TC01 Handout • Infant – 1 month to 12 months

• Toddler – 1 to 3 years old

(The Child and Adolescent Learner and • Preschooler - 3 years old to 5 years old
Learning Principles) • School Age – 5 years old to 12 years old
U1: Basic Concept • Teenager – 13 years old and 20 years
old
Development
Nature and Nurture Child
• The pattern of change that begins at
conceptions and continues through the
Development
lifespan. NATURE
• A progressive series of orderly, coherent
changes (Hurlock, 1972) • is defined as all genes and hereditary
factors that contribute to a person’s
Growth unique physical appearance, personality,
and physiology.
• Generally, refers to change in body
structure including the size of muscles, NURTURE
size of brain, and the appearance of
secondary sex characteristics. • is defined as the many environmental
variables that affect a person, including
Difference between Development and their experiences in early childhood,
Growth. family and social relationships, culture,
and community.
Development Growth
Adolescence
Overall changes and Change of physical
progressive change of aspects of the • From the Latin word “adolescere”
organism. organism. which means “to grow up”
• It is the period of psychological and
Structural change and Change in shape,
social transition between childhood and
functional progress of form, structure, size
adulthood.
the body of the body.
• The age of adolescence varies by
Continues till death Stop at maturation culture. The World Health Organization
of the organism (WHO) defines adolescence as the
period of life between 10 and 19 years
Subjective Can be measured of age.
interpretation of accurately • In US, adolescence begins between ages
one’s change 12 and 14 and ends at 19 or 20.
• Philippines considers those aged 15-24
years as young adult and those aged 15-
Childhood 19 years as adolescents.
• Refers to the time or state of being a
child, the early stage in the existence or
development of something. Development Stages of Adolescence:

Stages of a child Early Adolescence (10-13 years old)

• Newborn or Neonate – birth to 28 days • Struggle with sense of identity;

 • Moodiness;
• Improved abilities to use speech to
express oneself;
• More likely to express feelings by action
than by words;
• Close friendships gain importance;
• Less attention shown to parents, with
occasional rudeness;
• Realization that parents are not perfect;
identification of their faults;
• Search for new people to love in
addition to parents;
• Tendency to return to childish behavior;
• Peer group influences interests and
clothing styles.
Middle Adolescence (14 to 17 years old)
Adolescence: Neurodevelopmental Changes:
• Self-involvement, alternating between
unrealistically high expectations and
poor self-concept;
• Complaints that parents interfere with
independence;
• Extremely concerned with appearance
and with one's own body;
• Feelings of strangeness about one's self
and body;
• Lowered opinion of parents, withdrawal
from them;
• Effort to make new friends;
• Strong emphasis on the new peer group;
• Periods of sadness as the psychological
loss of the parents takes place;
• Examination of inner experiences,
which may include writing a diary
Adolescence Physical Developments:
• During the period of adolescence, there
is rapid physical growth, it shows
changes in body size and development.
The rapid bodily growth causes
elongation of arms and legs and
increases in height. The onset of
puberty, marked by the emergence of
secondary sexual characteristics and the
maturation of primary genitalia and
primary sex derive, occurs in boys and
girls. Physical growth, development and
other physical maturation that occurs
during puberty results from hormonal
changes.
• Neuronal development is related to
hormonal changes. Development takes
place in areas of the brain such as the
limbic system, which is responsible for
seeking pleasure and processing reward,
emotional reactions and sleeping
regulations.
THANK YOU!

Late Adolescence (18 – 21 years old)

• Firmer identity;
• Ability to delay gratification;
• Ability to think ideas through; Ability to
express ideas in words;
• More developed sense of humor;
• Stable interests;
• Greater emotional stability;
• Ability to make independent decisions;
• Ability to compromise;
• Pride in one's work;
• Self-reliance;
• Greater concern for others