SILVICULTURE OF INDIAN TREE SPECIES
HIMALAYAN PLANTS :-
Name Pinus roxburghii (CHIR PINE)
Sivalik region (outer Himalayas)
Every green + whorly branching
Lower humalayuan belt- sub-
tropical pine forest
2000-3000m – wallichiana,
Distribution deodara,
1000- 2000m – Chir pine
1000-0m – sal, khair, Sissoo
Better on quartzite sandstone,
mica, schist OR rocky soil OR
quartzite bearing rocks
Leaf shedding – May to June (in
summer)
New leaves- in april
Male flower down and female
flower up and hence wind
pollinated
Protendry – male and female
flowering at different time
Phenology Fertilization – 2nd year (same for all)
Seed viability – 2 years (same for
all)
Good seed year – 2-3 year s
Fruits spead through winds too
Pollination also thryg winds (same
for all)
Winged seed
Strong light demander (PDF yaad
rakho)
Wind firm
Forst hardy
Silviculture
Fire hardy (high resin)
Snow  heavy snow damage
Soil - …. (but not poor drainage)
NR Seed fall – april to June
Conditions-
- Canopy- gaps for light
- Well drained soil
- North aspect
- Fire + thick ground
cover
- Grazing issues
Cedrous deodara (DEODAR)
Altitude- Middle himalayan 2500-
3000m.
Moist temperate forest
Soil-rocky quartzite
Steep slopes
Northern aspect
Rainfall- 1-2 meter
Temp- 15-25 degree to 0-10 degree
Gregarious and grow almost in
pure stand
High evaporater, cools the climate
to 2-3 degree  hence compete
out others  hence in pure stand
Evergreen
HORIZONTAL BRANCHES and
CONICAL CROWN
Lead shedding – may-june
New leaves- march – april (after 5-
6 years)
Flower – generally in confiers 
Protendry (male flowers form first
Hence male in June and female in
August
Moderate Light demander
Deep tap root system wind firm
Drought= no danger
Frost hardy
Snow cause damage because snow
deposit on lateral branches and
branches break off
However, snow also provides
source of moisture and protect
seed during winter
Fire tender
Seed -
Conditions such as high leaf litter
bed is not an issue here because
remember from the diagram that
Deodara is on more slopy area.
Hence, more issue is of drought.
Drought is the most damaging
factors for NR by seeds esp in pre-
monsoon as snow remains the only
source of moisture for the seeds
Hence snowfall beneficial for them
Also, unlike other confiers, wind
does not carry the seeds, rather
seed move due to gravity as they
are found on sloped surfact (45-60
degree angle)- seed roll down hill
slope
Abies pindrow (SILVER FIR)
Family- coniferacea
Altitude- Middle himalayan 2500-
3000m.
Moist temperate forest
Soil-rocky quartzite
Steep slopes
Medium size conical shaped crown
Leaf needles shaped
Evergreen (conifers are evergreen)
Male female flower – male flower
on lower part of tree while female
flower on upper part of tree.
Hence when wind grows from
down to up (diagram dekhna) then
its takes male pollen with it and it
will strike female flower.
Pollination generally in June-July
Good seed year- in 3-4 years
Hence, Wind is important decider
in its distribution
Shade demander
Frost hardy
Wind – root system is very not
extensive development, hence not
wind firm. Uprooted
Fire – tender (leaves have resin)
Good seed year- 3-4 years
Cold area  less decomposition
due to lack of microbial activity
Leaf litter (1-1.5 feet) 
mechanical barrier for natural
regeneration. Hence seedling do
not develop root system and hence
die.
Rotation period – 120 years
 Germination- less issue of leaf litter
on seed ( but issue rahta hai)
Snow melting –moisture for seeds

Light-demander

Remember snow fall – 2 use-

1. Snowfall cover on seeds
save them from animals
2. Snowfall when melts
give moisture to them
Seed sowing Direct swing 3-4 years old seedling are planted
Plantation – 1-1.5 year old seedling Polybg plantation in earth ball or polybag
Spacing- 3x3m.
Bad coppice- hence less apical buds
AR  cutting is of 2-3 meters.

Seedling is sown before snow fall.

In Summer, melting water leads
them to seed germination.
Selection system – fellings fllowed Selection system – fellings fllowed Selection system – fellings fllowed
by concentrated regeneration by concentrated regeneration by concentrated regeneration
system system system
SS
Shelterwood system – irregular- as Shelterwood system – irregular- as Shelterwood system – irregular
rotation period is 120-150 years. rotation period is 120-150 years. shelterwood system
shelterwood system
Furniture, Railway sleepers Pulpwood
Resin Tapping Building homes, temples Railway sleepers, packaging
Uses Packaging, box material (conifers are light weight
Railways sleeprs wood) , furniture

NR = Natural regeneration | AR = Artificial regeneration | SS = Silviculture system

NORTH INDIAN PLANTS :-

Name Sal (Shorea robusta) (Eucalyptus)- Safeda Populus Deltoide – Poplar

Family- Dipterocarpaceae Family- Myrtacae
Family- Salicaceae

Salix vale me poplar likh aao

Intro (common type) Origin – Australia Origin- north America

By Tipu Sultan, by british to evaporate water in
TAMILNADU
Distribution Almost complete Northern Indian plain E. cameldulensis – RJ, Telangana, Vidarbha Terai region from UK to JK.
Dehradun valley to mid Madhya Pradesh. Southern most E. Grandis – high rainfall area P. ciliata- in cold desert of ladakh and lahaul spiti
point – Kanha national park E. globulus- higher elevation
E. citridora- oil extraction purpose, medicinal, perfume
It is evergreen becase leaf appear along with leaf fall E. hybrida- paper and pulp
E. tereticornis – paper and pulp
Climate warm tropical climate Sub tropical
Rainfall 100-300 cm 300-350 m.

Temperature 5-10 degree to 25-40 degree 5-10 degree to 25-40 degree

Altitude Upto 1000 m 150-200m
1000m
Topography Undulating and flat terrain, excellent growth along river Flat, undulating
side

Geology and soil Sandy loam and clay loam

Root system Lateral and vertical root system (common in all)

Phenology Leaf fall: February to march Leaf fall: mid November

Flowering: Feb- march (leaf fall together) Flowering: Feb- march
New leaves appear- march- april New leaves appear- mid april
Fruits- winged fruits, may-june
Dying back phenomena – adaptation to survive in biotic
pressure situations where the stem dies back.

Silviculture characters Light- light demander Light – light demander Light – moderate light demander
Root system – extensive Wind – firm Frost- fairly resistant
Coppice- moderate, stool coppice good Root system – vertical and lateral root, it does not let agri A high water table is required but cannot stand conditions
 Drought- DYING BACK crop to grow in its near regions because it consumers of water logging.
Fire- DYING BACK (grow due to lignotuber)- moderate fire moisture Grows best along river, streams, canals side
hardy Snow- beding and breakage. Few resistant to snow Wind resistant
Wind- wind firm
Frost- INDUCED DYING BACK, moderate frost hardy
Animal injury- rats and pigs, porcupine cause damage in
seedling. Sambhar etc cause damage in late stage.
Lorantus – epiphyte in Sal forests and has special relations
with Sal.
NR NR depends on 4F+wild+man+ genetics Poor reported, except nilgiri hills By seed
Usually by seeds and coppicing (moderate coppice)
Issues of NR-
Dying back, light condition + frost +fire issues, poor drained
soil, allelopahty
Grazing pressure high
AR Direct sowing By plantation Largely propaged by artificial means through CUTTING.
Planting – to solve repeated dying back issues Cutting generally prepared during winter month when plant
Coppice (moderate to good coppicers) is leafless.  Clowning system because we need uniform
quality.
Spacing 4x4 meters usually
SS Clearfelling system – Clear felling system + coppice with standard for 2-3
Coppice with standard and coppice with selection rotations.

Selection cum improvement fellings: in remote, undulating,

inaccessible localities
Uses Timber, sleeper of trains Canal side, road side plantation, avenue planation Fiber for paper and pulp industry (especlially Yamunanagar)
Seed oil- cooking Fiber for paper and pulp – because it is such wood which
Seed cake for mulching does not have Lignin which makes it easy to extract fiber
because it is soft wood (poplar, eucalyptus)
Timbers, gums, leaf oil, ghar ki taand iski hoti hai
Extra Issues- pure planataion vale issues Issues- JK pollen allergy
Water table issues Issues- planatation  even aged crops vale issues likh dena

Name Casuarina equisetifolia (Shorea Santinum Alba (sandalwood) Babul - Acacia nilotica Acacia tortilis Acacia catechu- Khair D.sissoo Shisham
robusta) Family- Mimosaceae Family- Papilionaceae
Family- Casurianaceae Family- Mimosaceae

Intro Origin – Austalia, Indonesia Small evergreen tree From Israel. D. Sisoo – Shisham
(common It can grow evern in desert D. latifollia- rosewood
type) conditions
Distribution Grow in sandy soils normally Hardy to damage created by crackings in Mainly in ravines – Murena, D. Sissoo – leaf pointed
found in coastal regions. Hence black cotton soil, drought and moderate Bhind (MP), near Chambal – D. Latifollia – leaf not long
 used in sand dune stabilisation frost so widely distributed in north Kattha from Khair (used in
(in-land) and hence handle best indian plains, RJ, MP, MH, Chambal tobacco)
in salt spray situation, Jharkjamd ravines
Used in ornamental garden too
Acacia Chundra is in south
India not Acacia catechu
Climate Sub tropical climate
Rainfall 2-5 meter

Temperatur 30-35 degree

e
Altitude

Topography

Geology and
soil

Root system

Phenology Needle type leaf like conifers Flowering – may-june (before Medium size deciduous tree with broad Medium size deciduous tree Medium size deciduous tree
but grow in tropical regions monsoon) sized crown with broad sized crown with broad sized crown
(hence confusion) Fruiting- October to December Leaf fall – april – may Leaf fall – april – may Leaf fall – March– may
Flowering- twice a year (before Leaf fall – sandalwood is more Flowering – January to march Flowering – January to march Flowering – January to march
monsoon and after monsoom) or less evergreen, shade Fruiting – ripen in april to may Fruiting – ripen in april to Fruiting – ripen in april to
Habit- gregarious demander and hence, leaf all Thorny branches may may
Germination – its seed vialbilty around the year Goats remove the hard dormancy of New leaves- june New leaves- june
is very less hence ripe 15 days Leaf renewal- pods cover by elementary canal
before the time when it
germinates
Its germination – epigeous
(extremely sensitive to drought)
Hence we can also deduce that
its fruit also ripen just 15 days
before monsoon
Also germination occurs second
time in December
Seed is Dicote and hence always
epigeous seed germination

BACTERIA- FRANKIA (since it is

not a leguminuous plant hence
 in Cajurina roots, Frankia is
found)

Silviculture Light – demander Light- shade bearer/ at initial Drought hardy Drought hardy Drought hardy
characters Wind – firm (strong vertail and stage, shade required, but Frost resistant Frost resistant Frost resistant
lateral root system even in later required overhead light Light demander Light demander Light demander
coastal areas) Frost – condition of frost do Good coppice Good coppice Good coppice
Soil – well drained sandy soil, not occur in sandalwood  Root sucker Root sucker Root sucker (important
heavy soil (clay) – not able hence it is frost sensitive Fire resistant (because of characteristic)
Water- extremely sensitive to Coppicing power- fairly high thick bark)
drought (because it is found in coppicing power
coastal areas where high water Root sucker- freely produced
table always) when roots are exposed or
Frost- frost sensitive but may be when cut
some hardy Fire- extremely fire tender
COPPICE- HIGH STOOL COPPICE species, even a small fire can
ROOT SUCKER – BUT ONLY IN cause huge damage.
COASTAL SANDY AREA Drought- can sustain in
BACTERIA- FRANKIA (since it is moderate draught
not a leguminuous plant hence Animal damage –
in Cajurina roots, Frankia is ROOT PARASITISM IN
found) SANDALWOOD
(HAUSTIRIUM)

NR Native- Australia- java- bourneo By seeds + root suckers Seed Face heavy browsing Seed + root sucker (hence
Seed produced in March/april Seedling need adequate Coppice pressure less deep root but good
and second time in sep/oct protection from animals Seed + coppice lateral roots)

AR Seed collection Direct seed sowing in apri;- By direct seed sowing (after removing Seed sowing + planting Seed
Germination bed- pricking out may before monsoon period seed dormancy) Stump planting
and in sunken beds because of Polybag planting Root sucker
water issues STUMP PLANTING (this
Planting- 3x3m, method has shown 90%
Brick plantation ( because sandy success)
soil) ROOT SUCKER
PLANTING ROOT SPECIES

Host plant – very imp part of

AR in sandalwood. Hosts are
believed to be of considerable
influence in providing
resistance against SPIKE
DISEASE

SS Clear felling- 10 to 20 years Tending in earlier stages Clear felling with artificial regeneration Selection/clear felling system
rotation period important because it helps in – Coppice with standard
 - Natural expansion
of crown
- Freeing from
suppressed plants
- Maintenance of
good host plant
- Maintain lateral
shade
Uses Fuelwood Heartwood oil – perfume + Fodder, fuelwood, timber for farm Kattha making + Catechin + Furniture, wheels,
Afforestation of barren coastal fancy work implements, Timber for constructing agricultural implements
land + sand dunes stabilization Wood- used in Havan and Tannins from bark and pods (for Mandap pillars
Timber- boat construction Chandan softening hide tanning)
High calorific value – fuelwood
Toothpaste, medicinal value
Extra

Name Prosopis julifora Albizia lebbek – Black siris Albizia procera– safed siris
Family- Mimosaceae East indian walnut
(leguminaceae) Family- leguminaceae
Intro Native- mexico and central Deciduous tree of moderate Only it has less dark bark than lebbek.
(common America. size And all other characteristics are
type) Air seedling in Chambal and w. common
ghat

Distribution Delhi-ridge region- it is the North India, south india, KN,

dominant species MH
All india presence, from sub-
himalayan tract to Andaman
from Indus eastward to Khasi
Climate
Rainfall

Temperatur
e
Altitude Upto 1500 m

Topography

Geology and
soil
Root system Deep root penetratin system. Shallow root system
Even can extract moisture from
Rjasthan land
Phenology Medium size evergreen tree Deciduous medium size tree Medium size deciduous tree
Flowering – Jan to march Flowering – Jan to march
Fruiting- april to June Fruiting- april to June
Thorny branches Thorny branches
Silviculture Drought hardy Light demander but still young
characters Frost resitance plants can withstand
Light demander moderate shade.
Good coppice Frost tender
Root sucker Drought resistance
Seed dormancy goes away after Hardy
moisture Fast growing species
Root sucker
Good coppice
NR Seed + root sucker Seed + coppice + root sucker
NR scanty due to insect
damage

AR Root sucker Seeds (cold water treatment

Stump planting to remove dormancy and
Seed soaking for removing seed imporove germination
dormancy percentage) + STUMP
PLANTING
ORDINARY PITS (30 cms pits)
If dry conditions, then 60 cms
pits

SS -

Uses To boost up Succession process Less timber value

Fodder exceleemnt Poor fuelwood
Fuelwood For AVENUE PLANTATION
Pods for food for wild animals For FODDER- excellent
Host for Lakh insect
Extra
 Neem -Azadirect Indica Bamboo Dendrocalamus Strictus
Name Lagerstromea lanceolate Dipterocarpus species
Family- Meliaceae Family- Gramenaceae (specis of bamboo)
UP to TN, Perennial grass North central India Family of Sal
GJ to WB MH Same distribution as Sal
Western + Usually hollow stem KN , Udupi region You can write about SAL
(culm) but some time
Recent plantation work – solid (D. Strictus)
GJ
Entire SE India Green gold or poor man’s
timber

India- 125 species

Culm, Clump, Rhizome

and culm sheath

Culm – stem vala part

Rhizome- root vala part
(Diagram from pDF)
Distribution

Arundinaria species grow

in Himalayan region

Solid Bamboo (D.

Strictus) – ravines and
alluvial plains from assam
to north India plains

Bombosa balcoa – UP-

bihar joint ventue

Bombosa bamboo-
central and werstern
India
Almost evergreen tree Flowering- gregarious Tropical vala phenology

Phenology Leafless (in dry localities Rhizome  culm  new

for very short period for rhizome grow all have
 march-april in Chambal) same genotype  hence,
flowering at same time
Flowering- march- april Flowering followed by
(in north) and January (in death of clumps (hence
south) wide deforestation)

Fruiting- june-july

Seed germination- Sawan

ka mahina

Seed is pulpy
fermentation  foul
smell
Forst hardy or may be
tender 3 year felling cycle
Drought hardy Felling rules
Soil- all kind Light demand etc
Light demander but can according to distribution.
Silviculture
survive in shade

Due to these , it is found

in SE asia

Seed - Seeds (after

flowering)
NR - Rhizome

Direct seed sowing Seeds collected after - -

flowering
Root-shoot cutting Rhizome
(STUMP)- 1 year old Cutting (cutting pieces of
5x5 m spacing because Culm) and sow it in
stump already has food ground.
AR
storgage which enables Layering – Air layering
root to grow fast and mound layering

FOR EX. NEEM

PLANTATION IN
GUJARAT
 SS

FERILIZER INDUSTRY Pickle

NEEM COATED UREA Handicrafts
(SUPPLIER- GUJARAT) Food
MEDICIANAL PROPERTIES Tea in bamboo
Uses
INSECTICIDE i.e. Bridges
NIMBICIDE Double income for
farmers
Basket making
SOUTH INDIAN PLANTS :-
Name Teak (Tectona grandis)
Family- verbenaceae
Intro (common Teak is a strong light demander,
type) medium size (10-15m height),
broad shaped crown, decidouous
tree is distributed over indian
peninsula below 24 latitude.
Distribution Naturally grow below 24 degree
latitude in Indian peninsula and
Myanmar
Now in north India too
Climate warm tropical climate
Rainfall 100-150 cm
Temperature 10-40 degree
Altitude Below 800m and may grow upto
1200 m in w. ghats
Topography Undulating and flat terrain,
excellent growth along river side
Geology and soil On well drained- red sandy soil to
clayey loamy
Soil Ph- 6.5 to 7.5 (16 essential
micronutrients are available in this
ph range)
Teak avoid poorly drained and
extremely dry soil
Phenology Leaf fall: November to January (in
very moist pockets, it becomes
evergreen almost)
Remains leafless during summer
Flowering: dec – jan
Fruiting: April – May (monsoon se
ek mahine pehle)
New leaves appearing – June
Silviculture Light- light demanded
Drought- moderate drought
resistant
Wind- wind firm
Frost- frost sensitive
Animal injury- rats and pigs cause
damage in seedling. Sambhar etc
cause damage in late stage.
Insect injury – Defoliators- Hyblea
purea
“COPPICING and POLLARDING”-
great coppice and pollarding
capacity
NR NR depends on 4F+wild+man+
genetics
Usually by seeds and coppicing
AR By seeds (alternating soaking and
drying) + vegetative
STUMP PLANTATION: prepared
by 1 yr old seedling, collar
diameter- 1-2 cm
DONA PLANTATION
SS Clearfelling system – moist
favourable localities
Coppice with standard and
coppice with reserve: dry localities
where rainfall
Selection cum improvement
fellings: in remote, undulating,
inaccessible localities
White teak (Gmelina arborea) Santalum album
Family- verbenaceae
strong light demander, medium
size (10-15m height), broad
shaped crown, decidouous tree
is distributed over indian
peninsula below 24 latitude
South east Asia
warm tropical climate
100-150 cm
10-40 degree
Moderate size, deciduous tree
Leaf fall – Jan to feb
New leafs (foliage) – jan- feb
Fruit ripening – april to july
Flowering – feb-march
Hence Garmiyon ke time pe leaves
rahti hain. Iska ye bhi matlab hoga
ki tap root system acha hoga tabi
paani milta hai itni leaves ke liye
vo bhi garmi me
Drought- moderate drought
resistant
Wind- wind firm
Frost- frost sensitive, but some
species are frost hardy
Animal injury- rats and pigs cause
damage in seedling. Sambhar etc.
cause damage in late stage
GOOD COPPICER, but root sucker
are not produced.
Seed germinate during alternate
wetting and drying
Direct sowing (just before rainy
season)
Its seeds has pulps hence seeds
has low viability and needs to be
stored.
STUMP PLANTATION
COPPICE
Selection system (because it has
less teak demand as compared to
actual Teak )
Coppice with standard system
 Uses Timber, sleeper of trains Household implements, timber
Extra Broad leaves,
Seed – alternate weathering

There is no any TATA company rule to divide trees on North Indian and South Indian. Usually they interchange there growing region. Here
we divided them just for more easiness to learn and understand.

COMMERCIALLY IMPORTANT EXOTICS :-

Name Eucalyptus Poplar Casuarina

Origin

Distribution

Phenology

Silviculture

NR

AR

SS

Uses

Unique points-

Terminalia arjuna and Eucalyptus can grow in waterlogged conditions

Plants having deep roots are wind firm. Conifers and tropical evergreen don’t have long tap roots and hence are not windfirm

D Sisso, Teak, Prosopis julifera – Stump plantation – MUST WRITE

ROOT SUCKER PROMINENT IN SANDALWOOD and D. SISOO and Albizzia,

STUMP PLANTING – teak, Sissoo, Albizzia , Catechu, neem

Only Abies Pindrow and Sandalwood are shade bearer, otherwise all are Light demanders.

Conifers are bad coppicers, apart from conifers all are coppicers.

Only Sal and Neem leaves remain green during summer, otherwise all northan Indian species are not green during summer

Removing seed dormancy of Acacia, Cassia, prosopis  hence water soaking to be done