Crime Detection and Investigation

Traffic
 It refers to the movement of persons, goods, or vehicles, either powered by combustion
systems or animals drawn, from one place to another for the purpose of travel.
 It was derived from the word trafficare / traffico which mean "to carry on trade"

Management
 It refers to the skillful use of means to accomplish a purpose.

Accident
 Any unexpected occurrence which results in unintended death, injury or damage to property.

Traffic Accident
 Any accident involving travel transportation on a traffic way.

Traffic Accident Investigation

 Systematic process of establishing facts and circumstances pertaining to a traffic accident.

Operation
 pertains to a course or series of acts to effect a certain purpose; manner of action; or a vital or
natural process of activity.

Transportation
 Is the movement or conveying of persons and goods from one location to another for the
purpose of travel.

Shoulder
 it refers to either side of the roadway, especially along highways

Roadway
 It refers to that part of the traffic way over which motor vehicle pass

Traffic way
 it refers to the entire width between boundary lines of every way or place of which any part is
open to the use of the public for purposes of vehicular traffic as a matter of right or custom.
MANPOWER
1. Carrying Pole
 In china and other parts of the Far East, the carrying pole, balanced on one shoulder,
is a popular carrying device.

2. Back Load and Tumpline

 In many parts of the world, goods are carried on the back. In Subtemala, pots are
carried on a wooden framework supported by a tumpline across the forehead. In the
Andes, the load is held on the back by a strap passing over the chest.

3. Sledge on rollers
 The moving of heavy burdens was to place them on a sledge which rested on a series
of rollers.
4. Sledge on runners
 A simple sledge, probably man-drawn, was in use at the end of the old stone age in
northern Europe, as evidenced by fragments of wooden runners which survived
5. Travoils
 as the pole arrangement called, serves as a platform on which the burdens are placed.
ANIMAL POWER

Ox – Cattle, which were first domesticated in Mesopotamia, were used as draft animals to draw war
chariots.

Reindeer – These were first domesticated in Siberia in the beginning of the Christian era.

Dog – The first animal domesticated, is too slight to carry heavy loads.

Donkey – First domesticated in the middle East. Early dogs came to use as a back animal before the
domestication of the camel.
Llama – In pre- Columbian America, the Llama was the only new word animal other than the dog
capable of domestication for use in transport.

Elephant – The Carthaginians used African elephant in their war against Rome but in recent
centuries, these animals have not been tamed.

Horse – appeared in southwest Asia and 1,000 years later, the persians arrived with cavity which
gave mobility and power to the German tribes who invaded Europe and to the central asia conqueror
Genghis Khan.

Camel – There are two kinds of camel, the two humped bactrian camel of central Asia and the one –
humped dromedary of Arabia have long been used for transport
Yak – A long-haired type of cattle that lives at high altitudes on the Tibetan plateau and in the
neighboring Mountain Regions is ridden and used as a pack animal at heights were horses and
ordinary animal could not survive.

Wind Power Transportation

Ancient Chinese Kite – was first used for transport when a Korean general employed one in bridge
building.

Da Vinci’s Ornithopter – derives its principal support and propelling from flapping wings like those of
a bird.
Montgolfier/hot-air Balloon – invented by brothers, Joseph Michel and Jacques Etienne Montgolfier.

Siemen’s Rocket Plane – designed by Ernst Werner Von Siemens which was to be propelled by the
explosive force of gunpowder.

Lilienthal Glider – invented by Otto Lilienthal, a German inventor.

Santos Dumont’s Airship – steam-powered balloons in Paris invented by Alberto Santos Dumont, a
Brazilian
Wright Brother’s Flying Machine – built biplane kite then over 200 different wing types which they
tested in a wind tunnel of their own invention, before they conducted their first man-carrying
powered machine.

Lindbergh’s Spirit of St. Louis – the first solo flight from New York to Paris made by Capt. Charles A.
Lindbergh in May 1927.

Roads and Vehicles History

Rudolf Diesel, - a German engineer, developed an engine, which requires no electrical ignition
system or carburetor and uses other form of liquid fuel, the diesel fuel.
Charles Goodyear - Pneumatic Tire for cars.

John Boyd Dunlop – Pneumatic Tire for bicycle.

Henry Ford – Model T – the first car 1908.

Romans – First builders of roads.

John Macadam – inventor of asphalt type of roads.

THE PILLARS OF TRAFFIC

Engineering

Education

Enforcement

Ecology / environment

Economy

TRAFFIC ENGINEERING

It is the science of measuring traffic and travel.

It is the study of the basic laws relative to traffic law and regulations.

It is the application of this knowledge to the professional practice of planning, deciding and operating
traffic system to achieve safe and efficient transportation of persons and goods.

AGENCIES CONCERNED

DPWH - responsible for determining traffic law, pattern, draw, origin, and destinations, studies of
persons and things, planning, approving, funding and construction of national roads.

Provincial Government

Municipal Government

Chartered Cities

Traffic Education - It is the process of giving training and practice in the actual application of traffic
safety knowledge.

Four Basic Types of Instruction Methods Used in Driver Education Program

-Comprehensive

-Traditional Instruction

-Commentary Driving Method

-Simulated Conditions and Off the Road Training

Comprehensive

• This method places the student into real life of driving situation from the beginning.

Traditional Instruction

• This type of instruction depends on instruction-student communication

Commentary Driving Method

The student-driver will be accompanied by an instructor. As the student-driver drives, the instructor
has to give comments on his driving.
Simulated Conditions and Off the Road Training

The premise of simulated conditions training is that the behavior of the driver – subject placed in
condition will be relatively analogous to normal behavior.

Two Methods of Simulation Presently Adopted are:

Partial Simulation Method

This method has the specific aim of training for the “subtask” of the driving task.

Global Simulation

Training is simulated in traffic situations and conditions with the use of simulations.

Simulator

It is a static machine with all the important features of a car used in driving method or driving
training.

Biorhythm

The theory which asserts that man exhibits a constant difference of life energy and mood states.

TRAFFIC ENFORCEMENT

This field deals mostly on the implementation and enforcement of traffic laws and rules and
regulations.

This is a part of enforcement involving the arrest, issuance of Temporary Operator’s Permit (TOP) or
Inspection Report Summons, or warning of any persons who is believed to have violated a law,
ordinance, or regulation pertaining to the use of traffic roads.

What is the basis of all traffic enforcement?

TRAFFIC LAWS

AGENCIES RESPONSIBLE IN TRAFFIC ENFORCEMENT

Department of Transportation and Communication (DOTC) – responsible in policy making, planning,

programming, coordinating, implementing, regulating traffic affairs.
Land Transportation Office (LTO) – responsible for (1) registration of motor vehicle, (2) issuance of
driver license and (3) enforcement.

Land Transportation Franchising and Regulatory Board (LFTRB)- responsible to prescribe and
regulate transport routes, grant, deny and suspend or cancel land transport franchises.

MMDA – traffic enforcement within Metro Manila Area.

Local Government Unit‘s (LGU’s)

-responsible in setting the policies concerning traffic within their respective provincial, city or
municipality.

PNP – HPG – FORMERLY PNP TMG

Functions of Traffic Law Enforcement

Police Traffic Law Enforcement

- This is performed by the police and other agencies; includes detection and apprehension.

Court Traffic Law Enforcement

- This is performed by the court by prosecution, adjudication, and penalization.

Kinds of Enforcement Action

Traffic Arrest

– consists of taking a person into custody for the purpose of holding or detaining him to answer a
charge of law violation before a court.

Arrest is made when:

Offense committed is serious.

Detention is necessary to avoid continued violation.

There is reasonable doubt that the violator will not appear in court.

Traffic Citation (TICKET)

– is made of having violator appear in court without physical arrest.

Three (3) Types of Traffic Citation

1. Temporary Operator’s Permit (TOP)

– A traffic citation used in the enforcement of traffic management measures (DOTC MC No.

93-693) and other special laws by the LTO.

2. Traffic Violation Receipt (TVR)

– A traffic citation used in the enforcement of traffic management measures (MMDA Traffic
Ordinances).

Ordinance Violations Receipt (OVR)

– A traffic citation used in the enforcement of traffic management measures by local government by
virtue of RA 7160.

Traffic Warning

– is an enforcement action which does not contemplate possible assessment of penalty by the court
or otherwise as a result of warning alone.

Types of Traffic Warning

1.Visual Warning – usually used when you have observed a minor violation and is indicated by
gesture of the hand and or of the head.

Verbal Warning – also a form of traffic safety education by telling the driver about his violation and
explain the hazards of such.

Written Warning – gives the spirit of verbal warning through citation.

TRAFFIC ECOLOGY OR ENVIRONMENT

The study with potentially disastrous population explosion, changes in urban environment due to
scale and density of new urban concentration and new activities carried out , air population, water
pollution and crowding, especially transport congestion which result therein.

Presidential Decree Nr. 1181

It provides for the prevention, control, and abatement of air pollution from motor vehicles and for
other purposes.

TRAFFIC ECONOMY

It deals with the benefits and adverse effects of traffic to our economy. Traffic operation is designed
to expedite the movement of traffic. However, with the prevailing traffic congestion during rush
hours in any given locality adversely affect the economic status of the commuting public.

WHISTLE SIGNALS

One long blast - stop.

Two short snappy - go.

Three blast - for assistance or for the motorist to be attentive.

DRIVER’S LICENSE

A document issued to a qualified driver who possesses the statutory qualification as provided,
therefore. It is also a public document which has the legal presumption of genuineness.

A driver is licensed by the Land Transportation Office as proof of his proficiency in driving and his
knowledge of road rules and regulations while operating a motor vehicle.

LECTURE MANUAL
 IN
TRAFFIC MANAGEMENT
&
ACCIDENT INVESTIGATION
WITH DRIVING

PROF. MICHAEL RODINE RIZ V. PAPA

CHRISTIAN DAVE P. PALLAYA

CCR 3-B1
 LAW ENFORCEMENT
OPERATIONS
&
PLANNING
WITH CRIME MAPPING

PROF. MICHAEL RODINE RIZ V. PAPA

CHRISTIAN DAVE P. PALLAYA

CCR 3-B1