A review on organophosphate esters: Physiochemical properties, applications, and toxicities

as well as occurrence and human exposure in dust environment

Mingshan Dou 1, Lijun Wang 1, *

1
Department of Environmental Science and Engineering, School of Geography and Tourism,

Shaanxi Normal University, Xi’an, P.R. of China, 710119

*
Corresponding author: wanglijun@snnu.edu.cn

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Table S1

Names, abbreviations, and properties of the commonest OPEs

Classifications Names Abbr. CAS No. Formulas MW S P H LogKow LogKoc BCFs

-9
Alkyl-OPEs Tri-methyl phosphate TMP 512-56-1 C3H9O4P 140.07 500000 0.85 3.2×10 -0.65 0.80 1.41
-6
Tri-ethyl phosphate TEP 78-40-0 C6H15O4P 182.55 500000 0.29 3.5×10 0.8 1.68 3.88
-2 -6
Tri-propyl phosphate TPP 513-08-6 C9H21O4P 224.234 827 2.9×10 8.2×10 2.67 2.83 63.1

Tri-n-butyl phosphate TnBP 126-73-8 C12H27O4P 266.314 280 1.1×10-3 1.5×10-7 4 3.28 1.03×103

Tri-iso-butyl phosphate TiBP 126-71-6 C12H27O4P 266.314 3.72 1.3×10-2 1.1×10-4 3.6 3.05 391
-7 -11
Tris-(butoxyethyl) phosphate/ TBEP/TBOEP 78-51-3 C18H39O7P 398.473 1200 2.1×10 3.3×10 3.65 4.38 1.08×103
Tris-(2-butoxyethyl) phosphate

Tris-(2-ethylhexyl) phosphate TEHP 78-42-2 C24H51O4P 434.65 0.6 2.0×10-6 9.6×10-5 9.49 6.87 1.00×106

Cl-OPEs Tris-(2-chloroethyl) phosphate TCEP 115-96-8 C6H12Cl3O4P 285.49 7000 1.1×10-4 3.3×10-6 1.44 2.48 1.37
-6 -8
Tris-(1-chloro-2-propyl) phosphate/ TCPP/TCiPP 13674-84-5 C6H12Cl3O4P 327.57 1600 1.9×10 6.0×10 2.59 2.71 42.4
Tris-(chloroisopropyl) phosphate
Tris-(1,3-dichloropropyl) phosphate/ TDCPP/TDCiPP 13674-87-8 C9H15Cl6O4P 430.905 1.5 7.4×10-8 2.6×10-9 3.8 2.35 13.5
Tris-(1,3-dichloro-isopropyl) phosphate
Aryl-OPEs Tri-phenyl phosphate TPhP 115-86-6 C18H15O4P 326.283 1.9 1.2×10-6 3.3×10-6 4.59 3.72 113

Tri-cresyl phosphate TCP 1330-78-5 C21H21PO4 368.118 0.36 1.8×10-7 9.2×10-7 5.11 4.35 8.56×103

2-Ethylhexyl diphenyl phosphate EHDPP 1241-9-47 C20H27O4P 362.4 1.9 6.5×10-7 2.5×10-7 5.37 4.21 6.49×104

MW: Molecular weight, g/mol; S: solubility (mg/L) in water at 25 ℃; P: vapor pressure (mmHg) at 25 ℃; H: henry's law constant (atm/m 3/mol) at 25 ℃; logKow:

octanol-water partition coefficient; logKoc: soil adsorption coefficient; BCF: Bioaccumulation factor

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Table S2

Applications of the commonest OPEs

Abbr. Applications
TMP Solvents, extractants, anti-colorants, plasticizers for pharmaceuticals and pesticides,
TEP Plasticizer, polyvinyl chloride, polyester resin, polyurethane foam
TPP Plasticizer
TnBP Metal complexes of extractants, polyvinyl chloride, plasticizers, paints, hydraulic
oils, floor waxes, glues, defoamers
TiBP Plasticizer, lubricant, concrete regulator
TBOEP Flame retardant, plasticizer, floor wax, floor paint, paint, glue, defoamers
TEHP Flame retardant, plasticizer, extractants
TCEP flame retardant, plasticizer, paint, glue
TCiPP Plasticizer, flame retardant
TDCiPP Flame retardant, plasticizer, paint, Glue
TPhP Flame retardant, plasticizer, hydraulic oil, coating, paint, glue
TCP Plasticizer, polyvinyl chloride, hydraulic fluid, cellulose, polyvinyl chloride,
flooring, waterproofing agent, lubricant
EHDPP Plasticizer, hydraulic oil

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Table S3

Toxicities of the commonest OPEs

Abbr. Toxicity References

TMP -
TEP -
TPP -
TnBP Neurotoxicity (Meeker and Stapleton, 2010)
TiBP
TBEP/TBOEP Reproductive and (An et al., 2016; Xu et al., 2017)
developmental toxicity;
inhibit cell viability
TEHP
TCEP Neurotoxicity; (Hu et al., 2021; Yuan et al., 2016; Zhao et
developmental toxicity; al., 2021)
endocrine disruption;
genotoxicity
TCPP/TCiPP Neurotoxicity; inhibit cell (Alzualde et al., 2018; An et al., 2016;
viability; cardiotoxicity; Dishaw et al., 2011)
potential carcinogenicity
TDCPP/TDCiPP Reproductive and (Chen et al., 2020a; Dasgupta et al., 2019;
developmental toxicity; McGee et al., 2012; Meeker and Stapleton,
endocrine disruption 2010)
TPhP Inhibit cell viability; (An et al., 2016; Alzualde et al., 2018; Chen
developmental toxicity; et al., 2020a; Hong et al., 2019; Hong et al.,
neurotoxicity; 2021; Meeker and Stapleton, 2010; Yuan et
cardiotoxicity and al., 2018)
hepatotoxicity;
contact allergenic effects;
Neurotoxicity;
Immunotoxicity
TCP Developmental toxicity; (Alzualde et al., 2018)
neurotoxicity;
cardiotoxicity and
hepatotoxicity
EHDPP Developmental toxicity; (Alzualde et al., 2018)
neurotoxicity;
cardiotoxicity and
hepatotoxicity
-: no available data

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Table S4

Toxicity data (LC50 or EC50) of the OPEs for aquatic species

Fish Algae Daphnia

Abbr. L(E)C50 L(E)C50 L(E)C50
Species References Species References Species References
(mg/L) (mg/L) (mg/L)
TMP Pimephales 7000 (Liu et al., 2018) - -
promelas
TEP Leuciscus idus 2100 (Liu et al., 2018) Scenedesmus 9 (Liu et al., 2018) Daphnia 350 (Liu et al., 2018)
subspicatus magna
TPP
TnBP Carassius auratus 8.8 (Verbruggen et al., Scenedesmus 4.2 (Verbruggen et al., Daphnia 3.65 (Verbruggen et al.,
2005) subspicatus 2005) magna 2005)
TiBP Leuciscus idus 20 (Verbruggen et al., Scenedesmus 34 (Verbruggen et al., Daphnia 11 (Verbruggen et al.,
2005) subspicatus 2005) magna 2005)
TBEP/ Pimephales 13 (Verbruggen et al., - Daphnia 75 (Verbruggen et al.,
TBOEP promelas 2005) magna 2005)
TEHP - - -
TCEP Carassius auratus 90 (Verbruggen et al., Scenedesmus 51 (Verbruggen et al., Daphnia 330 (Verbruggen et al.,
2005) subspicatus 2005) magna 2005)
TCPP/ Poecilia 30 (Verbruggen et al., Scenedesmus 45 (Verbruggen et al., Daphnia 91 (Verbruggen et al.,
TCiPP reticulata 2005) subspicatus 2005) magna 2005)
TDCPP Carassius auratus 5.1 (Verbruggen et al., Scenedesmus 39 (Verbruggen et al., Daphnia 4.2 (Verbruggen et al.,
/ 2005) subspicatus 2005) magna 2005)
TDCiP
P
TPhP Carassius auratus 0.7 (Verbruggen et al., Scenedesmus 0.5 (Verbruggen et al., Daphnia 1.0 (Verbruggen et al.,
2005) subspicatus 2005) magna 2005)
TCP Lepomis 0.11 (Verbruggen et al., Scenedesmus 0.29 (Verbruggen et al., Daphnia 0.27 (Verbruggen et al.,
macrochirus 2005) subspicatus 2005) magna 2005)
EHDPP - - Daphnia 0.018 (Liu et al., 2018)
magna
-: no available data

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 Table S5

Average concentrations of OPEs in outdoor dust around the world (ng/g)

TBOEP/ TCiPP TDCiPP/

Countries (n) No. Years TMP TEP TPP TnBP TiBP TEHP TCEP TPhP TCP EHDPP ΣOPEs References.
TBEP /TCPP TDCPP
Dalian, China (39) 8 2019 87.4 233 113 623 57.9 122 70 153 1459.3 (Zhang et al., 2020)
Beijing, China (65) 13 2014 3.03 53.7 NA 41.1 20.3 73.8 5.97 397 1010 37.2 103 61.6 22.2 1861 (Li et al., 2018)
Chongqing, China (53) 10 2016 27.3 16.7 25.9 227.3 68.6 205.6 70.4 50 69.6 32.9 794.3 (He et al., 2017)
Tianjin, China (22) 11 2018 101 24.4 97.3 683 129 2330 4280 587 1530 1680 35.5 11500 (Wang et al., 2018)
Chengdu, China (31) 7 2014 31.2 143.13 65.6 87.9 93.8 22.9 83.6 512.9 (Yin et al., 2019)
Suzhou, China (25) 4 2016 915.46 3.25 804.07 185.09 1907.88 (Li et al., 2017)
Nanjing, China (8) 13 2017 NA 4.56 0.02 2.98 11.03 27.21 7.81 90.65 2.61 17.92 4.39 3.04 174.39 (Chen et al., 2019b)
China (97) 13 2017 0.939 34 NA 35.2 9.22 35.7 107 108 233 68.2 69.5 36 23.1 759.859 (Wang et al., 2020)
Airports, USA (5) 13 2018 1.27 12.3 NA 18.8 8.14 41.4 64.5 15.9 269 248 93.3 24.4 1.28 798.3 (Li et al., 2019b)
Egypt (30) 9 2014 17 37 NA NA NA 17 25 NA NA 96 (Khairy and Lohmann, 2019)
Patna, India (16) 8 2022 20.5* 23.5* 38.4* 34.8* 19.8* 18.1* 208* 19* 383* (Yadav and Devi., 2022)
Basrah, Iraq (20) 6 2019 59 209 855 438 158 204 1920 (Al-Omran et al., 2021)
n: the number of dust samples; No.: the number of the studied OPEs; *: Median concentration of OPEs

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 Table S6

Average concentrations of OPEs in indoor dust around the world (ng/g)

Sampling TBOEP/ TCiPP TDCiPP/

Countries No. Year TMP TEP TPP TnBP TiBP TEHP TCEP TPhP TCP EHDPP OPEs References
Point (n) TBEP /TCPP TDCPP
Guangzhou, 2015- Home (11) 58.1 2215 687 2770 970 352 903 45.2 8000.3 (Hu et al.,
8
China 2017 Office (22) 38.5 85.5 284 1158 2607 247 744 77.5 5241.5 2020)
Guangzhou, 2013- Home (11) 120 80 580 270 5180 830 1260 280 840 760 10200
10 (He et al.,
China 2014 Dormitory (15) 290 100 270 160 8420 660 440 200 ND 260 10800
Home (25) 100 NA 320 350 350 2190 1870 330 1420 610 420 7960 2015)
2013-
Qingyuan, China 10
2014 ERA（25） 200 760 300 - 270 340 900 7180 850 6700 15300 780 33580
Longtang, China 16* 301* 170* 269* 2310* 288* 3320* 221* 6795*
(Zheng et
Dali, China 8 2013 ERA（56） 61* 220* 189* 394* 3110* 317* 1740* 406* 7600*
al., 2015)
Guiyu, China 78* NA 75* 633* 3760* 1500* 9810* 2180 33100*
2014- Home (6) 4380 1270 6830 560 13040 (He et al.,
Nanjing, China 4
2015 office (12) 3220 1270 2410 1050 7940 2016)
(Qin et
Shenzhen, China 5 2018 Home (168) 2074.7 605.1 417.7 3289.6 42.5 6429.6
al.,2019)
Home (15) 233.3 1200 566.7 9933.3 1033.3 2000 2966.7 700 433.3 733.7 19800 (Peng et al.,
Shanghai, China 10 2017
Car (15) 500 400 100 3600 2900 16,600 11,600 900 500 2200 39,200 2017)
(Yang et al.,
Dalian, China 9 2018 Home (26) 35.9 222 207 292 886 524 817 157 370 3510.9
2020)
(Zeng et al.,
Wuhan, China 10 2013 Home (53) 94.3 147 39.7 885 278 856 245 156 613 29 3343
2018)
Home (66) 8.87 7.16 3.24 13.5 40 56.2 102 16.9 86.9 19.1 40.5 394.4 (Chen et al.,
Chengdu, China 12 2017
office (25) 300.423 15.9 13 25.8 241 8987 1573 19234 4108 140 301 34939.1 2019a)
Dormitory (18) 322 224 274 1100 230 1260 4310 383 1720 188 10011
Harbin, China 10 2014 Home (15) 316 487 313 5030 600 2020 3790 692 6180 902 20330
(Sun et al.,
PME（18） 171 251 311 1410 157 5450 1410 1310 617 166 11253
2019)
Baoding, China 10 2014 Dormitory (8) 88.9 92.9 165 730 181 2360 8230 123 280 179 12429.8
Shenyang, China 10 2014 Dormitory (8) 140 81.1 430 411 261 447 9730 372 2140 441 14453.1
Home (21) 58 NA 247 71 8544 7897 2868 529 540 543 21297
2012- (Wu et al.,
Beijing, China 10 Office (23) 170 7 255 67 4567 18042 25117 1470 4130 1372 55197
2013 2016)
DCC (16) 878 NA 93 27 708 3444 2470 620 868 231 9343
Dormitory (13) 73 93 NA 75 11 78 1500 1100 1900 240 770 33 440 6313
(Cao et al.,
Beijing, China 13 2015 Home (39) 450 340 NA 38 17 350 490 970 1800 160 680 59 360 5714 2019)
Office (49) 260 500 NA 57 22 1800 230 4500 4500 490 660 72 230 13061
(Wang et
China 13 2017 Home (44) 1.02 101 NA 111 13.3 135 231 441 1320 220 206 16.4 105 2899.7
al., 2020)
(Yadav et
Nepal 8 2014 Indoor (28) 22.2* 41.8* 15.7* 61.7* 22.1* 71.3* 420 76.7* 732 *
al., 2017)

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 2009- School (18) 1200 980000 6500 5300 930 1500 6200 15300 790 1017720 (Mizouchi
Japan 10
2010 Home (10) 300 210 250000 63 4100 2500 5700 1400 2000 270 266543 et al., 2015)
Home (15) 55 580 100 560 1600 1770 310 220 5195
(Ali et al.,
Saudi Arabia 8 2016 AC filter (15) 18 280 170 2650 3300 14300 880 450 22048
2016)
Car (15) 540 1650 195 7020 16,250 8850 786 1050 36341
Home (15) 55 12 120 110 10685 115 710 1460 530 1080 570 925 16372
Kuwait
Car (15) 13 87 1685 795 5265 212 3480 35,950 35,815 2165 1575 875 87900 (Ali et al.,
12 2013
Home (15) ＜5 9 2.7 25 28.5 20 37.5 18.5 33 155 60 85 479.2 2013)
Pakistan
Car (15) 0.7 ＜5 50 42 125 47 255 590 130 665 530 73 2500
(Kim et al.,
Philippines 6 2008 Home (20) 15 30 6.4 73 7.5 45 176.9
2014)
(Yadav and
Patna, India 8 2022 Indoor (22) 18* 32.8* 39.8* 113* 24.3* 36.2* 915* 33.4* 1210
Devi., 2022)
Home FD (20) 88.4 865 1860 545 278 218 3860
(Al-Omran
Basrah, Iraq 6 2019 Home ESD
94.6 1660 3530 1080 384 346 7080 et al., 2021)
(20)
(Kim et al.,
Florida, USA 11 2018 Indoor (8) 464 2 112 46300 804 523 2210 2700 1780 997 229 56121
2019)
2006 Home (16) 28 NA 32 84 12000 ＜200 5100 2100 2800 1000 610 23754 (Dodson et
California, USA 11
2011 Home (16) ＜20 NA ＜80 ＜80 11000 ＜200 2700 2200 2100 680 560 19240 al., 2012)
Bloomington,
Home (20) 114* 1360* 1440* 2790* 3680* 3040* 82.5* 889* 13395.5
USA (Vykoukalo
Toronto, Canada 8 2013 Home (23) 63 *
101 *
181*
1470 *
917*
2350 *
6.18 *
754* 5842.18 va et al.,
Brno, Czech 2017)
Home (20) 51.6* 153* 155* 1860* 183* 811* 201* 836* 4250.6
Republic
Vancouver,
Home (92) 36795 861 6339 19018 4510 3382 294 1568 72767 (Vykoukalo
Canada 2013-
8 va et al.,
Cairo, Egypt 2014 Home (17) 17327 NA 225 NA 423 1325 NA 828 20128
2017)
Istanbul Turkey Home (39) 528 490 399 1217 972 353 41 363 4363
Home (20) 17 25 86 49 53 147 101 52 530
(Abdallah
2012- Office (20) 27 28 263 61 119 99 94 43 550
Asyut, Egypt 8 and Covaci,
2013 Car (20) 74 54 284 198 513 87 392 66 1011
2014)
PME (11) 112 139 311 277 232 601 959 49 2167
Apartment (16) 14 36 12 22 38 134 50 NA 16 322
(Khairy and
Alexandre, Office (14) 15 64 NA 19 79.6 152 115 NA 16 460.6
8 2014 Lohmann,
Egypt Car (18) 25 147 NA 32 199 173 145 NA NA 721
2019)
Home (9) 15 66 17 NA 21 47 46 16 14 242
Apartment (10) 28.1* 40.1* 22100* 549* 237* 1870* 2250* 3830* 1750* 42600*
Home (10) 12.3* 30.7* 15900* 397* 230* 771* 1370* 3900* 1590* 26400*
Sao Paulo, Brazil 9 2018 School (5) 17.1* 109* 551000* 537* 4740* 385* 397* 2210* 5150* 560000* (Cristale et
Office (5) 40.8* 51.7* 72800* 500* 237* 237* 4480* 6420* 2140* 88000* al., 2018)
Car (16) 24.4* 526* 62200* 576* 4200* 4200* 506000* 86200* 1750* 541000*
Pretoria, South (Brits et al.,
9 2018 Home (9) 900 7260 232 2270 25100 729 1250 235 987 38963
Africa 2019)
Durban, South 4 2012- Home (10) 9750 4785 32751 4751 52037 (Abafe and

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 Office (9) 9854 4320 6743 7269 28187
computer lab Martincigh,
Africa 2013 9145 4035 4877 4104 22162
(12) 2019)
Car (19) 35126 10069 89193 9327 143716
(Dirtu et al.,
Romania 10 2010 Home (47) 30 NA 70 400 2700 180 2500 95 1600 1000 8575
2012)
home 100* 30* 400* 2500* 6900* 1100* 1200* 900* 900* 100* 14130 (Langer et
Denmark 10 2016
DCC 100* 30* 26200* 2500* 16200* 5600* 7100* 2000* 900* 899* 61529 al., 2016)
Norway Home (10) ＜26.7 713 19145 240 210 5832 511 931 743 28351.7 (Kademoglo
2013-
9 u et al.,
UK 2014 Home (10) ＜26.7 306 16080 223 1566 152691 1081 2737 3010 177720
2017)
2012- (Coelho et
Portugal 8 Home (8) 3 73 2200 58 60 1000 130 1100 4624
2011 al., 2016)
* * * * * * * * *
Home (5) 121 143 ND 454 1790 2623 706 1102 278 1262 8479
School (4) 44.6* 38.6* ND 71.9* 139* 2149* 172* 604* 28.5* 772* 4019.6 (Cristale et
Spain 10 2016
Theater (3) 116* 47.5* ND 266* 718* 4328* 725* 4010* 868* 1032* 12110.5 al., 2016)
university (2) 31.4* 220* ND 92.4* 244* 2211* 738* 460* 172* 630* 4798.8
car seat (8) ＜14* ＜13* 42000* 600* 4300* 110000* 2400* 1400* 750* 161450*
car dashboard
＜73* ＜64* 11000* 2800* 5700* 17000* 1700* 750* 1500* 40450* (Brandsma
Netherlands 8 2012 (8)
* * * * * * * * et al., 2014)
Electronics (8) 38 83 27000 880 1300 680 6500 330 680 37491*
Home (2) 32* ND 22000* 1300* 1300* 280* 820* 110* 350* 27000*
Home (6) 130 730 200 740 ＜80 380 94 2274
2010- (Brommer
Germany 7 Office (10) 220 7000 120 3000 150 2500 370 14000
2011 et al., 2012)
Car (12) 110 21000 950 3100 130000 3000 24000 182160
2011- (Fromme et
Germany 8 DCC (63) 290 770 706000 680 1350 4650 NA 2560 716300
2012 al., 2014)
Car (11) 990 620 750 35000 3100 18000 41000 16000 9200 14000 138660
DCC (5) 190 300 620 240000 470 2000 8000 1200 1200 NA 253980
(Zhou et al.,
Rhine, Germany 10 2015 Home (15) 310 320 370 13000 140 1300 5000 850 3600 430 33000
2017)
Office (11) 820 380 680 45000 430 3700 52000 6300 3300 8200 120810
School (7) 40 770 840 810000 790 1900 12000 22000 3100 470 851910
Home (10) NA 1600 600 1400 8500 NA 7600 3100 12000 34800
(Bergh et
Sweden 9 2010 DCC (10) 700 3500 2000 900 1900000 200 51000 4500 28000 1990800
al., 2011)
Office (10) 100 8800 700 2400 250000 100 36000 32000 30000 360100
Home (32) 40 2200 29000 2000 10000 2000 2600 47840
(Brommer
West midlands, 2011- Car (21) 140 1950 83000 110000 15000 100 2900 213090
7 and Harrad,
UK 2012 School (28) 170 1500 33000 1100 12000 50 50000 97820
2015)
Office (61) 100 5000 44000 2100 8200 330 10000 69730
Hone floor
80 110 350 230 600 120 1490
(34) (Ali et al.,
New Zealand 6 2012
Home mattress 2012)
70 40 250 110 240 160 870
(16)
Queensland, home NA 660 6400 920 740 120 880 9720 (He et al.,
7 2015
Australia office NA 560 570 NA 1500 75 3000 5705 2018)

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 (Christia et
Greece 8 2015 Car (25) 1409 98 1235 8062 7517 859 150 452 19784
al., 2018)
No.：the number of the studied OPEs; n: the number of dust samples; ERA: E-waste recycling area; PME: public microenvironments represented; DCC: Daycare

center; AC filter: Air conditioner filter; FD: floor dust; ESD: elevated Surface dust; ND: not detected; NA: No analyzed; *: Median concentration of OPEs

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 Table S7

Estimated daily intakes a (EDIs, ng/kg bw/day) of OPEs via indoor home dust ingestion for children and adults from different countries

TBOEP/ TCiPP TDCiPP/ Alkyl- Aryl-

Countries TMP TEP TPP TnBP TiBP TEHP TCEP TPhP TCP EHDPP ΣOPEs Cl-OPEs
TBEP /TCPP TDCPP OPE OPE
RfDs (ng/kg-bw/day) b 24000.00 15000.00 22000.00 80000.00 15000.00 70000.00 13000.00
Guangzhou, China
Children 0.12 4.58 1.42 5.73 2.01 0.73 1.87 0.09 16.55 8.47 6.12 1.96
Adult 0.03 1.05 0.33 1.32 0.46 0.17 0.43 0.02 3.81 1.95 1.41 0.45
Guangzhou, China
Children 0.25 0.17 1.20 0.56 10.72 1.72 2.61 0.58 1.74 1.57 21.10 15.04 2.17 3.89
Adult 0.06 0.04 0.28 0.13 2.47 0.40 0.60 0.13 0.40 0.36 4.86 3.46 0.50 0.90
Qingyuan, China
Children 0.21 0.66 0.72 0.72 4.53 3.87 0.68 2.94 1.26 0.87 16.47 9.08 2.32 5.07
Adult 0.05 0.15 0.17 0.17 1.04 0.89 0.16 0.68 0.29 0.20 3.79 2.09 0.53 1.17
Nanjing, China
Children 6.29 3.19 5.90 1.30 16.68 15.37 0.00 1.30
Adult 1.45 0.73 1.36 0.30 3.84 3.54 0.00 0.30
Shenzhen, China
Children 4.29 1.25 0.86 6.81 0.09 13.30 6.41 0.00 6.89
Adult 0.99 0.29 0.20 1.57 0.02 3.06 1.48 0.00 1.59
Shanghai, China
Children 0.48 2.48 1.17 20.55 2.14 4.14 6.14 1.45 0.90 1.52 40.97 11.72 26.83 2.41
Adult 0.11 0.57 0.27 4.73 0.49 0.95 1.41 0.33 0.21 0.35 9.43 2.70 6.17 0.56
Dalian, China
Children 0.07 0.46 0.43 0.60 1.83 1.08 1.69 0.32 0.77 7.26 3.52 0.96 2.78
Adult 0.02 0.11 0.10 0.14 0.42 0.25 0.39 0.07 0.18 1.67 0.81 0.22 0.64
Wuhan, China
Children 0.20 0.30 0.08 1.83 0.58 1.77 0.51 0.32 1.27 0.06 114.20 2.60 2.99 1.33
Adult 0.04 0.07 0.02 0.42 0.13 0.41 0.12 0.07 0.29 0.01 26.28 0.60 0.69 0.31
Chengdu, China
Children 0.02 0.01 0.01 0.03 0.08 0.12 0.21 0.03 0.20 0.04 0.08 19.32 0.36 0.15 0.32

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Adult 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.01 0.02 0.03 0.05 0.01 0.05 0.01 0.02 4.45 0.08 0.03 0.07
Harbin, China
Children 0.65 1.01 0.65 10.41 1.24 4.18 7.84 1.43 12.79 1.87 72.29 13.45 13.96 14.65
Adult 0.15 0.23 0.15 2.40 0.29 0.96 1.80 0.33 2.94 0.43 16.64 3.10 3.21 3.37
Beijing, China
Children 0.12 0.51 0.15 17.68 16.34 5.93 1.09 1.12 1.12 25.72 23.37 18.46 2.24
Adult 0.03 0.00 0.12 0.03 4.07 3.76 1.37 0.25 0.26 0.26 5.92 5.38 4.25 0.52
Beijing, China
Children 0.93 0.70 0.08 0.04 0.72 1.01 2.01 3.72 0.33 1.41 0.12 1.01 12.09 6.06 3.49 2.54
Adult 0.21 0.16 0.02 0.01 0.17 0.23 0.46 0.86 0.08 0.32 0.03 0.23 2.78 1.40 0.80 0.59
China
Children 0.00 0.21 0.23 0.03 0.28 0.48 0.91 2.73 0.46 0.43 0.03 0.22 6.00 4.10 1.23 0.68
Adult 0.00 0.05 0.05 0.01 0.06 0.11 0.21 0.63 0.10 0.10 0.01 0.05 1.38 0.94 0.28 0.16
Nepal
Children 0.05 0.09 0.03 0.13 0.05 0.15 0.87 0.16 1.51 0.21 0.13 1.18
Adult 0.01 0.02 0.01 0.03 0.01 0.03 0.20 0.04 0.35 0.05 0.03 0.27
Japan
Children 0.62 0.43 517.24 0.13 8.48 5.17 11.79 2.90 4.14 0.56 551.47 25.45 518.43 7.59
Adult 0.14 0.10 119.05 0.03 1.95 1.19 2.71 0.67 0.95 0.13 126.93 5.86 119.32 1.75
Kuwait
Children 0.11 0.02 0.25 0.23 22.11 0.24 1.47 3.02 1.10 2.23 1.18 1.91 33.87 5.59 22.96 5.33
Adult 0.03 0.01 0.06 0.05 5.09 0.05 0.34 0.70 0.25 0.51 0.27 0.44 7.80 1.29 5.28 1.23
Pakistan
Children 0.01 0.02 0.01 0.05 0.06 0.04 0.08 0.04 0.07 0.32 0.12 0.18 0.99 0.18 0.19 0.62
Adult 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.01 0.01 0.01 0.02 0.01 0.02 0.07 0.03 0.04 0.23 0.04 0.04 0.14
Philippines
Children 0.03 0.06 0.01 0.15 0.02 0.09 0.37 0.01 0.09 0.26
Adult 0.01 0.01 0.00 0.03 0.00 0.02 0.08 0.00 0.02 0.06
Saudi Arabia
Children 0.11 1.20 0.21 1.16 3.31 3.66 0.64 0.46 10.75 8.13 1.52 1.10
Adult 0.03 0.28 0.05 0.27 0.76 0.84 0.15 0.10 2.47 1.87 0.35 0.25
Istanbul, Turkey

PAGE \* MERGEFORMAT2
Children 0.99 0.92 0.75 2.28 1.82 0.66 0.08 0.68 8.18 4.85 1.91 1.42
Adult 0.20 0.18 0.15 0.46 0.36 0.13 0.02 0.14 1.64 0.97 0.38 0.28
India
Children 0.04 0.07 0.08 0.23 0.05 0.07 1.89 0.07 2.50 0.36 0.11 2.03
Adult 0.01 0.02 0.02 0.05 0.01 0.02 0.44 0.02 0.58 0.08 0.03 0.48
Iraq
Children 0.19 0.00 2.61 5.58 1.68 0.68 0.58 11.32 9.87 0.19 1.26
Adult 0.04 0.00 0.60 1.28 0.39 0.16 0.13 2.60 2.27 0.04 0.29
Asia
Children 0.04 0.10 0.16 0.25 0.07 27.28 0.47 3.47 2.76 1.69 1.77 0.70 0.57 39.33 7.92 28.37 3.04
Adult 0.01 0.02 0.04 0.06 0.02 6.28 0.11 0.80 0.63 0.39 0.41 0.16 0.13 9.04 1.82 6.53 0.70
Florida, USA
Children 0.87 0.00 0.21 0.00 86.81 1.51 0.98 4.14 5.06 3.34 1.87 0.43 105.23 10.19 89.40 5.64
Adult 0.17 0.00 0.04 0.00 17.36 0.30 0.20 0.83 1.01 0.67 0.37 0.09 21.05 2.04 17.88 1.13
California, USA
Children 0.05 0.06 0.16 22.50 0.38 9.56 3.94 5.25 1.88 1.14 44.54 18.75 22.77 3.02
Adult 0.01 0.01 0.03 4.50 0.08 1.91 0.79 1.05 0.38 0.23 8.91 3.75 4.55 0.60
Bloomington, USA
Children 0.21 2.55 2.70 5.23 6.90 5.70 0.15 1.67 25.12 14.83 2.76 7.52
Adult 0.04 0.51 0.54 1.05 1.38 1.14 0.03 0.33 5.02 2.97 0.55 1.50
Toronto, Canada
Children 0.12 0.19 0.34 2.76 1.72 4.41 0.01 1.41 10.95 4.82 0.31 5.83
Adult 0.02 0.04 0.07 0.55 0.34 0.88 0.00 0.28 2.19 0.96 0.06 1.17
Vancouver, Canada
Children 68.99 1.61 11.89 35.66 8.46 6.34 0.55 2.94 136.44 56.00 70.61 9.83
Adult 13.80 0.32 2.38 7.13 1.69 1.27 0.11 0.59 27.29 11.20 14.12 1.97
North America
Children 0.00 0.18 0.00 0.12 0.03 35.66 1.17 5.09 10.35 5.48 3.96 0.89 1.52 64.45 20.92 37.17 6.37
Adult 0.00 0.04 0.00 0.02 0.01 7.13 0.23 1.02 2.07 1.10 0.79 0.18 0.30 12.89 4.18 7.43 1.27
Cairo, Egypt
Children 35.85 0.47 0.88 2.74 1.71 41.64 1.34 35.85 4.45
Adult 8.25 0.11 0.20 0.63 0.39 9.58 0.31 8.25 1.03

PAGE \* MERGEFORMAT2
Asyut, Egypt 530.00
Children 0.04 0.05 0.18 0.10 0.11 0.30 0.21 0.11 1.10 0.52 0.26 0.32
Adult 0.01 0.01 0.04 0.02 0.03 0.07 0.05 0.02 0.25 0.12 0.06 0.07
Alexandre, Egypt 242.00
Children 0.03 0.14 0.04 0.04 0.10 0.10 0.03 0.03 0.50 0.14 0.20 0.16
Adult 0.01 0.03 0.01 0.01 0.02 0.02 0.01 0.01 0.12 0.03 0.05 0.04
Pretoria, South Africa
Children 1.69 13.61 0.44 4.26 47.06 1.37 2.34 0.44 1.85 80.61 58.14 17.36 5.11
Adult 0.34 2.72 0.09 0.85 9.41 0.27 0.47 0.09 0.37 18.55 13.38 4.00 1.18
Durban, South Africa
Children 18.28 8.97 61.41 8.91 107.66 97.83 0.00 9.83
Adult 3.66 1.79 12.28 1.78 24.78 22.52 0.00 2.26
Africa
Children 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.39 0.01 10.24 0.10 5.09 12.40 14.11 3.09 0.10 0.78 46.30 31.59 10.74 3.97
Adult 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.09 0.00 2.36 0.02 1.17 2.85 3.25 0.71 0.02 0.18 10.66 7.27 2.47 0.91
Brno, Czech Republic
Children 0.10 0.29 0.29 3.49 0.34 1.52 0.38 1.57 7.97 4.12 0.38 3.47
Adult 0.02 0.06 0.06 0.70 0.07 0.30 0.08 0.31 1.59 0.82 0.08 0.69
Denmark
Children 0.19 0.06 0.75 4.69 12.94 2.06 2.25 1.69 1.69 0.19 26.49 17.25 5.68 3.56
Adult 0.04 0.01 0.15 0.94 2.59 0.41 0.45 0.34 0.34 0.04 5.30 3.45 1.14 0.71
Norway
Children 0.05 1.34 35.90 0.45 0.39 10.94 0.96 1.75 1.39 53.16 12.29 37.73 3.14
Adult 0.01 0.27 7.18 0.09 0.08 2.19 0.19 0.35 0.28 10.63 2.46 7.55 0.63
UK
Children 0.05 0.57 30.15 0.42 2.94 286.30 2.03 5.13 5.64 333.23 291.26 31.19 10.78
Adult 0.01 0.11 6.03 0.08 0.59 57.26 0.41 1.03 1.13 66.65 58.25 6.24 2.16
West Midlands, UK
Children 0.08 4.13 54.38 3.75 18.75 3.75 4.88 89.70 62.25 0.08 27.38
Adult 0.02 0.83 10.88 0.75 3.75 0.75 0.98 17.94 12.45 0.02 5.48
Portugal
Children 0.01 0.14 0.00 0.00 4.13 0.11 0.00 0.11 1.88 0.24 2.06 8.67 0.22 4.27 4.18

PAGE \* MERGEFORMAT2
Adult 0.00 0.03 0.00 0.00 0.83 0.02 0.00 0.02 0.38 0.05 0.41 1.73 0.04 0.85 0.84
Spain
Children 0.23 0.27 0.85 3.36 4.92 1.32 2.07 0.52 2.37 15.90 9.60 1.35 4.95
Adult 0.05 0.05 0.17 0.67 0.98 0.26 0.41 0.10 0.47 3.18 1.92 0.27 0.99
Netherlands
Children 0.06 41.25 2.44 2.44 0.53 1.54 0.21 0.66 49.11 5.40 41.31 2.40
Adult 0.01 8.25 0.49 0.49 0.11 0.31 0.04 0.13 9.82 1.08 8.26 0.48
Germany
Children 0.24 1.37 0.38 1.39 0.71 0.18 4.26 1.76 1.61 0.89
Adult 0.05 0.27 0.08 0.28 0.14 0.04 0.85 0.35 0.32 0.18
Rhine, Germany
Children 0.58 0.60 0.69 24.38 0.26 2.44 9.38 1.59 6.75 0.81 47.48 13.41 26.51 7.56
Adult 0.12 0.12 0.14 4.88 0.05 0.49 1.88 0.32 1.35 0.16 9.50 2.68 5.30 1.51
Sweden
Children 3.00 1.13 2.63 15.94 14.25 5.81 22.50 65.25 42.56 22.69 0.00
Adult 0.60 0.23 0.53 3.19 2.85 1.16 4.50 13.05 8.51 4.54 0.00
Europe
Children 0.00 0.05 0.28 0.42 0.33 13.61 1.01 3.97 34.64 3.22 3.80 0.71 1.70 63.75 41.83 15.71 6.21
Adult 0.00 0.01 0.06 0.08 0.07 2.72 0.20 0.79 6.93 0.64 0.76 0.14 0.34 12.75 8.37 3.14 1.24
New Zealand
Children 0.15 0.21 0.66 0.43 1.13 0.23 2.79 1.29 0.15 1.35
Adult 0.03 0.04 0.13 0.09 0.23 0.05 0.56 0.26 0.03 0.27
Australia
Children 1.24 12.00 1.73 1.39 0.23 1.65 18.23 14.96 0.00 3.26
Adult 0.25 2.40 0.35 0.28 0.05 0.33 3.65 2.99 0.00 0.65
Oceania
Children 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.08 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.72 6.33 1.08 1.26 0.23 0.83 10.51 8.13 0.08 2.31
Adult 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.02 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.14 1.27 0.22 0.25 0.05 0.17 2.10 1.63 0.02 0.46
Brazil
Children 0.02 0.06 29.81 0.74 0.43 1.45 2.57 7.31 2.98 45.38 4.45 30.64 10.29
Adult 0.00 0.01 5.96 0.15 0.09 0.29 0.51 1.46 0.60 9.08 0.89 6.13 2.06
Romania

PAGE \* MERGEFORMAT2
Children 0.06 0.13 0.75 5.06 0.34 4.69 0.18 3.00 1.88 16.08 5.20 6.00 4.88
Adult 0.01 0.03 0.15 1.01 0.07 0.94 0.04 0.60 0.38 3.22 1.04 1.20 0.98
South America
Children 0.00 0.03 0.00 0.08 0.40 17.44 0.37 0.38 3.07 1.37 5.16 0.94 1.49 30.73 4.82 18.32 7.58
Adult 0.00 0.01 0.00 0.02 0.08 3.49 0.07 0.08 0.61 0.27 1.03 0.19 0.30 6.15 0.96 3.66 1.52
Global
Children 0.02 0.08 0.14 0.27 0.13 21.58 0.61 3.68 12.22 3.73 2.74 0.65 1.01 46.87 19.63 22.84 4.40
Adult 0.00 0.02 0.03 0.06 0.03 4.73 0.13 0.80 2.52 0.81 0.58 0.14 0.21 10.07 4.14 5.00 0.93
a: Average concentrations were used for calculating exposure dose.

b: The reference doses (RfDs) for individual target OPEs were calculated by the chronic NOAEL values divided by an uncertainty factor of 1000 (Ali et al., 2012; Li

et al., 2019a).

PAGE \* MERGEFORMAT2
Table S8

Hazard quotient (HQ) calculated for the non-carcinogenic risks due to OPEs in different countries

Countries Exposed populations TnBP TBOEP/TBEP TCEP TCiPP/TCPP TDCiPP/TDCPP TPhP TCP
Children 1.29E-06 6.02E-07 2.16E-06 1.19E-06
Philippines
Adult 2.98E-07 1.39E-07 4.97E-07 2.75E-07
Children 2.33E-07 3.93E-06 3.53E-06 4.78E-07 4.55E-06 4.58E-06 9.55E-06
Pakistan
Adult 5.36E-08 9.05E-07 8.12E-07 1.10E-07 1.05E-06 1.05E-06 2.20E-06
Children 5.70E-06 4.94E-06 7.50E-06 2.68E-05 1.88E-05
Portugal
Adult 1.14E-06 9.89E-07 1.50E-06 5.36E-06 3.75E-06
Children 1.91E-06 1.48E-06 1.60E-06 3.05E-06 2.11E-06 6.68E-05
Nepal
Adult 4.40E-07 3.40E-07 3.67E-07 7.02E-07 4.85E-07 1.54E-05
Children 6.25E-06 9.38E-06 8.20E-06 2.88E-05 1.61E-05 1.73E-05
New Zealand
Adult 1.25E-06 1.88E-06 1.64E-06 5.75E-06 3.21E-06 3.46E-06
Children 4.03E-06 1.32E-05 4.36E-05 2.29E-05 2.17E-05 2.90E-05
Czech Republic
Adult 8.06E-07 2.64E-06 8.72E-06 4.58E-06 4.34E-06 5.80E-06
Children 1.67E-06 3.64E-06 2.88E-06 3.33E-06 1.00E-06 1.45E-04
India
Adult 4.17E-07 9.09E-07 6.25E-07 6.67E-07 2.86E-07 3.38E-05
Children 6.60E-05 3.40E-05 2.85E-05 1.22E-04 9.46E-06 5.91E-06
Turkey
Adult 1.32E-05 6.80E-06 5.70E-06 2.43E-05 1.89E-06 1.18E-06
Children 7.92E-06 1.19E-04 6.98E-05 1.12E-04 9.71E-06
Iraq
Adult 1.67E-06 2.73E-05 1.60E-05 2.60E-05 2.29E-06
Children 5.63E-05 1.50E-04 1.15E-04 1.98E-05 1.73E-05
Australia
Adult 1.13E-05 3.00E-05 2.30E-05 3.96E-06 3.46E-06
Children 9.45E-06 1.53E-04 6.15E-05 8.83E-05 2.95E-05 4.01E-05
Spain
Adult 1.89E-06 3.05E-05 1.23E-05 1.77E-05 5.90E-06 8.02E-06
Children 4.74E-06 8.00E-05 5.27E-05 4.14E-05 2.44E-04 9.16E-06
Saudi Arabia
Adult 1.09E-06 1.84E-05 1.21E-05 9.52E-06 5.62E-05 2.11E-06
Romania Children 5.47E-06 3.38E-04 1.53E-05 5.86E-05 1.19E-05 4.29E-05 1.44E-04

PAGE \* MERGEFORMAT2
 Adult 1.09E-06 6.75E-05 3.07E-06 1.17E-05 2.38E-06 8.57E-06 2.88E-05
Children 1.32E-05 3.00E-04 2.15E-04 3.94E-05 8.71E-05 3.42E-05 4.19E-05
China
Adult 3.04E-06 6.90E-05 4.96E-05 9.06E-06 2.00E-05 7.86E-06 9.65E-06
Children 9.20E-07 8.04E-04 8.59E-06 6.38E-07 2.84E-05 1.45E-05 8.49E-07
Egypt
Adult 2.12E-07 1.85E-04 1.98E-06 1.47E-07 6.53E-06 3.34E-06 1.95E-07
Children 7.81E-06 5.00E-05 5.88E-04 2.58E-05 1.50E-04 2.41E-05 1.30E-04
Denmark
Adult 1.56E-06 1.00E-05 1.18E-04 5.16E-06 3.00E-05 4.82E-06 2.60E-05
Children 1.76E-05 8.58E-04 6.39E-05 6.73E-05 5.31E-05 5.33E-05 3.78E-05
Germany
Adult 3.52E-06 1.72E-04 1.28E-05 1.35E-05 1.06E-05 1.07E-05 7.56E-06
Children 1.03E-05 1.47E-03 6.68E-05 3.78E-05 7.31E-05 3.19E-05 9.07E-05
Kuwait
Adult 2.38E-06 3.39E-04 1.54E-05 8.69E-06 1.68E-05 7.35E-06 2.09E-05
Children 9.61E-07 1.99E-03 1.96E-05 1.81E-05 1.71E-04 1.04E-04
Brazil
Adult 1.92E-07 3.98E-04 3.92E-06 3.61E-06 3.43E-05 2.09E-05
Children 5.57E-05 2.39E-03 1.79E-05 1.37E-04 6.39E-05 2.49E-05
Norway
Adult 1.11E-05 4.79E-04 3.58E-06 2.73E-05 1.28E-05 4.99E-06
Children 2.50E-06 2.75E-03 1.11E-04 3.05E-05 3.50E-05 2.20E-05 1.59E-05
Netherlands
Adult 5.00E-07 5.50E-04 2.22E-05 6.09E-06 7.00E-06 4.39E-06 3.17E-06
Children 6.72E-06 2.43E-03 2.01E-04 5.55E-05 3.83E-04 4.30E-05 1.00E-04
USA
Adult 1.34E-06 4.86E-04 4.01E-05 1.11E-05 7.65E-05 8.61E-06 2.00E-05
Children 2.46E-06 2.30E-03 2.78E-04 2.40E-04 3.39E-04 7.68E-05 2.16E-05
Canada
Adult 4.92E-07 4.60E-04 5.56E-05 4.80E-05 6.78E-05 1.54E-05 4.33E-06
Children 4.69E-05 1.06E-03 6.48E-04 7.27E-05 1.50E-03
Sweden
Adult 9.38E-06 2.13E-04 1.30E-04 1.45E-05 3.00E-04
Children 1.35E-05 1.01E-03 1.60E-04 2.13E-03 1.93E-04 1.71E-04 1.44E-04
UK
Adult 2.70E-06 2.01E-04 3.21E-05 4.26E-04 3.85E-05 3.41E-05 2.88E-05
Children 3.88E-05 5.01E-04 5.65E-04 3.86E-04 2.31E-03 8.87E-05 1.87E-05
South Africa
Adult 8.93E-06 1.15E-04 1.30E-04 8.89E-05 5.31E-04 2.04E-05 4.30E-06
Children 2.59E-05 3.45E-02 3.86E-04 6.47E-05 7.86E-04 4.14E-05 3.18E-04
Japan
Adult 5.95E-06 7.94E-03 8.87E-05 1.49E-05 1.81E-04 9.52E-06 7.33E-05

PAGE \* MERGEFORMAT2
Table S9

Cancer risk (CR) calculated for carcinogenic risks due to OPEs in different countries

Countries Children Adult

Philippines 2.65E-10 6.10E-11
Nepal 6.50E-10 1.50E-10
Pakistan 1.55E-09 3.57E-10
India 1.60E-09 4.00E-10
Portugal 2.18E-09 4.35E-10
Egypt 3.78E-09 8.70E-10
New Zealand 4.13E-09 8.25E-10
Czech Republic 5.81E-09 1.16E-09
Romania 6.75E-09 1.35E-09
Norway 7.88E-09 1.58E-09
Brazil 8.63E-09 1.73E-09
Turkey 1.50E-08 2.99E-09
Saudi Arabia 2.32E-08 5.33E-09
Australia 2.48E-08 4.95E-09
Germany 2.81E-08 5.63E-09
Kuwait 2.94E-08 6.76E-09
Netherlands 4.88E-08 9.75E-09
Iraq 5.22E-08 1.20E-08
Spain 6.71E-08 1.34E-08
UK 7.06E-08 1.41E-08
USA 8.83E-08 1.77E-08
China 9.48E-08 2.18E-08
Canada 1.22E-07 2.45E-08
Japan 1.70E-07 3.90E-08
South Africa 2.49E-07 5.72E-08
Denmark 2.59E-07 5.18E-08
Sweden 2.85E-07 5.70E-08

PAGE \* MERGEFORMAT2
Fig. S1 Composition of OPEs in outdoor dust in different areas around the world

PAGE \* MERGEFORMAT2
Fig. S2 Composition of OPEs in home dust in different areas around the world

PAGE \* MERGEFORMAT2
Fig. S3 Composition of OPEs in office dust in different areas around the world

PAGE \* MERGEFORMAT2
Fig. S4 Composition of OPEs in daycare center and school dust in different areas around the world

PAGE \* MERGEFORMAT2
Fig. S5 Composition of OPEs in car dust in different areas around the world

PAGE \* MERGEFORMAT2
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