CHEMISTRY

PROJECT
ANALYSIS OF HONEY

SUBMITTED BY:
CHANCHAL SAPERA
XII-A
 INDEX
CONTENT
AIM

REQUIREMENTS

THEORY

PROCEDURE

OBSERVATION TABLE

RESULT

BIBLIOGRAPHY
 AIM:
TO ANALYZE THE
AVAILABLE HONEY
FOR PRESENCE OF
DIFFERENT
MINERALS AND
CARBOHYDRATES.
REQUIREMENTS
APPARATUS
TEST TUBE
TEST TUBE STAND
BURNER
WATER BATH

CHEMICALS
FEHLING SOLUTION A
FEHLING SOLUTION B
AMMONIUM CHLORIDE SOLUTION
AMMONIUM OXALATE SOLUTION
AMMONIUM PHOSPHATE
CONC. NITRIC ACID
POTASSIUM SULPHOCYANIDE SOLUTION
 THEORY
Honey gets its sweetness from the
monosaccharide fructose and glucose and
has approximately the same relative
sweetness as that of granulated sugar (74%
of the sweetness of sucrose, a
disaccharide). It has attractive chemical
properties for baking, and a distinctive
flavor which leads some people to prefer it
over sugar and other sweeteners. The
present paper deals with the
pharmacognostical evaluation of honey of
marketed products. Honey is a sweet food
made by some insects using nectar from
flowers. The variety produced by honey
bees is the one most commonly referred to
and is the type of honey collected by
beekeepers and consumed by humans.
Honey produced by other bees and insects
has distinctly different properties.
This wonderfully rich golden liquid is the
miraculous product of honey bees and a
naturally delicious alternative to white
sugar. Although it is available throughout
the year, it is an exceptional treat in the
summer and fall when it has just been
harvested and is at its freshest. Honey bees
form nectar into honey by a process of
regurgitation and store it as a food source
in wax honeycombs inside the beehive.
Beekeeping practices encourage
overproduction of honey so that the excess
can be taken without endangering the bee
colony. Honey gets its sweetness from the
monosaccharide fructose and glucose and
has approximately the same relative
sweetness as that of granulated sugar (74%
of the sweetness of sucrose, a
disaccharide). It has attractive chemical
properties for baking, and a distinctive
flavor which leads some people to prefer it
over sugar and other sweeteners.
 PROCEDURE
TEST FOR MINERALS:

1. TEST FOR POTASSIUM:-

2ml of honey is taken in a test tube
and picric acid solution is added.
Yellow precipitate indicates the
presence of K+.

2. TEST FOR CALCIUM:-

2ml of honey is taken in a test tube
and NH4Cl solution and NH4OH
solution are added to it. The solution is
filtered and to the filtrate 2ml of
ammonium oxalate solution is added.
White ppt. or milkiness indicates the
presence of Ca2+ ions.
3. TEST FOR MAGNESIUM:-
2 ml of honey is taken in a test
tube and NH4Cl solution is added
to it and then excess of
Ammonium phosphate solution is
added. The side of the testtube is
scratched with a glass rod.
White precipitate indicates the
presence of Mg2+ ions.

4. TEST FOR IRON:-

2ml of honey is taken in a test
tube and a drop of conc. HNO3 is
added and it is heated. It is cooled
and 2-3 drops of Potassium
sulphocyanide solution is added
to it. Blood red colour shows the
presence of iron.
 TEST FOR CARBOHYDRATES:

1. FEHLING`S TEST:
2ml of honey is taken in a test tube
and 1ml each of Fehling`s solution A
and Fehling`s solution B are added
to it and boiled. Red precipitate
indicates the presence of reducing
sugars.

2. TOLLEN`S TEST:
2-3 ml of aqueous solution of honey
is taken in a test tube. 2-3ml of
Tollen`s reagent is added. The test
tube is kept in a boiling water bath
for about ten minutes. A shining
silver mirror indicates the presence
of reducing carbohydrates.
 OBSERVATION
TABLE
SR.
TESTS OBSERVATIONS INFERENCE
NO.

TEST FOR
POTASSIUM:- Potassium
Yellow ppt. is
1. is
Honey + Picric observed
present.
acid solution

TEST FOR
CALCIUM:-
White ppt. or
Honey + Calcium is
2. milkiness is not
NH4Cl absent.
soln. + NH4OH
observed
soln. filtered +
(NH4)2C2O4

TEST FOR
MAGNESIUM:-

Honey+
White ppt. is
NH4OH Magnesium
3. not
(till solution is absent.
becomes observed
alkaline)
+ (NH4)3Po4
SR.
TESTS OBSERVATIONS INFERENCE
NO.

TEST FOR
IRON:-

Honey+ Blood red

Iron is
4. conc.HNO3, colour is
present.
heated and observed
cooled, +
potassium
sulphocyanide

FEHLING`S
TEST:-

Honey + 1mL
Reducing
each of Red ppt. is
5. Fehling`s sugar is
observed
solution A and present.
Fehling`s
solution B

TOLLEN’S
TEST:-

Honey + 2-3mL
Tollen`s Shining silver
reagent, Reducing
mirror is
6. test tube in carbohydrte
observed
water is present
bath for 10
minutes
 RESULT
Potassium is present.

Iron is present.

Calcium is absent.

Magnesium is absent.

Honey contains reducing sugar.

 BIBLIOGRAPHY
•https://infoscienceandtech.blogspot.com

•https://www.slideshare.net

•Comprehensive Practical Chemistry

•Google images