dx
 x 
2

(A) x [1 + tan (log x) + sec2 x] (B) 2x [1 + tan (log x)] + sec2 x
(C) 2x [1 + tan (log x)] + sec x (D) 2x + x[1 + tan(logx)]2
Solution:
Taking log on both sides, we get
 y − x2 
log x = tan 1    tan (log x) = (y x2) /x2  y = x2 + x2 tan (log x)
 x 
2
On differentiating, we get
dy
 = 2x + 2x tan (log x) + x sec2 (log x)
dx
 2x [1 + tan (log x)] + x sec2 (log x) = 2x + x[1 + tan(logx)]2 Ans. (D)
Example 7:
x1/2 (1 − 2x)2/3 dy
If y = find
(2 − 3x)3/4 (3 − 4x)4/5 dx
Solution:
1 2 3 4
n y = n x + n (1 2x) n (2 3x) n (3 4x)
2 3 4 5
1 dy 1 4 9 16
 = + +
y dx 2x 3(1 − 2 x) 4(2 − 3 x) 5(3 − 4 x)
dy  1 4 9 16 
= y − + +  Ans.
dx  2x 3(1 − 2x) 4(2 − 3x) 5(3 − 4 x) 
dy
(i) Find if y = xx
dx
dy 2 3 4
(ii) Find if y = ex. ex . ex . ex
dx
Parametric Differentiation
dy dy / d f ' ()
If y = f() and x = g() where  is a parameter, then = =
dx dx / d g ' ( )
Example 8:
dy 
If y = a cos t and x = a(t sint) find the value of at t =
dx 2
Solution:
dy −a sin t dy
=  = 1 Ans.
dx a(1 − cos t) dx t = 
2
Example 9:
Prove that the function represented parametrically by the equations.
1+ t 3 2 dy
x= ;y= + satisfies the relationship: x(y')3 = 1 + y' (where y' = )
t3 2t2 t dx
Solution:
1+ t 1 1
Here x = = 3 + 2
t3 t t
Differentiating w.r. to t
dx 3 2
=
dt t4 t3
3 2
y= +
2t 2
t
Differentiating w.r.to t
dy 3 2
=
dt t3 t2
dy dy / dt
= = t = y'
dx dx / dt
1+ t 1 + y'
Since x = x= or x(y')3 = 1 + y' Ans.
t3 ( y ')
3
Derivative of a Function w.r.t. Another Function

dy dy / dx f '(x)
Let y = f (x) ; z = g (x) then = =
dz dz / dx g '(x)
Example 10:
Differentiate loge (tan x) with respect to sin 1(ex).
Solution:
d
d(log e tanx) (loge tanx)
dx cot x. sec2 x e− x 1 − e2x
= = = Ans.
d(sin−1 (ex )) d ex .1 / 1 − e2x sinx cos x
sin−1 (ex )
dx
dy 
(i) Find at t = if y = cos4t and x = sin4t.
dx 4
(ii) Find the slope of the tangent at a point P(t) on the curve x = at 2, y = 2at.
(iii) Differentiate xnx with respect to nx.
Differentiation of Implicit Functions: (x, y) = 0

(a) To find dy /dx of implicit functions, we differentiate each term w.r.t. x regarding y as a function
of x and then collect terms with dy/dx together on one side.

dy x , where  = partial derivative of (x, y) w.r.t. x taking y as a constant and
(b) Also =
dx  x
y

= partial derivative of (x, y) w.r.t. y taking x as a constant.
y
(c) In the case of implicit functions, generally, both x and y are present in answers of dy/dx.
Example 11:
dy
If xy + yx = 2, then find .
dx
Solution:
Let u = xy and v = yx
du dv
u+v=2  + =0
dx dx
Now u = xy and v = yx
 n u = y nx and n v = x n y
1 du y dy 1 dv x dy
 = + nx and = n y +
u dx x dx v dx y dx
du y dy  dv  x dy 
 = xy  + nx  and = yx  ny + 
dx x dx  dx  y dx 
y dy   x dy 
 xy  + nx  + y  ny +
x
 =0
x dx   y dx 
 x y y
 y ny + x . 
dy  x
 = Ans.
dx  y x x
 x nx + y . 
 y
Aliter:
(x,y) = xy + yx 2=0
dy − /  x  yx y − 1 + y x ny 
= =  y x−1 
dx  / y  x nx + xy 
Example 12:
sinx dy (1 + y)cosx + ysinx
If y = , prove that = .
cos x dx 1 + 2y + cos x − sin x
1+
sinx
1+
1 + cos x......
Solution:
sin x (1 + y) sinx
Given function is y = =
cos x 1 + y + cos x
1+
1+ y
or y + y2 + y cos x = (1 + y) sin x ......(i)
Differentiate both sides with respect to x,

dy dy dy dy
+ 2y + cos x y sin x = (1 + y) cos x + sinx
dx dx dx dx
dy
(1 + 2y + cosx sinx) = (1 + y) cosx + ysinx
dx
dy (1 + y)cos x+ ysinx
or = Ans.
dx 1 + 2y + cos x − sinx
Aliter:
From (i) (x,y) = (1 + y)sinx y y2 ycosx = 0
dy  / x (1 + y)cos x + ysinx (1 + y)cosx+ ysinx
= = =
dx  / y sinx − 1 − 2y − cos x 1 + 2y + cos x − sinx
dy
(i) Find , if x + y = sin(x y)
dx
(ii) If x2 + xey + y = 0, find y', also find the value of y' at point (0, 0).
Differentiation by Trigonometric Transformation

Some Standard Substitutions:
Expression Substitution
a2 − x2 x = asin or acos
a2 + x2 x = atan or acot
x2 − a2 x = asec or acosec
a+x a−x
or x = acos or acos2
a−x a+x
2ax − x2 x = a(1 cos)
Example 13:
 2x 
If f(x) = sin 1  2 
then find
1+ x 
 1
(i) f '(2) (ii) f '   (iii) f '(1)
2
Solution:
 
x = tan, where <<  y = sin 1(sin2)
2 2
 
  − 2  2  
 2  − 2 tan−1 x x1
 −  
y = 2  2   f(x) = 2 tan x
−1
−1 x  1
 2 2 −( + 2 tan−1 x)
   x  −1
 −( + 2) −   2  − 2

 2
− x1
 1+ x
2
 2
 f '(x) =  −1 x  1
1 + x
2
 −2
 1 + x2 x  −1

2
(i) f '(2) =
5
 1 8
(ii) f '  =
2
  5
(iii) f '(1+) = 1 and f '(1 ) = +1  f '(1) does not exist Ans.
Example 14:
d  2  1 + x  
sin  cot  =
−1
dx   1 − x  
 
1 1
(A) (B) 0 (C) (D) 1
2 2
Solution:
 1+ x   
Let y = sin2  cot −1  . Put x = cos 2    0, 
 1 − x   2

 1 + cos 2 
 y = sin2cot 1   = sin2cot 1(cot )
 1 − cos 2 
 
1 − cos2 1− x 1 x
 y = sin2 = = =
2 2 2 2
dy 1
 = . Ans. (A)
dx 2
Example 15:
1 + x2 − 1 1 + 1 + x2
Obtain differential coefficient of tan 1
with respect to cos 1
x 2 1 + x2
Solution:
1 + x2 − 1 , 1 + 1 + x2
Assume u = tan 1
v = cos 1
x 2 1 + x2
  
The function needs simplification before differentiation Let x = tan; ,  − , 
 2 2
 sec  − 1  1 1 − cos 
    
 u = tan 1   = tan   = tan  tan  =
1
 tan    sin    2 2
1 + sec  1 + cos    
v = cos 1
= cos 1
= cos 1  cos  =  u = v
2sec  2  2  2
du
 = 1. Ans.
dv
(i) If y = cos 1(4x3 3x), then find:

 3
(a) f '  − ,
 2 
 
(b) f '(0),
 3
(c) f '  
 2 
 
Derivative of a Function and its Inverse Function
If g is inverse of f, then
(a) g{f(x)} = x (b) f{g(x)} = x
g'{f(x)}f '(x)=1 f'{g(x)}g'(x) = 1
Example 16:
1
If g is inverse of f and f '(x) = , then g '(x) equals:
1 + xn
(A) 1 + xn (B) 1 + [f(x)]n (C) 1 + [g(x)]n (D) none of these
Solution:
Since g is the inverse of f. Therefore
f(g(x)) = x for all x
d
 f(g(x)) = 1for all x
dx
 f '(g(x)) g'(x) = 1
1
 g'(x) = = 1 + (g(x))n Ans. (C)
f '(g(x))
(i) If g is inverse of f and f (x) = 2x + sinx; then g'(x) equals:

3 1 1
(A) + (B) 2 + sin 1x (C) 2 + cos (g(x)) (D)
x2 1− x 2 2 + cos(g(x))
Higher Order Derivatives

Let a function y = f (x) be defined on an interval (a, b). If f (x) is differentiable function, then its
derivative f '(x) [or (dy/dx) or y'] is called the first derivative of y w.r.t. x. If f '(x) is again differentiable
function on (a, b), then its derivative f "(x) [or d 2y/dx2 or y"] is called second derivative of y w.r.t. x.
d3 y d  d2 y 
Similarly, the 3rd order derivative of y w.r.to x, if it exists, is defined by =   and denoted
dx3 dx  dx2 
by f '''(x) or y''' and so on.
dy dy / d d2 y d  dy  dx
Note: If x = f() and y = g() where '' is a parameter then = and =  
dx dx / d dx2 d  dx  d
dn y d  dn− 1 y  dx
In general, =   .
dx n
d  dxn− 1  d
Analysis and Graphs of Some Inverse Trigonometric Functions
2 tan−1 x ; |x| 1
 2x  
(a) y = f(x) = sin 
1
2 
=   − 2 tan x ;
−1
x1
1+ x   −( + 2 tan−1x); x  −1

Important Points
  
(i) Domain is x  R and range is  − , 
 2 2
(ii) f is continuous for all x but not
differentiable at x = 1, 1
 2
 for | x | 1
 1 + x 2
dy
(iii) = non existent for| x |= 1
dx  −2
 for | x | 1
 1 + x2
(iv) Increasing in ( 1, 1) and Decreasing in ( , 1)  (1, )
 1 − x2  2 tan−1 x if x0
(b) Consider y = f(x) = cos 1   = 
1+ x  −2 tan x if x0
2 −1
Important Points
(i) Domain is x  R and range is [0, )
(ii) Continuous for all x but not differentiable
at x = 0
 2
 for x  0
1 + x
2
dy
(iii) = non existent for x = 0
dx  2
− for x  0
 1 + x2
(iv) Increasing in (0,) and Decreasing in ( ,0)
 2 tan−1 x | x | 1
2x   + 2 tan−1 x x  −1
(c) y = f(x) = tan 1 = 
1 − x2
 −( − 2 tan−1x) x  1
Important Points
  
(i) Domain is R {1, 1} and range is  − , 
 2 2
(ii) It is neither continuous nor differentiable
at x = 1, 1
dy
 2
(iii) =  | x | 1
dx 1 + x2
nonexistent
 | x |= 1
(iv) Increasing  x in its domain
(v) It is bounded for all x
 1
 −( + 3 sin x) if −1  x  −
−1
 2
1 1
(d) y = f(x) = sin 1(3x 4x3) =  3 sin−1 x if −  x 
 2 2
  − 3 sin−1 x if 1
x1
 2
Important Points
  
(i) Domain is x  [ 1, 1] and range is  − , 
 2 2
(ii) Continuous everywhere in its domain
1 1
(iii) Not derivable at x = − ,
2 2
 3 1 1
 if x  (− , )
dy 1 − x2 2 2
(iv) =
dx  − 3 1 1
if x  (−1, − )  ( , 1)
 2 2
 1 − x2
 1 1  1  1 
(v) Increasing in  − ,  and Decreasing in  −1, −    , 1
 2 2  2 2 
 1
3cos x − 2 if −1  x  −
−1
 2
1 1
(e) y = f(x) = cos 1 (4x3 3x) = 2 − 3cos x if −  x 
 −1
 2 2
 3cos−1 x 1
if x1
 2
Important Points
(i) Domain is x  [ 1, 1] and range is [0,]
(ii) Continuous everywhere in its domain
1 1
(iii) Not derivable at x = ,
2 2
 3  1 1
 if x  − , 
dy  2 2
= 1− x
2
(iv)
dx  3  1  1 
− if x   −1, −    , 1 
 1− x 2
 2  2 
 1 1  1  1 
(v) Increasing in  − ,  and Decreasing in  −1, −    , 1
 2 2  2 2 
General Note
Concavity is decided by the sign of 2nd derivative as:
d2 y d2 y
0  Concave upwards; <0  Concave downwards
dx2 dx2
Example 17:
Find the interval for which f(x) = x3 + x + 1 is
(i) concave upwards (ii) concave downwards.
Solution:
f(x) = x3 + x + 1
f '(x) = 3x2 + 1
f ''(x) = 6x
(i) f ''(x) = 6x > 0  Concave upwards  x  (0, )
(ii) f ''(x) = 6x < 0  Concave downwards  x  ( , 0) Ans.
Example 18:
d2 y
If x = a (t + sin t) and y = a(1 cos t), find .
dx2
Solution:
Here x = a (t + sin t) and y = a (1 cos t)
Differentiating both sides w.r.t. t, we get:
dx dy
= a(1 + cos t) and = a(sin t)
dt dt
t t
2 sin .cos
dy a sint 2 2 = tan  t 
 = =  
dx a(1 + cos t) t 2
2cos2
2
Again, differentiating both sides, we get,
t
sec2  
d2 y  t 
= sec2   . .
1 dt 1
= sec2 (t/2).
1
=
1
. 2
dx  2  2 dx 2 a(1 + cos t) 2a t
2

2  cos2 
 2 
dy
2
1 t
Hence, = .sec4   Ans.
dx2 4a 2
Example 19:
y = f(x) and x = g(y) are inverse functions of each other than express g'(y) and g''(y) in terms of
derivative of f(x).
Solution:
dy dx
= f '(x) and = g '(y)
dx dy
1
 g '(y) = ...........(i)
f '(x)
Again differentiating w.r.t. to y
d  1  d  1  dx f "(x)  1 
g "(y) =   =  . = . 
dy  f '(x)  dx  f '(x)  dy (f '(x))2  f '(x) 
f "(x)
 g "(y) = ...........(ii)
(f'(x))3
d2 y
dx
2
dx2
Which can also be remembered as = 3
Ans.
dy2  dy 
 
 dx 
2
(i) If y = x ex then find y''.
(ii) Find y" at x = /4, if y = x tan x.
(ii) Prove that the function y= ex sin x satisfies the relationship y'' 2y' + 2y = 0.
Differentiation of Determinants
f(x) g(x) h(x)

If F(x) = (x) m(x) n(x) , where f, g, h , m, n, u, v, w are differentiable functions of x then
u(x) v(x) w(x)
f '(x) g '(x) h'(x) f(x) g(x) h(x) f(x) g(x) h(x)

F'(x) = (x) m(x) n(x) + '(x) m'(x) n'(x) + (x) m(x) n(x)
u(x) v(x) w(x) u(x) v(x) w(x) u'(x) v '(x) w'(x)
Note: Sometimes it is better to expand the determinant first and then differentiate.
Example 20:
x x2 x 3
If f(x) = 1 2x 3x2 , find f '(x).
0 2 6x
Solution:
x x2 x 3
Here, f(x) = 1 2x 3x2
0 2 6x
on differentiating, we get,
d d 2 d 3
(x) (x ) (x ) x x2 x3
dx dx dx 2 x x2 x3
d d d
 f'(x) = 1 2x 3x + (1) (2x) (3x2 ) + 1 2x 3x2
0 2 6x dx dx dx d d d
0 2 6x (0) (2) (6x)
dx dx dx
1 2x 3x2 x x2 x3 x x2 x 3
or f '(x) = 1 2x 3x + 0 2
2
6x + 1 2x 3x2
0 2 6x 0 2 6x 0 0 6
As we know if any two rows or columns are equal, then value of determinant is zero.
x x2 x 3
= 0 + 0 + 1 2x 3x2  f '(x) = 6(2x2 x2)
0 0 6
Therefore, f '(x) = 6x2 Ans.
2x x2 x3
(i) If f (x) =
ex x2 , then find f '(1). (ii) If f (x) = x + 2x
2
1 3x + 1 , then find f '(1).
nx sinx
2x 1 − 3x2 5x
L 'Hopital's Rule
0 
(a) This rule is applicable for the indeterminate forms of the type , . If the function f(x)
0 
and g(x) are differentiable in certain neighborhood of the point 'a', except, may be, at
the point 'a' itself and g'(x)  0, and if
f(x) f '(x)
lim f(x) = lim g(x) = 0 or lim f(x) = lim g(x) = ,then lim = lim
x→a x→a x→a x→a x→a g(x) x →a g '(x)
f '(x)
provided the limit lim exists (L' Hopital's rule). The point 'a' may be either finite or
x→a g '(x)
improper (+ or ).
0 
(b) Indeterminate forms of the type 0. or   are reduced to forms of the type or
0 
by algebraic transformations.
(c) Indeterminate forms of the type 1, 0 or 00 are reduced to forms of the type 0 ×  by
taking logarithms or by the transformation [f(x)] (x) = e(x).nf(x).
Example 21:
Evaluate lim |x|sinx
x→0
Solution:
loge |x| 1/x
sin xloge |x| lim lim
lim |x|sin x = lim e = ex →0 cos ecx = ex →0 − cos ecx cot x (applying L'Hopital's rule)
x→0 x→0
2
2
sin x  sin x   x 
lim − lim −   .  2
= e ( ) ( ) = e0 = 1
 x   cos x  − 1 .0
e = e Ans.
x →0
x →0 x cos x
Example 22:
Solve lim+ logsin x sin 2x.
x →0
Solution:
Here lim+ logsin x sin2x
x →0
log sin2x  − 
= lim+  form 
x →0 log sin x  − 
1
.2cos 2x
= lim+ sin2x {applying L'Hopital's rule}
x →0 1
.cos x
sin x
 (2 x) 
  cos 2 x
 sin(2 x)  cos2x
= lim+ = lim+ =1 Ans.
x →0  x  x →0 cos x
  cos x
 sin x 
Example 23:
1/n
 en 
Evaluate lim   .
n→
 
Solution:
1/n
 en 
Here, A = lim   (° form)
n→
 
1  en  nlog e − log   
 log A = lim log   = lim  form
n→ n 
  n→ n   
log e − 0
= lim {applying L'Hospital's rule}
n→ 1
log A = 1
1/n
 en 
 A = e1 or lim   =e
n→
 
(i) Using L'Hopital's rule find
tan x − x ex − x − 1
(a) lim (b) lim
x→0 x3 x→0 x2
(ii) Using L'Hopital's rule verify that:
sinx − tanx 1 n(1 + x)

(a) lim = − (b) lim =1
x→0 x3 2 x→0 x
Miscellaneous Example
Example 24:
Find second order derivative of y = sinx with respect to z = e x.
Solution:
dy dy / dx cos x
= =
dx dz / dx ex
d2 y d  cos x  dx −ex sin x − cos xex 1

 =   . = . x
dz2 dx  ex  dz
( ) e
2
ex
d2 y (sinx+ cosx)
 =
dz2 e2x
Example 25:
x+ y f(x) + f(y)

Let a function f satisfies f   =  x, y  R and f '(0) = a, f(0) = b, then find f(x)
 2  2
hence find f"(x).
Solution:
x+ y f(x) + f(y)

f  =
 2  2
Diff. w.r.t. 'x'
x+ y 1 1  dy 
f '  . = f '(x)  x and y are independent to each other,  = 0
 2  2 2  dx 
x+ y
f '  = f '(x)
 2 
x
Let x = 0 and y = x f '   = f '(0) = a
2
 f '(x) = a
On integrating, we get f(x) = ax + b (f(0) = b)
 f "(x) = 0
Example 26:
1 x 1 x 1 x 1
Prove that sec2 + 4 sec2 2 + 6 sec2 3 + .... = cosec2x
2 2
2 2 2 2 2 x2
Solution:
x x x
Let cos . cos 2 . cos 3 ....... 
2 2 2
x x x x
= lim cos .cos 2 .cos 3 .........cos n
n→ 2 2 2 2
sin x sinx x x x sinx

 lim = cos .cot 2 cos 3 ........... =
n→ x x 2 2 2 x
2n sin
2n
 x  x   x 
 n  cos  + n  cos 2  + n  cos 3  +...... = n sin x nx
 2   2   2 
Differentiating w.r.t. x
1 x 1 x  1
 tan + 2 tan 2 + ......  = cot x
2 2 2 2  x
Differentiating w.r.t. x again
1 x 1 x 1 x 1
sec2 + 4 sec2 2 + 6 sec2 3 + ........ = cosec2x Hence proved
22
2 2 2 2 2 x2
ANSWER KEY FOR CONCEPT BUILDER
1 1
1. (i)(a) (b)
x x2
2. (i) (a) 3x2 + 12x + 11 (b) 5e5x tan (x2 + 2) + 2xe5x sec2(x2 + 2)
3. (i) xx (nx + 1) (ii) y(1 + 2x + 3x2 + 4x3)
1
4. (i) 1 (ii) (iii) 2(xlnx)(nx)
t
cos(x− y) − 1  2x + ey 
5. (i) (ii) y'=  y , 1
cos(x − y) + 1  xe + 1 
6. (i) (a) 6 (b) 3 (c) 6
7. (i) D
8. (i) y '' = 4y + 2xy' (ii) +4
9. (i) e( sin 1 + cos 1) 1 (ii) 9
1 1
10. (i) (a) (b)
3 2
Objective Exercise - I
1 1 1 dy
1. If y = + + , then is equal to-
1 + x− + x  − 1 + x − + x  − 1 + x − + x− dx
(A) 0 (B) 1
(C) ( +  + )x +  +  1
(D) 
 3 
2. If f(x) = |cosx|, then f '   is equal to -
 4
1 1
(A) (B) (C) 1 (D) 1
2 2
d x
3. (e sin 3 x) equals-
dx
(A) ex sin( 3 x + /3) (B) 2ex sin( 3 x + /3)
1 x 1 x
(C) e sin( 3 x + /3) (D) e sin( 3 x /3)
2 2
d
4. (n sin x ) is equal to-
dx
tan x cot x cot x cot x
(A) (B) (C) (D)
2 x 2 x 2x 2 x
1− x dy
5. If y = , then equals
1+ x dx
y y y y
(A) (B) 2 (C) (D)
1− x 2
x −1 1 + x2 y −1
2

 x + (a + x ) 
2 2
 dy
6. If y = n   , then the value of is-
 a  dx
 
1
(A) a2 − x2 (B) a a2 + x2 (C) (D) x a2 + x2
a +x
2 2
dx
7. If x = y n(xy), then equals-
dy
y(x − y) x(x + y) y(x + y) x(x − y)
(A) (B) (C) (D)
x(x + y) y(x − y) x(x − y) y(x + y)
dy
8. If (cosx)y = (siny)x, then equals-
dx
log sin y − y tanx log sin y + y tanx
(A) (B)
log cos x + x cot y log cos x − x cot y
log sin y + y tanx log sin y + y tanx
(C) (D)
log cos x + x cot y log cos y − y cot x
dy
9. If x = a(t sint), y = a(1 + cost), then equals-
dx
t t t t
(A) tan (B) cot (C) cot (D) tan
2 2 2 2
 1 
10. The differential coefficient of sec 1  2  w.r.t. 1 − x2 is-
 2x − 1 
(A) 1/x2 (B) 2/x3 (C) x/2 (D) 2/x
dy
11. If x3 y3 + 3xy2 3x2y + 1 = 0, then at (0, 1) equals-
dx
(A) 1 (B) 1 (C) 2 (D) 0
d  −1  1 − cos  

12.  tan    equals, if <<-
d   sin   
(A) 1/2 (B) 1 (C) sec (D) cosec
d 1+ x
13. cot 1   is equal to, if x > 1
dx  1− x
1 1 1 −1
(A) (B) (C) − (D)
1 + x2 1 − x2 1 + x2 1 − x2
dy
14. If y = tan 1(cot x) + cot 1(tan x), then is equal to-
dx
(A) 1 (B) 0 (C) 1 (D) 2
d   x − x 
15.  tan−1    equals- (x
 1 + x3/2  
 0)
dx   

1 1 1 1
(A) − (B) +
2 x(1 + x) 1 + x2 2 x(1 + x) 1 + x2
1 1 1 1
(C) − (D) +
1 + x 1 + x2 1 + x 1 + x2
1
16. If g is the inverse of f and f '(x) = then g'(x) is equal to-
1 + x3
−1 1 1
(A) 1 + [g(x)]3 (B) (C) (D)
2(1 + x2 ) 2(1 + x2 ) 1 + g(x)
3
17. If x2 + y2 = 1, then-
(A) yy" 2(y')2 + 1 = 0 (B) yy" + (y')2 + 1 = 0
(C) yy" + (y')2 1=0 (D) yy" + 2(y')2 + 1 = 0
18. Let f be a function defined for all x  R. If f is differentiable and f(x3) = x5 for all xR
(x  0), then the value of f '(27) is-
(A) 15 (B) 45 (C) 0 (D) 35
dy dx
19. Let y = x3 8x + 7 and x = f(t). If = 2 and x = 3 at t = 0, then at t = 0 is given by:
dt dt
19 2
(A) 1 (B) (C) (D) None of these
2 19
dy 5
20. If y = cos 1(cos x), then at x = is equal to:
dx 4
1 1
(A) 1 (B) 1 (C) (D) −
2 2
x2 − 1 1 x + 1
2
dy
21. If y = sin 1
+ sec , |x| > 1, then is equal to:
x +1
2
x −1
2
dx
x x2
(A) (B) (C) 0 (D) 1
x −1
4
x4 − 1
22. If y = x x2, then the derivative of y2 w.r.t. x2 is:

(A) 2x2 + 3x 1 (B) 2x2 3x + 1 (C) 2x2 + 3x + 1 (D) none of these
cos x x 1
f '(x)
23. Let f(x) = 2sinx x2 2x . Then lim =
tanx x 1
x →0 x
(A) 2 (B) 2 (C) 1 (D) 1
24. Let ef(x) = lnx. If g(x) is the inverse function of f(x) then g'(x) equal to:
x
(A) ex (B) ex + x (C) ex + e (D) ex + ln x
 1 dy
25. If 8f(x) + 6f   = x + 5 and y = x2 f(x), then at x = 1 is equal to:
x
  dx
1 1
(A) 0 (B) (C) − (D) none of these
14 14
26. Let f(x) be a polynomial in x. Then the second derivative of f(e x) w.r.t. x is:
(A) f "(ex)ex + f '(ex) (B) f "(ex)e2x + f '(ex)e2x
(C) f "(ex)e2x (D) f "(ex)e2x + f '(ex)ex
x
 1
27. Let y = xx + 1 +  1 +  then y ' (1) equals
 x 
(A) (ln 2) + 1 (B) (2 ln 2) + 1 (C) (ln 2) 1 (D) (2 ln 2) 1
28. Given: f(x) = 4x3 6x2cos 2a + 3x sin 2a.sin 6a + (
n 2a − a2 ) then
(A) f(x) is not defined at x = 1/2 (B) f ' (1/2) < 0
(C) f '(x) is not defined at x = 1/2 (D) f ' (1/2) > 0
d2 y
29. If x = t3 + t + 5 and y = sin t, then =
dx2
(3 t2 + 1)sint+ 6 tcost (3t2 + 1)sint+ 6 tcost
(A) − (B)
(3 t2 + 1)3 (3t2 + 1)2
(3 t2 + 1)sint+ 6 tcost cos t
(C) − (D)
(3 t2 + 1)2 3t2 + 1
30. Suppose that f (0) = 0 and f '(0) = 2, and let g (x) = f ( x + f (f (x))). The value of g ' (0) is equal
to:
(A) 0 (B) 1 (C) 6 (D) 8
f(4) − f(x2 )
31. If f is differentiable in (0, 6) and f '(4) = 5, then Limit =
x →2 2−x
(A) 5 (B) 5/4 (C) 10 (D) 20
d2 x
32. If y = x + ex then is -
dy2
ex ex −1
(A) ex (B) − (C) (D)
(1 + ex )3 (1 + ex )2 (1 + ex )3
d2 y dy
33. If y = (A + Bx) emx + (m - 1) 2
ex then 2m + m2y is equal to -
dx2 dx
(A) ex (B) emx (C) e mx (D) e(1 m) x
(x+ h) f(x) − 2hf(h)

34. Let f(x) be differentiable at x = h, then Lim is equal to -
x →h x −h
(A) f(h) + 2hf '(h) (B) 2f(h) + hf '(h)
(C) hf(h) + 2f '(h) (D) hf(h) 2f '(h)
ANSWER KEY
1. (A) 2. (B) 3. (B) 4. (D) 5. (B) 6. (C) 7. (B)
8. (B) 9. (C) 10. (D) 11. (A) 12. (A) 13. (C) 14. (D)
15. (A) 16. (A) 17. (B) 18. (A) 19. (C) 20. (B) 21. (C)
22. (B) 23. (B) 24. (C) 25. (C) 26. (D) 27. (B) 28. (D)
29. (A) 30. (C) 31. (D) 32. (B) 33. (A) 34. (A)
Objective Exercise - II
Single Correct Type Questions

dy
1. If 2x + 2y = 2x+y, then is equal to -
dx
2x + 2 y 2x + 2 y  2y − 1  2x + y − 2x
(A) (B) (C) 2x y  x 
(D)
2x − 2 y 1 + 2x + y 1−2  2y
x b b
2. If 1 = a x b and 2 = x b are given, then
a x
a a x
d d
(A) 1 = 3(2)2 (B) 1 = 32 (C) 1= 3(2)2 (D) 1 = 3(2)3/2
dx dx
3. Consider f(x) be a polynomial function of second degree. If f(1) = f( 1) and a, b, c are in A.P.,
then f '(a), f '(b) and f '(c) are in -
(A) G.P. (B) H.P. (C) A.G.P. (D) A.P.
'
u(x) u'(x)  u(x) 
4. Let u(x) and v(x) are differentiable functions such that = 7. If = p and   = q,
v(x) v '(x)  v(x) 
p+q
then has the value equal to -
p−q
(A) 1 (B) 0 (C) 7 (D) 7
5. Suppose the function f (x) f (2x) has the derivative 5 at x = 1 and derivative 7 at x = 2. The
derivative of the function f (x) f (4x) at x = 1, has the value equal to -
(A) 19 (B) 9 (C) 17 (D) 14
x tan−1 x + sec−1 (1 / x), x  (−1, 1) − {0}

6. If f(x) =  , then f '(0) is -
 / 2, if x = 0
(A) equal to 1 (B) equal to 0 (C) equal to 1 (D) non-existent
a + a2 − x2 + x
7. If f(x) = where a > 0 and x < a, then f '(0) has the value equal to
a2 − x2 + a − x
1 1
(A) a (B) a (C) (D)
a a
8. If f is twice differentiable such that

f "(x) = f(x), f '(x) = g(x)
h'(x) = [f(x)]2 + [g(x)]2 and
h (0) = 2, h(1) = 4
then the equation y = h(x) represents:
(A) a curve of degree 2 (B) a curve passing through the origin
(C) a straight line with slope 2 (D) a straight line with y intercept equal to 2
3
d2 x  dy  d2 y
9. If   + = K then the value of K is equal to -
dy 2  dx  dx2
(A) 1 (B) 1 (C) 2 (D) 0
d3 y
10. If y = at2 + 2bt + c and t = ax2 + 2bx + c, then equals -
dx3
(A) 24 a2 (at + b) (B) 24 a (ax + b)2 (C) 24 a (at + b)2 (D) 24 a2 (ax + b)
 1 
11. Let f (x) = x + sin x. Suppose g denotes the inverse function of f. The value of g'  +  has
 4 2
value equal to -
2+1
(A) 2 1 (B) (C) 2 2 (D) 2+1
2
One or More than One Correct Type Questions

4
12. If f(x) = (2x 3)5 + x + cos x and g is the inverse function of f, then -
3
7 3 7
(A) g'(2) = (B) g'(2) = (C) g''(2) = (D) g''(2) = 0
3 7 3
13. If f(x) = x.|x|, then its derivative is -

(A) 2x (B) 2x (C) 2|x| (D) 2xsgnx
dy
14. If y = tan x tan 2x tan 3x, (sin12x  0) then
has the value equal to -
dx
(A) 3 sec2 3x tan x tan 2x + sec2 x tan 2x tan 3x + 2 sec2 2x tan 3x tan x
(B) 2y (cosec 2x + 2 cosec 4x + 3 cosec 6x)
(C) 3 sec2 3x 2 sec2 2x sec2 x
(D) sec2 x + 2 sec2 2x + 3 sec2 3x
15. Which of the following statements are true ?

(A) If xexy = y + sin2x, then at x = 0, (dy/dx) = 1.
(B) If f(x)  a0x2m+1 + a1 x2m + a3 x2m 1+.....+ a2m+1 = 0 (a0 0) is a polynomial equation with rational
coefficients then the equation f '(x) = 0 must have a real root. (m N ).
(C) If (x r) is a factor of the polynomial f(x) = anxn + an 1xn 1 +an 2xn 2+.......+ a0 repeated m
times where 1  m  n then r is a root of the equation f '(x) = 0 repeated (m 1) times.
dy
(D) If y = sin 1(cos sin 1x) + cos 1(sin cos 1x) then is dependent on x.
dx
x−2 x−1
16. Let f (x) = . x then
x−1−1
(A) f ' (10) = 1 (B) f '(3/2) = 1
(C) domain of f (x) is x 1 (D) none
x  − x
17. Lim is equal to
x → xx − 
e 
(A) log e   (B) log e  
 e
(C) tan(cot 1(n) cot 1(1)) (D) tan(tan 1(1) tan 1(n))
18. Let P(x) be the polynomial x3 + ax2 + bx + c, where a, b, c  R. If P( 3) = P(2) = 0 and

P'( 3) < 0, which of the following is a possible value of 'c' ?
(A) 27 (B) 18 (C) 6 (D) 3
19. Two functions f and g have first and second derivatives at x = 0 and satisfy the relations,
2
f (0) = , f '(0) = 2g'(0) = 4g(0), g"(0) = 5 f"(0) = 6f(0) = 3 then
g(0)
f(x) 15
(A) if h(x) = then h' (0) = (B) if k(x) = f(x). g(x) sin x then k'(0) = 2
g(x) 4
g '(x) 1
(C) Limit = (D) none
x →0 f '(x) 2
nx) n( nx) dy
20. If y = x( , then is equal to
dx
y  y
(A) (nx n (x 1)
+ 2nx n (nx)) (B) (nx)n (n x) (2 n (nx) + 1)
x x
y y ny
(C) ((nx)2 + 2 n (nx)) (D) (2 n (nx) + 1)
x nx x nx
ANSWER KEY
1. (C) 2. (B) 3. (D) 4. (A) 5. (A) 6. (A) 7. (D)
8. (C) 9. (D) 10. (D) 11. (C) 12. (BD) 13. (CD) 14. (ABC)
15. (AC) 16. (AB) 17. (ACD) 18. (A) 19. (ABC) 20. (BD)
Subjective Exercise - I
1. Let f, g and h are differentiable functions. If f(0) = 1 ; g(0) = 2 ; h(0) = 3 and the derivatives of
their pair wise products at x = 0 are (f g)' (0) = 6 ; (g h)' (0) = 4 and (h f)' (0) = 5 then compute
the value of (fgh)'(0).
x2 1
2. If y = + x x2 + 1 + n x + x2 + 1 prove that 2y = xy'+ny'. Where y' denotes the derivative
2 2
of y.
( ) dy
x yx
.a y
3. If y = ln xe find .
dx
x1 x2 .x x3 .x2
4. If y = 1 + + + + .....upto (n + 1) terms then prove that
x − x1 (x − x1 )(x− x2 ) (x − x 1 )(x− x2 )(x− x3 )
dy y  x1 x2 x3 xn 
=  + + + ........ + 
dx x  x 1 − x x2 − x x 3 − x xn − x 
2
 dy 
5. If x = cosec  sin  ; y = cosec  n
sin , then show that (x + 4) 
n 2
 n2(y2 + 4) = 0.
 dx 
6. If a curve is represented parametrically by the equations
 7     3 
x = sin  t +  + sin  t −  + sin  t + ,
 12   12   12 
 7     3 
y = cos  t +  + cos  t −  + cos  t + 
 12   12   12 
d x y 
then find the value of  −  at t = .
dt y x 8

1 + nt 3 + 2 nt dy  dy 
7. If x = and y = . Show that y = 2x   + 1.
t t dx  dx 
2
1 + x2 + 1 − x2
8. Differentiate w.r.t. 1 − x4 .
1+ x − 1− x
2 2
 g(x), x0
9. 
Let g(x) be a polynomial, of degree one and f(x) be defined by f(x) =  1 + x 
1/x
, x0
 2 + x 
Find the continuous function f(x) satisfying f ' (1) = f ( 1).
dy x2 1 − y6
10. If 1 − x6 + 1 − y6 = a3.(x3 y3), prove that = 2 .
dx y 1 − x6
1 dy 1
11. If y = x + , prove that =
1 dx x
x+ 2−
1 1
x+ x+
x + ......... 1
x+
x + .........
1 1 1
12. Let f(x) = x + ........ Compute the value of f(100). f ' (100).
2x + 2x + 2x +
13. Find the derivative with respect to x of the function:
2x 
(logcosxsinx) (logsinxcosx) 1 + arcsin at x = .
1+ x 2
4
14. Suppose f (x) = tan(sin 1

(2x))
(a) Find the domain and range of f.
(b) Express f(x) as an algebraic function of x.
(c) Find f ' (1/4)
15. (a) Let f(x) = x2 4x 3, x > 2 and let g be the inverse of f. Find the value of g' where f(x) = 2.
(b) Let f: R→R be defined as f(x) = x3 + 3x2 + 6x 5 + 4e2x and g(x) = f 1(x), then find g'( 1).
1
(c) Suppose f 1
is the inverse function of a differentiable function f and let G(x) = .
f (x)
−1
1
If f(3) = 2 and f'(3) = , find G'(2).
9
1 1 1 1
16. If y = tan 1
+ tan 1 2 + tan 1 2 + tan 1 2 +...... to n terms.
x +x+1
2
x + 3x + 3 x + 5x + 7 x + 7x + 13
Find dy/dx, expressing your answer in 2 terms.
u 1  1   1  dy
17. If y = tan 1
and x = sec 1
,u   0,  , 1  prove that 2 + 1 = 0.
1 − u2 2u − 1
2
 2  2  dx
1 + sinx + 1 − sinx dy    
18. If y = cot 1
, find if x   0,    ,   .
1 + sinx − 1 − sinx dx  2  2  
(x− a)4 (x− a)3 1 (x− a)4 (x− a)2 1

19. If f(x) = (x− b)4 (x− b)3 1 , then f ' (x) = . (x− b)4 (x− b)2 1 . Find the value of .
(x− c)4 (x− c)3 1 (x− c)4 (x− c)2 1
20. (a) If y = y(x) and it follows the relation exy + y cos x = 2, then find (i) y'(0) and (ii) y"(0).
(b) A twice differentiable function f(x) is defined for all real numbers and satisfies the
following conditions
f(0) = 2; f '(0) = 5 and f "(0) = 3.
The function g(x) is defined by g(x) = e ax + f (x)  x  R, where 'a' is any constant.
If g'(0) + g"(0) = 0. Find the value(s) of 'a'.
21. If x = 2cost cos2t and y = 2sint sin2t, find the value of (d2y/dx2) when t = (/2).
d2 y
22. Find the value of the expression y3 on the ellipse 3x2 + 4y2 = 12.
dx2
cos(x+ x2 ) sin(x+ x2 ) − cos(x + x2 )

23. If f(x) = sin(x− x2 ) cos(x − x2 ) sin(x − x2 ) then find f ' (x).
sin2x 0 sin2x2
24. Let P(x) be a polynomial of degree 4 such that P(1) = P(3) = P(5) = P'(7) = 0. If the real number
x  1, 3, 5 is such that P(x) = 0 can be expressed as x = p/q where 'p' and 'q' are relatively prime,
then (p + q) equals.
 1 1 − x2 
25. L im  − 
 x sin x x2 
x →0 −1
26. Lim
x+ n ( x2 + 1 − x )
x →0 x 3
 1 1 
27. Lim  2 − 
x →0
x sin2 x 
1 + sinx − cos x + n(1 − x)

28. Lim
x →0 x. tan2 x
x6000 − (sinx)6000
29. Lim
x →0 x2 .(sinx)6000
30. Let a1> a2 > a3.............. an > 1 ; p1 > p2 > p3 ........ > pn > 0 ; such that p1 + p2 + p3 + .....+ pn = 1. Also,
( )
1/x
F(x) = p1ax1 + p2a2x + ....... + pnanx . Compute:
(a) L imF(x) (b) LimF(x) (c) LimF(x)

+
x →0 x → x →−
1 1
− d2 y dy
31. If 2x = y 5 + y 5
then (x2 1) +x = ky, then find the value of 'k'.
dx2 dx
d2 y
32. Let y = x sin kx. Find the possible value of k for which the differential equation + y = 2k
dx2
coskx holds true for all x  R.
ANSWER KEY
y x nx + x nx. ny + 1
1. 16 3. .
x nx(1 − x − y na)
1 + 1 − x4
6. 8 8.
x6
 21 3
 −  + n  x if x  0
3  6 2 
9. f(x)=  1/x
  1+ x 
   if x  0
 2+ x
32 8
12. 100 13.
16 + 2 n2
 1 1 2x 16 3
14. (a)  − ,  , ( , ); (b) f(x) = ; (c)
 2 2 1 − 4x 2 9
1
15. (a) 1/6 ; (b) ; (c) 1
14
1 1 1 1
16. − 18. or
1 + (x+ n)2
1 + x2 2 2
19. 3
20. (a) (i) y'(0) = 1; (ii) y"(0) = 2;
(b) a =1, 2
−3 −9
21. 22.
2 4
23. 2(1 + 2x).cos 2(x + x2) 24. 100
5 1
25. 26.
6 6
1 1
27. 28.
3 2
29. 1000 30. (a) ap1 1 .ap22 .........apnn ; (b) a1; (c) an
31. 25 32. k =1, 1 or 0
Subjective Exercise - II
nx dy ex xe ex dy
1. (a) If y = (cos x) + (nx)x find (b) If y = ex + ex + xe Find .
dx dx
1 − cos x.cos2x.cos 3x....cosnx

2. If Lim has the value equal to 253, find the value of n
x →0 x2
(where n  N) -
3. Given a real valued function f (x) as follows:

x2 + 2cos x − 2 1 sin x − n(excosx)
f(x) = for x < 0 ; f(0) = and f(x) = for x > 0. Test the
x4 12 6x2
continuity and differentiability of f (x) at x = 0.
4. If x1, x1, x2, x3, ............xn 1 be n zero's of the polynomial P(x) = xn + x + ,

where xi  xj i and j = 1, 2, 3, ........... (n 1).
Prove that the value of Q(x) = (x1 x2)(x1 x3)(x1 x4)...(x1 xn 1 ), is equal to nC2x1n .
2
5. The function f: R → R satisfies f(x2) · f " (x) = f ' (x) · f ' (x2) for all real x. Given that f(1) = 1 and
f"'(1) = 8, compute the value of f'(1) + f"(1).
6. Find a polynomial function f(x) such that f(2x) = f '(x) f "(x).
7. Prove that if |a1 sin x + a2 sin 2x + ......... + an sin nx|  |sin x | for x  R, then
|a1 + 2a2 + 3a3 + ......... + nan | 1
3
 1 + (dy/ dx)2  2 1 1
8. Show that R =   can be reduced to the from R2/3=
+ 2 .
d y / dx
2 2
(d y/ dx )
2 2 2/3
(d x/ dy2 )2/3 )
sinx
9. Let f(x) = if x  0 and f(0) = 1. Define the function f ' (x) for all x and find f "(0) if it exist.
x
10. Suppose f and g are two functions such that f, g: R →R,
f(x) = ln(1+ 1 + x2 ) and g(x) = ln (x + 1 + x2 )
  1 '
then find the value of x eg(x)  f    + g ' (x) at x = 1.
  x 
f(x+ y) − f(x) f(y) − a

11. Let = + xy for all real x and y. If f(x) is differentiable and f ' (0) exists for all
2 2
real permissible values of 'a' and is equal to 5a − 1 − a2 . Prove that f(x) is positive for all real x.
x  1− x  dy
12. If y = tan 1
+ sin  2 tan−1  , then find for x  ( 1, 1).
1+ 1− x 2  
1+ x  dx

13. If f: R →R is a function such that f(x) = x3 + x2f ' (1) + xf "(2) + f "'(3) for all x  R, then prove
that f(2) = f(1) f(0).
14. If  be a repeated root of a quadratic equation f(x) = 0 and A(x), B(x), C(x) be the polynomials
A(x) B(x) C(x)
of degree 3, 4 and 5 respectively, then show that A() B() C() is divisible by f(x), where
A '() B'() C'()
dash denotes the derivative
Match the column Type Question

15. Column-I contains function defined on R and Column-II contains their properties. Match them
Column - I Column II
n
  
 1 + tan 
(A) Lim  2n  equal (P) e
n→
 1 + sin  
 
 3n 
1
(B) Lim+ 1
equals (Q) e2
x →0
(1 + cosecx) n(sinx)
1/x
2  2/
(C) Lim  cos−1 x  equals (R) e
x →0
  
(S) e/6
ANSWER KEY
dy   n(cos x)   1 
1. (a) = (cos x) nx  − tanx nx  + (nx)x  + n( nx) ;
dx  x   nx 
dy ex x  ex  xx
e
e
ee
x
ex  1 
(b) = ex . xe  + e nx  + e x x [1 + enx] + x e  + e nx
x e 1 x x
dx  x   x 
2. 11 3. f is continous but not derivable at x = 0
4x3
5. 6 6.
9
 x cos x − sinx
if x  0 ; f " (0) = 1
9. f ' (x)=  x2
0 if x = 0 3

1 − 2x
10. Zero 12.
2 1 − x2
15. (A) S; (B) P ; (C)R.
JEE-Main (Previous Year Questions)
dy
1. If xm.yn = (x + y)m+n, then is [AIEEE-2006]
dx
x+y x y
(1) (2) xy (3) (4)
xy y x
2. Let y be an implicit function of x defined by x2x 2xx cot y 1 = 0. then y'(1) equals:
[AIEEE-2009]
(1) log 2 (2) log2 (3) 1 (4) 1
3. Let f: ( 1, 1) → R be a differentiable function with f(0) = 1 and f '(0) = 1.

Let g(x) = [f(2f(x) + 2)]2. Then g'(0): [AIEEE-2010]
(1) 4 (2) 4 (3) 0 (4) 2
d2 x
4. equals: [AIEEE-2011]
dy2
−2 −3
 d2 y   dy   d2 y   dy 
(1)  2    (2) −  2   
 dx   dx   dx   dx 
−1 −1 −3
 d2 y   d2 y   dy 
(3)  2  (4) −  2   
 dx   dx   dx 
dy
5. If y = sec(tan 1x), then at x = 1 is equal to: [JEE(Main)-2013]
dx
1 1
(1) (2) (3) 1 (4) 2
2 2
1
6. If g is the inverse of a function f and f '(x) = , then g'(x) is equal to: [JEE(Main)-2014]
1 + x5
1
(1) 1 + x5 (2) 5x4 (3) (4) 1+{g(x)}5
1 + {g(x)}5
7. If for xR, f(x) = |log2 sinx| and g(x) = f(f(x)), then: [JEE(Main)-2016]
(1) g is differentiable at x = 0 and g'(0) = sin(log2)
(2) g is not differentiable at x = 0
(3) g'(0) = cos(log2)
(4) g'(0) = cos(log2)
 1  6x x 
8. If for x   0,  , the derivative of tan 1   is x .g(x) then g(x) equals
3 
[JEE(Main)-2017]
 4  1 − 9x 
3 9 3x x 3x
(1) (2) (3) (4)
1 + 9x3 1 + 9x3 1 − 9x3 1 − 9x 3
d2 y 
9. If x = 3 tant and y = 3 sect, then the value of at t = , is: [JEE(Main)-2019]
dx 2
4
3 1 1 1
(1) (2) (3) (4)
2 2 6 2 3 2 6
10. Let f: R → R be a function such that f(x) = x3 + x2f '(1) + xf "(2) + f "'(3), xR. Then f(2) equals:
[JEE(Main)-2019]
(1) 8 (2) 30 (3) 4 (4) 2
dy
11. If xloge (loge x) x2 + y2 = 4 (y > 0), then at x = e is equal to: [JEE(Main)-2019]
dx
(1)
e
(2)
(2e − 1) (3)
( 1 + 2e) (4)
( 1 + 2e)
4+e 2
2 4+e 2
2 4+e 2
4 + e2
dx
12. For x > 1, if (2x)2y = 4e2x 2y
, then (1 + loge 2x)2 is equal to: [JEE(Main)-2019]
dy
xlog e 2x − log e 2
(1) (2) x loge 2x
x
xlog e 2x + log e 2
(3) loge 2x (4)
x
2
  3 cos x + sinx     dy
13. If 2y =  cot    , x   0,  , then is equal to [JEE(Main)-2019]
    2  dx
  
   
(1) (2) (3) (4)
6 6 3 3
1
dy  y 3
14. Let xk + yk = ak (a, k > 0) and +   = 0 , then k is: [JEE(Main)-2020]
dx x
2 1 4 3
(1) (2) (3) (4)
3 3 3 2
 tan  + cot   1  3  dy 5
15. If y() = 2 + ,  ,   then at  = is: [JEE(Main)-2020]
 1 + tan   sin 
2 2
 4  d 6
4 1
(1) 4 (2) 4 (3) (4)
3 4
16. Let y = y(x) be a function of x satisfying y 1 − x2 = k x 1 − y2 where k is a constant and

 1 1 dy 1
y   = − . Then at x = , is equal to: [JEE(Main)-2020]
2
  4 dx 2
5 5 5 2
(1) − (2) (3) − (4)
4 2 2 5
17. fog is the identity function. If for some
a, b : [JEE(Main)-2020]
1 2
(1) 1 (2) (3) 5 (4)
5 5
  
18. If y2 + loge(cos2x) = y, x   − ,  , then: [JEE(Main)-2020]
2 2
 
(1) |y'(0)| + |y"(0)| = 1 (2) |y'(0)| + |y"(0)| = 3
(3) y"(0) = 0 (4) |y"(0)| = 2
dx  
19. If (a + 2 b cosx)(a 2 b cosy) = a2 b2, where a > b > 0, then at  ,  is:
dy  4 4
[JEE(Main)-2020]
a +b a −b 2a + b a − 2b
(1) (2) (3) (4)
a −b a +b 2a − b a + 2b
 1 + x2 − 1   2x 1 − x2  1
20. The derivative of tan 1   with respect to tan 1   at x = is:
 x   1 − 2x2  2
   
[JEE(Main)-2020]
3 3 2 3 2 3
(1) (2) (3) (4)
10 12 3 5
xf(a) − af(x)
21. lim
x →a x−a
equals: [JEE(Main)-2021]
(1) 2a+ 4 (2) 2a 4 (3) 4 2a (4) a + 4
22. Let f : S → S where S = (0,  ) be a twice differentiable function such that f(x+1) = xf(x). If
g : S → R be defined as g (x)= loge
[JEE(Main)-2021]
205 197 187
(1) (2) (3) (4) 1
144 144 144
  1 − 22x  b
23. If f(x) = sin  cos−1 
   and its first derivative with respect to x is − log e 2 when x = 1,
 1+ 2
2x
 a
where a and b are integers, then the minimum value of | a2 − b2 | is: [JEE(Main)-2021]
 3
24. If y = tan−1 (sec x3 − tanx3 ),  x3  , then: [JEE(Main)-2021]
2 2
3
(1) xy"+ 2y' = 0 (2) x2 y "− 6y + =0 (3) x2 y "− 6y + 3 = 0 (4) xy"− 4y' = 0
2
25. Let f: R → R be defined as f(x) = x3 + x 5. If g(x) is a function such that f(g(x)) = x, x  R , then
[JEE(Main)-2022]
1 3 43 91
(1) (2) (3) (4)
49 49 49 49
f '(4)
26. Let f : R → R satisfy f(x+y) = 2xf(y) + 4y f(x), x , y  R . If f (2) = 3, then 14. is equal to____.
f '(2)
[JEE(Main)-2022]
5
y x
27. If cos−1   = loge   ,| y | 2 : [JEE(Main)-2022]
2
  5
(1) x2 y ''+ xy '− 25y = 0 (2) x2 y ''− xy '− 25y = 0
(3) x2 y ''− xy '+ 25y = 0 (4) x2 y ''+ xy '+ 25y = 0
a −1 0
28. Let f(x) = ax a −1 ,a  R . then the sum of which the squares of all the values of a for
ax2 ax a
2f '(10) − f '(5) + 100 = 0 is: [JEE(Main)-2022]
(1) 117 (2) 106 (3) 125 (4) 136
x d2 x
29. If y(x) = (x x ), x  0 then + 20 at x = 1 is equal to. [JEE(Main)-2022]
dy 2
d 
30 The value of loge2 (log cos x cosecx) at x = is: [JEE(Main)-2022]
dx 4
(1) −2 2 (2) 2 2 (3) 4 (4) 4
31. For the curve C : (x2 + y2 − 3) + (x2 − y2 − 1)5 = 0 y3  ),  > 0,

on C, is equal to _______. [JEE(Main)-2022]
2
 dy 
1+  
32. Let x(t) = 2 2 cos t sin2t and y(t) = 2 2 sint sin2t,
 
t   0,  . Then  dx  at t=

is
 2 d2 y 4
dx2
equal to: [JEE(Main)-2022]
−2 2 2 1 −2
(1) (2) (3) (4)
3 3 3 3
ANSWER KEY
1. (4) 2. (3) 3. (2) 4. (2) 5. (1) 6. (4) 7. (3)
8. (2) 9. (2) 10. (4) 11. (2) 12. (1) 13. (2) 14. (1)
15. (2) 16. (3) 17. (2) 18. (4) 19. (1) 20. (1) 21. (3)
22. (1) 23. 481 24. (2) 25. (1) 26. 248 27. (4) 28. (3)
29. 16 30. (4) 31. 16 32. (4)
JEE-Advanced (Previous Year Questions)
1. For x > 0, Lim ((sin x)1/x+ (1/ x)sin x) is: [JEE(Advanced)-2006]

x →0
(A) 0 (B) 1 (C) 1 (D) 2
d2 x
2. equals: [JEE(Advanced)-2007]
dy2
−1 −1 −3 −2 −3
 d2 y   d2 y   dy   d2 y   dy   d2 y   dy 
(A)  2  (B)  2   (C)  2    (D)  2  
 dx   dx   dx   dx   dx   dx   dx 
3. (a) Let g(x) = n f(x) where f (x) is a twice differentiable positive function on (0, ) such that
 1  1
f(x + 1) = x f(x). then for N = 1, 2, 3, ..........., g"  N +  − g "   =
 2 2
 1 1 1   1 1 1 
(A) 4 1 + + + .... 2 
(B) 4 1 + + + ........ 2
 9 25 (2N− 1)   9 25 (2N− 1) 
 1 1 1   1 1 1 
(C) 4 1 + + + ........ 2
(D) 4 1 + + + ........ 2
 9 25 (2N+ 1)   9 25 (2N+ 1) 
(b) Let f and g be real valued functions defined on interval ( 1, 1) such that g"(x) is continuous,
g(0)  0, g'(0) = 0, g"(0)  0, and f(x) = g(x) sin x.
Statement-1: Lim [g(x) cot x g(0) cosec x] = f "(0)
x →0
and
Statement-2: f ' (0) = g(0)
(A) Statement-1 is true, statement-2 is true and statement-2 is correct explanation of statement-
1.
(B) Statement-1 is true, statement-2 is true and statement-2 is NOT the correct explanation
for statement-1
(C) Statement-1 is true, statement-2 is false.
(D) Statement-1 is false, statement-2 is true. [JEE(Advanced)-2008]
x
4. If the function f(x) = x3 + e 2 and g(x) = f 1 (x), then the value of g'(1) is [JEE(Advanced)-2009]
  sin      d
5. Let f() = sin  tan−1    , where    . then the value of (f()) is
 4 4 d(tan )
  cos2  
[JEE(Advanced)-2011]
6. The slope of the tangent to the curve (y x5)2 = x(1 + x2)2 at the point (1,3) is
[JEE(Advanced)-2014]
7. Let f: R→R, g: R→R and h: R→R be differentiable functions such that
f(x) = x3 + 3x + 2, g(f(x)) = x and h(g(g(x))) = x for all x R. Then- [JEE(Advanced)-2016]

1
(A) g'(2) = (B) h'(1) = 666 (C) h(0) = 16 (D) h(g(3)) = 36
15
ANSWER KEY
1. (C) 2. (D) 3. (a) (A) (b) (A) 4. 2 5. 1
6. 8 7. (BC)

Metods of Differentiation 3.0

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1 Methods of Differentiation

The Process of Calculating Derivative is Called Differentiation.

Derivative of F(X) From the First Principle

Differentiate each of following functions by first principle:

(i) f(x) = tanx

(ii) f(x) = esinx

tan(x+ h) − tanx tan(x+ h− x)[1 + tanx tan(x + h)]

(i) Differentiate each of following functions by first principle:

(a) f(x) = nx

f(x) f '(x) f(x) f '(x)

(iii) ax axna, a > 0 (iv) nx 1/x

(v) logax (1/x) logae, a > 0, a  1 (vi) sinx cosx

(vii) cosx sinx (viii) tanx sec2x

(ix) secx secxtanx (x) cosecx cosecx . cotx

(xi) cotx cosec2x (xii) constant 0

If f and g are derivable functions of x, then,

(b) y = e5x tan(x2 + 2)

Derivative of a Function w.r.t. Another Function

Differentiation of Implicit Functions: (x, y) = 0

Differentiate both sides with respect to x,

Differentiation by Trigonometric Transformation

2ax − x2 x = a(1 cos)

(i) If y = cos 1(4x3 3x), then find:

(i) If g is inverse of f and f (x) = 2x + sinx; then g'(x) equals:

Higher Order Derivatives

by f '''(x) or y''' and so on.

(iv) Increasing  x in its domain

(v) It is bounded for all x

(i) Domain is x  [ 1, 1] and range is [0,]

(ii) Continuous everywhere in its domain

(ii) Find y" at x = /4, if y = x tan x.

f(x) g(x) h(x)

f '(x) g '(x) h'(x) f(x) g(x) h(x) f(x) g(x) h(x)

Therefore, f '(x) = 6x2 Ans.

(i) Using L'Hopital's rule find

(ii) Using L'Hopital's rule verify that:

sinx − tanx 1 n(1 + x)

Find second order derivative of y = sinx with respect to z = e x.

d2 y d  cos x  dx −ex sin x − cos xex 1

x+ y f(x) + f(y)

hence find f"(x).

x+ y f(x) + f(y)

Diff. w.r.t. 'x'

On integrating, we get f(x) = ax + b (f(0) = b)

sin x sinx x x x sinx

Differentiating w.r.t. x again

3. (i) xx (nx + 1) (ii) y(1 + 2x + 3x2 + 4x3)

6. (i) (a) 6 (b) 3 (c) 6

8. (i) y '' = 4y + 2xy' (ii) +4

9. (i) e( sin 1 + cos 1) 1 (ii) 9

22. If y = x x2, then the derivative of y2 w.r.t. x2 is:

(A) 2 (B) 2 (C) 1 (D) 1

(x+ h) f(x) − 2hf(h)

1. (A) 2. (B) 3. (B) 4. (D) 5. (B) 6. (C) 7. (B)

Single Correct Type Questions

x tan−1 x + sec−1 (1 / x), x  (−1, 1) − {0}

8. If f is twice differentiable such that