Literature is the expression of life in words of truth and beauty; it is the written record of man's spirit, of his thoughts,

emotions, aspirations; it is the history, and the only history, of the human soul (Long 1989:8). It is characterized by its
artistic, its su estive, and its permanent qualities. Its two tests are its universal interest and its personal style. Its
object, aside from the delight it gives us, is to know man, that is, the soul of man rather than his actions; and since it
preserves to the race, the ideals upon which all our civilization is founded. It is one of the most important and delightful
subjects that can occupy the human mind.
Literature is part of our cultural heritage which is freely available to everyone, and which can enrich our lives in all kinds of
ways. Once we have broken the barriers that make studying literature seem daunting, we find that literary works can be
entertaining, beautiful, funny, or tragic. They can convey profundity of thought, richness of emotion, and insight into
character. They take us beyond our limited experience of life to show us the lives of other people at other times. They stir us
intellectually and emotionally, and deepen our understanding of our history, our society, and our own individual lives.

.The Reason of Learning Literature

According to Collie and Slater (1990:3) quoted by Hişmanoğlu (2015), there are four main reasons which
lead a language teacher to use literature in the classroom. These are valuable authentic material, cultural
enrichment, language enrichment and personal involvement. In addition to these four main reasons,
universality, non-triviality, personal relevance, variety, interest, economy and suggestive power and
ambiguity are some other factors requiring the use of literature as a powerful resource in the classroom
context.

Long, William J. 1989. English Literature: Its History and Its Significance. New
Delhi: Kalyani Publisher

Hişmanoğlu, Murat. 2015. Teaching English Through Literature in Journal of Language and Linguistic
Studies Vol.1, No.1, April 2005
Chauhan et al., 2015

Although it is matter of discussion how or when coffee originated, but the

coffee ceremony is a strong cultural tradition throughout Ethiopia.
Important events are opened with a coffee ceremony. As well, people
traditionally gather together over coffee to just enjoy conversation on a
regular basis. Cafes will have an ongoing ceremony where one can enjoy a
small cup any time. Thus “coffee ceremony” is core to Ethiopian culture
and hospitality

2. Major Coffee Growing Zone

In Ethiopia, coffee is grown almost everywhere. There are 600,000 hectares of land
cropped with coffee. (Samual and Ludi, 2008). But so far, the major areas include Kaffa,
Illubabor, Wollega, Gimbi, Sidamo, Gedeo, (including) YirgaCheffe, and Harrarge
(consisting of 3 zones). A part from representing some of the distinctive coffee types,
each area is also a place of their origin. For instance, coffee traded as ‘Kaffa’, is produced
in Kaffa, in parts of Illubabor, Wollega and other regions.

3. Modes of Coffee Production

Coffee has been part of their indigenous cultural traditions for more than 10 generations.
In Ethiopia, there are four types of production system: forest coffee, semi-forest coffee,
garden coffee, and plantation coffee. Forest coffee accounts for 10%, semi-forest coffee
for about 35%, garden coffee for about 35% and plantation for about 15% (5%
government, 10% private) of total coffee production in Ethiopia. 95% of coffee produced
under these systems is organic. (CSA, 2008).
It should, however, be noted here that the contribution of the forest coffees has been
dwindling as a consequence of accelerated deforestation. On the other hand, small coffee
farms contribute about 90% of the country’s coffee, while state farms account for the rest.
Smallholder farmers produce 95% of Ethiopia’s coffee (Tafera and Tafera, 2013). Coffee
is cultivated by 4 million preliminary smallholder farming households .Furthermore,
coffee plays an important role in social gathering and is important in local consumption,
as more than half the Ethiopia’s coffee production is consumed locally (Bart et al, 2014)

4. Worldwide Status of Coffee Production

Coffee is produced in more than 50 developing countries providing income for
approximately 25 million smallholder producers (Petit, 2007; Oxfam,2002) and
employing an estimated 100 million people (NRI, 2006). In 2005-06, 52% of world’s
production was accounted by main three coffee producers (Brazil, Colombia and
Viatnam). Brazil total supplying about a third of total production (Figure 1). The top five
consumers are USA, Brazil, Germany, Japan and France, while the Nordic countries have
the world’s highest coffee consumption per capita. About 65% of the world’s supply of
coffee is Arabica, while Robusta currently makes up around 35%, compared to 25 years
ago (Scholer, 2004). An annual growth rate of 2.6% during the last 50 years (1963-2013)
have been recorded, increasing to 3.6% since 1990. Ethiopia is first in Africa and 7 th in
the world with 7.5 million bags annual production of coffee (ICO, 2011).
019

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During 2012 about 8.46 millions of metric tons of coffee were produced by top 10 coffee
producers in the world (FAO, 2013). Ethiopia is the second largest exporter of organic
coffee by volume after Peru (Kodama, 2009). In 2005, Ethiopia shipped about 9,000 tons,
which represent 19% of world organic coffee exports and 6% of Ethiopia’s total coffee
export volume (ICO, 2007). The low cost of producing organic coffee in Ethiopia may
explain its large export share. Most Ethiopian coffee is grown with few or no chemical
inputs. Thus, often only the fee for organic certification is required for the coffee to be
officially recognised as organic. Some say that no chemical inputs are needed because
coffee is indigenous to Ethiopia thus adapted to local conditions. The government had
also introduced improved coffee varieties. But poverty may also play a role as many
farmers cannot afford to apply chemical fertilizers or pesticides (Kodama, 2009;
Sherlock, 2004)

5. Outline of Production
Two coffee species are currently used for commercial purposes i.e. Coffea arabica and
Coffea robusta. Ethiopia only produces Arabica coffee, which is widely believed to have
originated there. Arabica coffee still grow in wild in the forests of the south-western part
of the country, which remains an important source of genetic resources for the world
coffee industry (Gole et al, 2002). Yields are considered to be low as compared to the
other countries. With less than 200 kg ha -1 for forest coffee and around 450-750 kg ha -1
for semi-modern coffe plantations (FDRE, 2003). Most coffee farmers do not use
fertilizers, pesticides and herbicides (LMC, 2000).
Each woreda (district) is classified as a major, medium and minor coffee grower based on
the area covered by coffee trees (Petit, 2007). Coffee production is currently mainly in
the Oromiya and the Souther nations, Nationalities and People’s Region (SNNPR). Major
and medium growing woredas contain an estimated 800,000 coffee farmers with
approximately 5,20,000 ha under coffee, of which 63.3% is in Oromiya, 35.9% in SNPP
and 0.8% in Gambela. Smallholder producers are responsible for about 95% of
production, while state owned plantations account for 4.4% and private investor
plantation 0.6% (Petit, 2007). According to the international trade centre, Ethiopia
produce some of the world’s original coffees such as Yirgacheffee, Limu and Harar.
(Petit, 2007).
After harvesting, coffee berries are processed by two widely applied methods, namely dry
and wet processing. For unwashed arabica (or sun-dried coffee), the cherries are dried on
Guatemala 4%
Mexico 4%
Honduras 4%

India 4%

Peru 5%

B
Ethiopia 5%

Colombia 7%

Indonesia 9%
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Vietnam19%
mats, concrete, or cement floor immediately after they have been picked. After drying to
a moisture content of about 11.5%, the outer layer of the cherries are removed by hulling
and the green bean obtained is ready for marketing. For washed coffee (wet processed
coffee), once the cherries are harvested they are pulped, fermented in tanks and then
finally washed in clean water. The wet parchment coffee is then dried in the sun or raised
table and stored at 11.5% moisture content (IFPRI, 2003).
Currently there are more than 1000 coffee cherry processing plant in the country, with
approximately 492 hulleries and 601 wshing stations. The coffee washing stations are
owned by private individuals, farmers’ cooperatives or state enterprises, and have an
estimated total processing of around 80,000 tones annum -1 of washed coffee (FDRE,
2003). Historically, over 90% of Ethiopian coffee was sun dried. However since washed
coffee sells at significant premium premium over sun dried coffee, the government has
encouraged cooperatives and traders to invest in machinery to raise the output of washed
coffee (LMC, 2003). In 1980-81 washed coffee was only 9.1% of total coffee exports; by
2004-05 it amounted to 32.7% (Petit, 2007).
The coffee supply increases from 155,377 tons in 1998 to 236,712 tons (2,73,400
reported by FAO) in 2007 with average annual growth rate 6.13%. Even though decline
in supply of about 10.7% in 2005-06 while in all other years it shows increase of about 1
to 16.8% (ECE, 2008).
Estimates for 2008 indicate that Ethiopia has become first in Africa and fifth in the world
next to Brazil, Vietnam, Colombia and Indonesia producing 5.68% of total world coffee
production.

6. The Potential of Coffee Production in Ethiopia

Coffee is an emblematic product for the country, making up around half of its exports. It
represents an important part of Ethiopia’s foreign exchange earnings, tax income and
gross domestic product. Coffee also directly supports the livelihoods of more than 25% of
the population, and is at the centre of social and family life. Environmentally, the
situation in Ethiopia is also unique, as coffee is still produced mainly in its natural
habitat: 33% of Ethiopia’s coffee comes from forest or semiforest areas in which local
biodiversity, as well as traditional practices, are generally maintained. The main feature
of Ethiopian economy is its dependence on rainfed agriculture. Coffee, Ethiopia’s largest
export crop, is the backbone of Ethiopian Economy (Petit, 2007).
Ethiopia is endowed with environment suitable for producing different varieties and
flavour coffee beans in general and Arabica coffee in particular. In the international
market, there are some unique flavour coffee beans which are favoured by many
consumers. These include: floral, sweet, mocha, winy and fruity. Ethiopia can produce all
these and other types of beans. This is due, among other things, to its diverse ecological
features such as suitable altitude, ample rainfall pattern, optimum temperature and fertile
soils. Owing to this, the country is termed as “Coffee flavour museum” (Birhe, 2010) 7.
Significance of Coffee in the Ethiopian Economy
020
Agriculture is the dominant sector in the national economy of the Ethiopia. It account for
around 90% of foreign exchange and 40% of GDP. Thus the sector is the back bone of
Ethiopian Economy. The coffee industry dominates agriculture sector in its contribution
to the national economy in general and export sector in particular (Birhe, 2010). Coffee in
Ethiopia
Chauhan et al., 2015

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accounts for 25% of GNP, 40% of total export and 10% of total government revenue
(MoARD, 2007). Coffee is most important and backbone of Ethiopian economy, which
accounts for an average 5% of GDP, 10% of the total agriculture production and 60% of
export earning (Girma, 2011)
Ethiopia is the oldest coffee producer, consumer and exporter in the world (Girma, 2011).
In 2005 it was sixth largest coffee producer after Brazil, Colombia, Viatnam, Indonesia
and India, and 7th largest exporter worldwide. It is the largest coffee producer and
exporter in Africa. During 2007 Brazil rank first in coffee export (30%) followed by
Vietnam (14.05%), Colombia (11.7%), Indonesia (5.14%) and Mexico (3.80%) of world
exports while Ethiopia took ninth place with 3.34% of world coffee export. Coffee has
always been the Ethiopia’s most important cash crop and largest export commodity,
which account 90% of exports and 80% of total employment (CSA, 2008). Coffee has
thus significant impact on the socioeconomic life of the people and economic
development of the country. It is estimated that more than 15 million people are directly
or indirectly engaged in the production, processing and trading of coffee. Coffee account
for significant amount of Ethiopian export earning. Germany accounts for ⅓ rd of the
Ethiopia’s coffee export followed by 12% by Saudi Arabia (ICC, 2014). Exports in 2005
were 2.43 million bags, a share of 2.82% of world trade in coffee beans (ICO statistical
database). In 2012, Ethiopia exported 3.2 million bags, making it the most important
African coffee exporter and the tenth largest exporter in the world (ICO, 2013). The %
contributions of coffee during different years are shown in Figure 3.
Though decreasing from time to time due to increase in number and quantity of other
export items, coffee, historically used to account for about 60% of the total export
revenues (Petit, 2007). The coffee sub-sector is important for Ethiopian economy and
generated about 335 million USD or 41% of the foreign exchange earning in 2005
(Gebreselassie and Ludi, 2008) and it is estimated that 7.5-8 million households depends
on coffee for considerable share of their income.
Ethiopian prime minister in his opening remarks of 1 st Ethiopian Conference on Coffee
stated that Ethiopia’s coffee production and export picked up over the past nine years to
an export volume reaching close to 200,000 tonnes, generating close to 842 million USD
in foreign exchange in 2010-11 with a strong growth in volume amounting to 235,131
tonnes. Coffee accounted for 74% of the trade value in 2010-11, taking the lead in the
commodity exchange market. The Ethiopian coffee export in the international market
would increase by at least 25% from the present level, in which the export volume will
exceed 220,000 tonnes and the foreign earnings will surpass one billion USD (The
Ethiopian Herald, 2015)
Ethiopian President Mulatu Teshome says the country’s coffee

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Coffee is the world’s most widely traded tropical product, produced in over
50 developing countries. Even though many species of coffee exist, for
commercial production,

Coffee agroforestry in Ethiopia is one of coffee system is friendly practice

for forest
the agricultural practices implemented conservation and related fauna
(Perfecto

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under different management regimes. Four and Armbrecht, 2002; Rappole
et al., 2003;
different coffee management systems are Dietsch et al., 2004; Tejeda-Cruz
and practiced in Ethiopia: semi-forest coffee, Sutherland,2004; Raman,
2006; wild coffee, garden coffee and plantation Conservation International,
2008). Shade coffee systems (Teketay, 1999). Coffee coffee system sustains
a high species grown under shade trees supports diversity of plants
and animals (Perfecto et

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Coffee agroforestry in Ethiopia is one of coffee system is friendly practice
for forest
the agricultural practices implemented conservation and related fauna
(Perfecto
under different management regimes. Four and Armbrecht, 2002; Rappole
et al., 2003;
different coffee management systems are Dietsch et al., 2004; Tejeda-Cruz
and practiced in Ethiopia: semi-forest coffee, Sutherland,2004; Raman,
2006; wild coffee, garden coffee and plantation Conservation International,
2008). Shade coffee systems (Teketay, 1999). Coffee coffee system sustains
a high species grown under shade trees supports diversity of plants
and animals (Perfecto et

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Coffee is the world’s most widely traded tropical product, produced in over 50 developing countries. Even though
many species of coffee exist, for commercial production, Coffea arabica and Coffea canephora took the principal
share and more than 60% of global coffee production is based on C. Arabica (CAB International, 2006). Coffee
makes an important contribution to socio-economic development and poverty alleviation and it has exceptional
importance to exporting countries, some of which rely on coffee for over half of their export earnings. About 25
million smallholder farmers and their families produce 80% of world coffee production, that is an important source
of cash income and responsible for significant employment (ICO, 2010).
C. Arabica is believed to be originated from Ethiopia and hence, the country has enormous potential to
sustainably supply quality coffee with diverse type to the world market. The coffee types of Ethiopia that are
distinguished for their very fine quality, with unique aroma and flavor characteristics include Harar, Sidamo and
Yirgacheffe types (Workafes and Kassu, 2000).
Ethiopia is the leading C.Arabica producer in Africa, ranking the fifth largest Arabica coffee producer and
tenth in coffee export worldwide (ICO, 2014). The area of production was increased by 2.49% from 2011/12 to
2012/13 cropping season while its total harvest was decreased (CSA, 2013).
The importance of coffee in Southern region is highly significant crop than other because it is one of the most
valuable primary products in country trade and most coffee producing area fetches premium prices in the world
market.
The Gedeo zone have highly conducive agro-ecology and potential land to produce coffee, for Gedeo’s people
coffee is not only income source crop but also “cultural crop” , the Zone include six woreda out of this five woreda
became specializing coffee while one woreda diversify it, with 115523 coffee producing farmers (Gedeo Zone
Agriculture and Natural Resources Department, 2008). The coffee productivity potential of the Zone covers around
67,164 ha of land out of which 51698.35ha land became productive annually. The Zone was endowed with
enormous genetic diversity and different coffee types with unique taste and flavor mainly called Yirgacheffe
brand. Nowadays average productivity of coffee in the area was 6.73Qu/ha (CSA, 2008) which is below the
national average (Anteneh T, 2011), but the productivity was vary from field to field some farmers obtain around
24Qu/ha on the basis of full coffee productivity package they use, while the other getting below 6Qu/ha.
Therefore, reviewing Coffee farming, Production potential and constraints was used to develop appropriate
technology for productivity improvement and inform policy makers to identify gap. Hence, this study was intended
to review Coffee farming, Production potential and constraints in Gedeo Zone, Southern Ethiopia Coffee is
one of the most important commodities in the international
agricultural trade, representing a significant source of income to several
countries of Africa, Asia and Latin America. Despite its importance,
the value of coffee exported from Africa, including Ethiopia has declined
considerably over the years due to lack of sustainability and poor
competitiveness of the sub-sector at the national and international market
[1]. For example, Africa‘s production fell by 18.5% and its share
of world production fell accordingly and was down by 1.5% for
the crop year 2008/09 and 2009/10.This is primarily ascribed to various
problems, including inadequate access to improved production and
processing technologies, Currently, Ethiopia is a leading arabica coffee
producerin Africa, ranking the fifth largest Arabica coffee producerand tenth in
coffee export worldwide. Its total coffee production and export respectively
increased by 107% and 226% for the crop year 2009/10 and
2010/11 (ICO, 2011). In Ethiopia, coffee had been and still contributes
to the Lion’s share in its national economy being the leading source
of foreign exchange earnings. Besides, the livelihood of a quarter
of the Ethiopian population depends directly or indirectly on the
different processes of production and marketing along the coffee value-
chain [2]. Despite its importance the coffee sector is being challenged
by different factors.
Traditional coffee farming is an example of agroforestry, whereby shrubs and trees are combined with crops and/or
livestock generating economic, environmental and social benefits (USITC 2005; Tadesse et al. 2014a;
Vanderhaegen et al. 2015). One-fifth of the global population depends directly upon products and services
obtained from agroforestry, a system that covers at least a billion hectares globally (Nair et al. 2009). Due to the
carbon retained in trees, shrubs and soils, agroforestry has potential to offset greenhouse gas emissions from
conversion to more intensive forms of land use (IPCC 2014), particularly in the case of traditional coffee farming,

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which typically retains a high degree of canopy cover and associated carbon (Tadesse et al. 2014a; Vanderhaegen
et al. 2015; De Beenhouwer et al. 2016).
Coffee farming in Ethiopia has an exceptionally long history: Coffea arabica is native to the Jimma Highlands in
the southwest, a region that hosts the highest genetic diversity of coffee on Earth, and that is recognised globally
for its broader biodiversity value (Mittermeier et al. 2004). Four coffee management systems have been described
in Ethiopia: wild coffee, semi-forest coffee, garden coffee and plantation coffee (Teketay 1999). In the wild coffee
system, coffee berries are directly harvested from wild plants in the natural forest, while semi-forest coffee
(henceforth, SFC) refers to the coffee management system whereby the canopy trees are thinned, the ground
vegetation is removed and empty spaces are enriched by transplanting naturally regenerating seedlings of coffee
(Teketay 1999). In the process of thinning, the farmers retain the canopy trees of their preference for shade
provision and remove the rest. Garden coffee is established under shade as well as in open places with area
coverage of <3 ha (Teketay 1999), while plantation coffee refers to the coffee management system in which
improved technologies such as selection of varieties, shade tree regulation, fertilisation, weed and pest control are
applied. Coffee provides economic benefits both locally and nationally, and it is Ethiopia’s leading export (45% of
total exports, US$190 million in 2003) contributing 5% to GDP and nearly 10% of government revenue (USITC
2005).
Among these four coffee management systems, wild and SFC retain the greatest degree of canopy cover, and thus
have the greatest potential in terms of global benefits such as carbon storage (Tadesse et al. 2014a; Vanderhaegen
et al. 2015; De Beenhouwer et al. 2016) and the conservation of forest-dependent species (Aerts et al. 2010). In
Ethiopia, SFC accounts for approximately one-quarter of the coffee production area (Teketay 1999), and for
approximately 20% of the total production, with an estimated average yield of 400–500 kg ha −1 compared with
450–570 kg ha−1 for plantation coffee (Teketay 1999).
Semi-forest coffee involves periodic, partial clearance of the shrub layer, with the purpose of promoting coffee
yields beneath a closed canopy of preferred shade-providing indigenous tree species. This traditional system of
forest use has thereby preserved the canopies of large numbers of (modified) forest patches (Hylander et al. 2013),
while forests elsewhere in Ethiopia have given way to less carbon-rich land covers (Aerts et al. 2010). For coffee
growers, all canopy trees are not equally preferred. Tree species with flat and wider canopies are preferred by the
coffee growers for shade provision, and the coffee shrubs/trees are believed to give better yield under the canopy
of these trees (Muleta et al. 2011). Ecosystem goods and services associated with SFC include timber and non-
timber forest products (Chilalo & Wiersum 2011; Senbeta et al. 2013; Tadesse et al. 2014b), regulation of soil
moisture and nutrient content and soil fertility (Grossman et al. 2006), biodiversity conservation (Vanderhaegen et
al. 2015; De Beenhouwer et al. 2016) and carbon storage (Aerts et al. 2010; Tadesse et al. 2014a; Vanderhaegen et
al. 2015; De Beenhouwer et al. 2016).
The amount of carbon stored in a coffee forest varies depending on management intensity. For example, compared
to nearby natural forests, SFC systems have been reported to retain 50–62% (Tadesse et al. 2014a) and 48–65%
(Vanderhaegen et al. 2015) of carbon storage, with a number of stems ha −1 (DBH > 10 cm) of 64% in Yeki and
Decha (Tadesse et al. 2014a), and 32–51% in Gera and Garuke, with ca. 331 stems ha −1 around Jimma
(Vanderhaegen et al. 2015). Supporting coffee growers in their sustainable management of Ethiopia’s remnant
forest patches could represent a cost-effective option for climate change mitigation and conservation of canopy tree
species. To support such a mechanism, it is critical to understand the amount of carbon stored by SFC, relative to
degraded natural forest (hereafter simply called ‘natural forest’) 1 as a baseline (invariably degraded), and to
alternative forms of land use, as well as farmers’ preference for canopy shade tree species.
The objectives of this study were to: (1) quantify aboveground live carbon (AGC) in the Jimma Highland’s SFC,
compared with carbon stored in nearby natural forests and other common land use/land cover types (woodland,
pasture, cropland and plantation forest); (2) determine coffee farmers’ preferences for canopy shade trees and the
consequences of this for carbon storage and tree species composition.

area.

2. MATERIALS AND METHODS

2.1. Description of the study area

The study was conducted at Bedele district, Bunno Bedele Zone, Oromia Regional state,
southwest Ethiopia, found approximately at 480 from capital city. The total land area of the
district is 77055 hectares. Geographically the area lies between longitudes 8°27’N 36°21’E and

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latitude of 8°54’N 36º34’E. The altitude of the area ranges between 2012 to2162 meters (6601-
7093ft) above sea level. The district has three agro climatic zone which is includes highland,
temperate and lowland. In study area Maize, Teff and Sorghum are more produced respectively.
The predominant species found in the area are Millettia ferruginia, Cordia african, Croton
macrostachyus, Acacia abyssinica, Carissa spinarum. The total population of Bedele district is
106,709, comprising 52,866 males and 53,843 females while the total numbers of households in
the district is 11, 9640 comprising 10,197 males and 1,767 females. The Oromo are the major
ethnic group.
3.1.1 Climate
The area has a mono modal rainfall distribution and the rainy season is from June to August. The
dry season extends from December to March. Climatic data obtained from the National
Meteorological Services Agency for the study area showed that the mean annual maximum and
minimum temperatures are 31°C and 9°C, respectively, and the mean annual rainfall is from
1066 to 1200 m

Figure 2. Annual maximum, and minimum average temperature

rain fall
40 31 31
0 26 25
30 21 2 1
9 8 14
0
20 3
8 8 rain fall
0
10 2 2 1 3 1
0 2
0 0 0 9 4 1
Ja Fe Ap Ma Ma Ju J Au Se Oc No De
n v r r y n ul g p t v c

Figure 3.Annual average rain fall (mm)

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The study was conducted at Bedele districts in Buno Bedele Zone of Oromia National Regional State that is found
at about 480 Km southwest of Addis Ababa, the capital of Ethiopia respectively and 36km from zonal capital city
of Mettu Town. Bedele district is one of the few areas in the country that is endowed with a variety of plant
species including endemic ones. The forest covers about 90890.7 hectors constituting 58.8 % of the total area of
the districts .Yayo forest represents the largest forest10,000ha undisturbed forest fragment kept for the
conservation of wild Coffee arbica population early identified as potential coffee gene reserves).

The study area is located between latitude 82l'-826' North, and longitude 3545' -3603' East and
alititud11392570m.a.s.l. The total area of the district has 162,901 hectors (1,629.0km 2). The annual rain fall pattern
of the district varies annually from1750-1960.7mm showing variation s from year to year. It is said to be unimodal
types of rain fall increase from May to October and decline in Novembers. The mean annual temperature 20C-
30C and humidity 6070.The soil types of Yayo Woreda are clay sandy. The district has three agro climatic zone
which is includes highland (badda) temperate (Badda-daree) and lowland (Gammoojji).

Yayo district is bordered by Dorani and Alge Sachi districts in the North, Chora district in the East, Hurumu
district in the West and Sigmo-seta district (Jimma zone) in the South. It includes eighteen (18) administrative
Kebeles including an addition Kebele of Yayo town. Coffee is an important cash crop in the area with over 50 km 2
plantation .The main source of income in the community of the district is coffee production and the annual coffee
production of community per year 15000 tone. The total size of investigation coffee system rang 17020hectors
among this 346 hectare coffee forest 5470ha home garden coffee and 7974hactor is semi forest coffee respectively
(Yayo Agricultural Office, 2021).

The total population of Yayo district is 61,439, comprising 31,936 males and 29,503 females while the total
numbers of households in the district is 11, 9640 comprising 10,197 males and 1,767 females. The Oromo are the
major ethnic group (85%) followed by followed by the Amhara (8%), Tigrayan (4%) and others (3%).

Figure 1: Map of study area

2.2. Sampling techniques and selection of respondents

2.2.1. Selection of the Study Sites

Primarily, the study district was selected purposively based on the availability of coffee shade tree species; and
based on probability of highly coffee production. There are 17 kebeles in the study district known for major shaded
coffee production and four kebeles namely Geri, Waabo, Wutate and Aciboo were purposively selected based on
the on the areas‟ past richness in various coffee product, it is one of coffee biosphere reserves , their intensive use
of shade tree for coffee plantation in their farmland, exploitation of shade trees products the high amount of coffee
will produces and absence of conservation practice of shade tree and also the fact that shade trees degradation in
the Woreda is the major issue in the communities from 13 Woreda of Illu Aba bora zone for the study area. The
information sources to the selected five kebeles were chosen from amongst the elderly, as well as from the local
authorities of the Woreda and yayo woreda coffee development agricultural and natural resource office.

2.2.2. Selection of sample households and key informants

In this study, a household is defined as a basic unit of production and consumption, made up of the persons who
have common fields and live under one central decision-maker. There are several approaches used to determine the
sample size of households. These include using a census for small populations, imitating a sample size of similar
studies, using published tables and applying formulas to calculate a sample size (Israel, 2012). This study applied
the simplified formula developed by Yamane (1967) and reviewed by Israel (2012).

A total of 120 informants (74 male and 46 female) 20 individuals from each of the study four kebeles from age of
above 20 years was selected by purposive and snowball sampling techniques from the local communities,
respectively. The sample size was determined by using the formula Yemane (1967).

n= Where n is sample size of the study area,

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n= Where, N= population size n= sample size e= acceptable level of error (0.05), Therefore, the sample size was
determined by this equation.

From these study site, 20 key informants was selected purposely among those kebeles who called as “The father of
coffee farmers” are on the basis of long experience coffee farming, and knowledge of growing coffee under key
shade tree species. Key informants, was identified by with the assistance of local kebele authorities.

2.3. METHOD OF DATA COLLECTION

The data was collected between Septembers to October 2021 two field trips. The data can be collected based on
prepared questionnaires, semi-structured interviewees, observation, focus group discussion, and guided field walks
with key informants were employed to obtain indigenous knowledge of the local community of study area. All of
the interviews were held in Afana Oromo language of the local people.

2.4. METHODS OF DATA ANALYSIS

The collected data from the questionnaires of household interview responses were coded and entered into
Microsoft Office Excel sheet. Data were grouped and summed by response category on the data sheet. After
organizing the data on Microsoft Office Excel, the analysis was performed using Statistical Package for Social
Science version.20 for windows (SPSS) software. The data can be analyses tools was analyzes descriptive statistics
was employed to percentage and an ethnobotanical methods of data analysis like preference ranking to assess the
degree of selected coffee shade trees following Martin (1995). Generally, direct matrix ranking to compare
multipurpose coffee shade trees following Cotton (1996) was used to analyze and summarize the data on types of
coffee shade trees, the benefit to coffee plant, their additional values and also the most threatened coffee shade
trees was analyzed through descriptive statistics.
arabica and Coffea canephora took the principal share and more than 60% of global coffee
production is based on C. Arabica (CAB International, 2006). Coffee makes an important
contribution to socio-economic development and poverty alleviation and it has exceptional
importance to exporting countries, some of which rely on coffee for over half of their export
earnings. About 25 million smallholder farmers and their families produce 80% of world coffee
production, that is an important source of cash income and responsible for significant
employment (ICO, 2010).
C. Arabica is believed to be originated from Ethiopia and hence, the country has enormous
potential to sustainably supply quality coffee with diverse type to the world market. The coffee
types of Ethiopia that are distinguished for their very fine quality, with unique aroma and flavor
characteristics include Harar, Sidamo and Yirgacheffe types (Workafes and Kassu, 2000).
Ethiopia is the leading C.Arabica producer in Africa, ranking the fifth largest Arabica
coffee producer and tenth in coffee export worldwide (ICO, 2014). The area of production was
increased by 2.49% from 2011/12 to 2012/13 cropping season while its total harvest was
decreased (CSA, 2013).
The importance of coffee in Southern region is highly significant crop than other because it
is one of the most valuable primary products in country trade and most coffee producing area
fetches premium prices in the world market.
The Gedeo zone have highly conducive agro-ecology and potential land to produce coffee, for
Gedeo’s people coffee is not only income source crop but also “cultural crop” , the Zone
include six woreda out of this five woreda became specializing coffee while one woreda
diversify it, with 115523 coffee producing farmers (Gedeo Zone Agriculture and Natural
Resources Department, 2008). The coffee productivity potential of the Zone covers around
67,164 ha of land out of which 51698.35ha land became productive annually. The Zone was
endowed with enormous genetic diversity and different coffee types with unique taste and
flavor mainly called Yirgacheffe brand. Nowadays average productivity of coffee in the area
was 6.73Qu/ha (CSA, 2008) which is below the national average (Anteneh T, 2011), but the
productivity was vary from field to field some farmers obtain around 24Qu/ha on the basis of

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full coffee productivity package they use, while the other getting below 6Qu/ha. Therefore,
reviewing Coffee farming, Production potential and constraints was used to develop appropriate
technology for productivity improvement and inform policy makers to identify gap. Hence, this
study was intended to review Coffee farming, Production potential and constraints in Gedeo
Zone, Southern Ethiopia

Traditional coffee farming is an example of agroforestry, whereby shrubs and trees are
combined with crops and/or livestock generating economic, environmental and social benefits
(USITC 2005; Tadesse et al. 2014a; Vanderhaegen et al. 2015). One-fifth of the global
population depends directly upon products and services obtained from agroforestry, a system
that covers at least a billion hectares globally (Nair et al. 2009). Due to the carbon retained in
trees, shrubs and soils, agroforestry has potential to offset greenhouse gas emissions from
conversion to more intensive forms of land use (IPCC 2014), particularly in the case of
traditional coffee farming, which typically retains a high degree of canopy cover and associated
carbon (Tadesse et al. 2014a; Vanderhaegen et al. 2015; De Beenhouwer et al. 2016).
Coffee farming in Ethiopia has an exceptionally long history: Coffea arabica is native to the
Jimma Highlands in the southwest, a region that hosts the highest genetic diversity of coffee on
Earth, and that is recognised globally for its broader biodiversity value (Mittermeier et al.
2004). Four coffee management systems have been described in Ethiopia: wild coffee, semi-
forest coffee, garden coffee and plantation coffee (Teketay 1999). In the wild coffee system,
coffee berries are directly harvested from wild plants in the natural forest, while semi-forest
coffee (henceforth, SFC) refers to the coffee management system whereby the canopy trees are
thinned, the ground vegetation is removed and empty spaces are enriched by transplanting
naturally regenerating seedlings of coffee (Teketay 1999). In the process of thinning, the
farmers retain the canopy trees of their preference for shade provision and remove the rest.
Garden coffee is established under shade as well as in open places with area coverage of <3 ha
(Teketay 1999), while plantation coffee refers to the coffee management system in which
improved technologies such as selection of varieties, shade tree regulation, fertilisation, weed
and pest control are applied. Coffee provides economic benefits both locally and nationally, and
it is Ethiopia’s leading export (45% of total exports, US$190 million in 2003) contributing 5%
to GDP and nearly 10% of government revenue (USITC 2005).
Among these four coffee management systems, wild and SFC retain the greatest degree of
canopy cover, and thus have the greatest potential in terms of global benefits such as carbon
storage (Tadesse et al. 2014a; Vanderhaegen et al. 2015; De Beenhouwer et al. 2016) and the
conservation of forest-dependent species (Aerts et al. 2010). In Ethiopia, SFC accounts for
approximately one-quarter of the coffee production area (Teketay 1999), and for approximately
20% of the total production, with an estimated average yield of 400–500 kg ha −1 compared with
450–570 kg ha−1 for plantation coffee (Teketay 1999).
Semi-forest coffee involves periodic, partial clearance of the shrub layer, with the purpose of
promoting coffee yields beneath a closed canopy of preferred shade-providing indigenous tree
species. This traditional system of forest use has thereby preserved the canopies of large
numbers of (modified) forest patches (Hylander et al. 2013), while forests elsewhere in Ethiopia
have given way to less carbon-rich land covers (Aerts et al. 2010). For coffee growers, all
canopy trees are not equally preferred. Tree species with flat and wider canopies are preferred
by the coffee growers for shade provision, and the coffee shrubs/trees are believed to give better
yield under the canopy of these trees (Muleta et al. 2011). Ecosystem goods and services
associated with SFC include timber and non-timber forest products (Chilalo & Wiersum 2011;
Senbeta et al. 2013; Tadesse et al. 2014b), regulation of soil moisture and nutrient content and

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soil fertility (Grossman et al. 2006), biodiversity conservation (Vanderhaegen et al. 2015; De
Beenhouwer et al. 2016) and carbon storage (Aerts et al. 2010; Tadesse et al. 2014a;
Vanderhaegen et al. 2015; De Beenhouwer et al. 2016).
The amount of carbon stored in a coffee forest varies depending on management intensity. For
example, compared to nearby natural forests, SFC systems have been reported to retain 50–62%
(Tadesse et al. 2014a) and 48–65% (Vanderhaegen et al. 2015) of carbon storage, with a
number of stems ha−1 (DBH > 10 cm) of 64% in Yeki and Decha (Tadesse et al. 2014a), and
32–51% in Gera and Garuke, with ca. 331 stems ha −1 around Jimma (Vanderhaegen et al.
2015). Supporting coffee growers in their sustainable management of Ethiopia’s remnant forest
patches could represent a cost-effective option for climate change mitigation and conservation
of canopy tree species. To support such a mechanism, it is critical to understand the amount of
carbon stored by SFC, relative to degraded natural forest (hereafter simply called ‘natural
forest’) 1 as a baseline (invariably degraded), and to alternative forms of land use, as well as
farmers’ preference for canopy shade tree species.
.

area.

2. MATERIALS AND METHODS

2.1. Description of the study area
The study was conducted at Bedele districts in Bun Bedele Zone of Oromia National Regional State that is found
at about 480 Km southwest of Addis Ababa, the capital of Ethiopia respectively and 36km from zonal capital city
of Mettu Town. Yayo district is one of the few areas in the country that is endowed with a variety of plant species
including endemic ones. The forest covers about 90890.7 hectors constituting 58.8 % of the total area of the
districts .Yayo forest represents the largest forest10,000ha undisturbed forest fragment kept for the conservation of
wild Coffee arbica population early identified as potential coffee gene reserves).

The study area is located between latitude 82l'-826' North, and longitude 3545' -3603' East and
alititud11392570m.a.s.l. The total area of the district has 162,901 hectors (1,629.0km 2). The annual rain fall pattern
of the district varies annually from1750-1960.7mm showing variation s from year to year. It is said to be unimodal
types of rain fall increase from May to October and decline in Novembers. The mean annual temperature 20C-
30C and humidity 6070.The soil types of Yayo Woreda are clay sandy. The district has three agro climatic zone
which is includes highland (badda) temperate (Badda-daree) and lowland (Gammoojji).

Yayo district is bordered by Dorani and Alge Sachi districts in the North, Chora district in the East, Hurumu
district in the West and Sigmo-seta district (Jimma zone) in the South. It includes eighteen (18) administrative
Kebeles including an addition Kebele of Yayo town. Coffee is an important cash crop in the area with over 50 km 2
plantation .The main source of income in the community of the district is coffee production and the annual coffee
production of community per year 15000 tone. The total size of investigation coffee system rang 17020hectors
among this 346 hectare coffee forest 5470ha home garden coffee and 7974hactor is semi forest coffee respectively
(Yayo Agricultural Office, 2021).

The total population of Yayo district is 61,439, comprising 31,936 males and 29,503 females while the total
numbers of households in the district is 11, 9640 comprising 10,197 males and 1,767 females. The Oromo are the
major ethnic group (85%) followed by followed by the Amhara (8%), Tigrayan (4%) and others (3%).

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 Figure 1: Map of study area

2.2. Sampling techniques and selection of respondents

2.2.1. Selection of the Study Sites

Primarily, the study district was selected purposively based on the availability of coffee shade tree species; and
based on probability of highly coffee production. There are 17 kebeles in the study district known for major shaded
coffee production and four kebeles namely Geri, Waabo, Wutate and Aciboo were purposively selected based on
the on the areas‟ past richness in various coffee product, it is one of coffee biosphere reserves , their intensive use
of shade tree for coffee plantation in their farmland, exploitation of shade trees products the high amount of coffee
will produces and absence of conservation practice of shade tree and also the fact that shade trees degradation in
the Woreda is the major issue in the communities from 13 Woreda of Illu Aba bora zone for the study area. The
information sources to the selected five kebeles were chosen from amongst the elderly, as well as from the local
authorities of the Woreda and yayo woreda coffee development agricultural and natural resource office.

2.2.2. Selection of sample households and key informants

In this study, a household is defined as a basic unit of production and consumption, made up of the persons who
have common fields and live under one central decision-maker. There are several approaches used to determine the
sample size of households. These include using a census for small populations, imitating a sample size of similar
studies, using published tables and applying formulas to calculate a sample size (Israel, 2012). This study applied
the simplified formula developed by Yamane (1967) and reviewed by Israel (2012).

A total of 120 informants (74 male and 46 female) 20 individuals from each of the study four kebeles from age of
above 20 years was selected by purposive and snowball sampling techniques from the local communities,
respectively. The sample size was determined by using the formula Yemane (1967).

n= Where n is sample size of the study area,

n= Where, N= population size n= sample size e= acceptable level of error (0.05), Therefore, the sample size was
determined by this equation.

From these study site, 20 key informants was selected purposely among those kebeles who called as “The father of
coffee farmers” are on the basis of long experience coffee farming, and knowledge of growing coffee under key
shade tree species. Key informants, was identified by with the assistance of local kebele authorities.

2.3. METHOD OF DATA COLLECTION

The data was collected between Septembers to October 2021 two field trips. The data can be collected based on
prepared questionnaires, semi-structured interviewees, observation, focus group discussion, and guided field walks

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with key informants were employed to obtain indigenous knowledge of the local community of study area. All of
the interviews were held in Afana Oromo language of the local people.

2.4. METHODS OF DATA ANALYSIS

The collected data from the questionnaires of household interview responses were coded and entered into
Microsoft Office Excel sheet. Data were grouped and summed by response category on the data sheet. After
organizing the data on Microsoft Office Excel, the analysis was performed using Statistical Package for Social
Science version.20 for windows (SPSS) software. The data can be analyses tools was analyzes descriptive statistics
was employed to percentage and an ethnobotanical methods of data analysis like preference ranking to assess the
degree of selected coffee shade trees following Martin (1995). Generally, direct matrix ranking to compare
multipurpose coffee shade trees following Cotton (1996) was used to analyze and summarize the data on types of
coffee shade trees, the benefit to coffee plant, their additional values and also the most threatened coffee shade
trees was analyzed through descriptive statistics.

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