Formation Of Substances

The substances that exist in the universe are made up of atoms (consists charge
particles electron and proton)/molecules (made up of atom s)/ions. Chemical bonding
is the binding force of the constituents’ atoms of the molecule to maintain a mutual
atomic order and a definite but specific geometric shape. There are three types of
chemical bonding – Electrovalent or Ionic, Covalent bonding and Co-ordinate covalent
bonding.

Types of chemical bonding

Electrovalent Bond: They are formed by transfer of electrons and have high melting
and boiling points. These are soluble in water and conduct electricity in molten state or
in aqueous solution. These bonds are held together by the strong electrostatic
attractions between the positive and negative charges.

Examples of ionic or electrovalent Bond

LiF - Lithium Fluoride CuI - Copper(I) Iodide
LiCl - Lithium CuO - Copper(II)
Chloride Oxide
LiBr - Lithium CuS - Copper(II)
Bromide Sulphide
LiI - Lithium Iodide CuSe - Copper(II)
NaF - Sodium Selenide
Fluoride FeO - Iron(II) Oxide
NaCl - Sodium FeS - Iron(II) Sulphide
Chloride FeSe - Iron(II)
NaBr - Sodium Selenide
Bromide CoO - Cobalt(II) Oxide
NaI - Sodium Iodide CoS - Cobalt(II)
KF - Potassium Sulphide
Fluoride CoSe - Cobalt(II)
KCl - Potassium Selenide
Chloride NiO - Nickel(II) Oxide
KBr - Potassium NIS - Nickel(II)
Bromide Sulphide
KI - Potassium Iodide
 CsF - Cesium NiSe - Nickel(II)
Fluoride Selenide
CsCl - Cesium PbO - Lead(II) Oxide
Chloride PbS - Lead(II)
CsBr - Cesium Sulphide
Bromide PbSe - Lead(II)
CsI - Cesium Iodide Selenide
BeO - Beryllium SnO - Tin(II) Oxide
Oxide SnS - Tin(II) Sulphide
BeS - Beryllium SnSe - Tin(II) Selenide
Sulphide Li2O - Lithium Oxide
BeSe - Beryllium Li2S - Lithium Sulphide
Selenide Li2Se - Lithium
MgO - Magnesium Selenide
Oxide Na2S - Sodium Oxide
MgS - Magnesium Na2S - Sodium
Sulphide Sulphide
MgSe - Magnesium Na2Se - Sodium
Selenide Selenide
CaO - Calcium Oxide K2O - Potassium
CaS - Calcium Oxide
Sulphide K2S - Potassium
CaSe - Calcium Sulphide
Selenide K2Se - Potassium
BaO - Barium Oxide Selenide
BaS - Barium
Sulphide
BaSe - Barium
Selenide

Covalent Bond: They are formed by sharing of electrons and have low melting and
boiling point. These are soluble in organic solvents and are non-conductor of electricity.
However graphite and diamond are covalent compounds but they have very high
melting point because of their giant structure. The properties of covalent bonds are
given below:

• They are mostly gases and liquids.

• These compounds have low melting point and boiling point because intermolecular
forces among the atoms are weaker as compare to the electrovalent compounds.
• Most of the covalent bonds exist in molecular forms and these compounds takes part
very slowly in the chemical reactions with another covalent compound.
Co-ordinate covalent bonding (Dative Covalent bond): The pair of electrons in this
bonding is obtain by only through single atom and in this bonding, the atom which
supplies electrons pair is called donar and the atom which takes such pair of electrons
is called accepter. The electrons pair donated by the donor atom is called singleton pair.
It is represented generally an arrow ( ). Here a convention is followed in which a +ve
charge (S+) is given to the donor atom and a –ve charge (S-) on the acceptor atom.
For example- NH3 (g) +HCl (g) →NH4Cl(s) NH3 (g) +HCl (g) →NH4Cl(s)
Ammonium ions, NH4+, are formed by the transfer of a hydrogen ion (a proton) from the
hydrogen chloride molecule to the lone pair of electrons on the ammonia molecule.