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DSP Unit 1
DSP Unit 1
DSP Unit 1
PROCESSING
UNIT-I
Z-TRANSFORMS
CONTENTS
▪ Review of Discrete time Signals
▪ The Direct Z-Transform
▪ Inversion of Z-Transform
• Power series expansion method
• Partial fraction expansion method
• Contour integration (Residue) method
cntd….
▪ Properties of Z-Transform
• Linearity
• Time shifting
• Scaling in Z-domain
• Time reversal
• Differentiation in Z-domain
• Convolution and Correlation of two sequences
• Multiplication of two sequences
• Parseval’s relation
• Initial Value Theorem
▪ The One-sided Z-Transform
• Definition
• Shifting property (time delay and time advance)
• Final value theorem
▪ Analysis of Linear shift invariant (LSI systems)
• Solution of difference equations using Z-Transform
• Causality and stability.
REVIEW OF DISCRETE TIME SIGNALS
Representation of Discrete – Time Signals
1. Graphical Representation
2. Functional Representation
3. Tabular Representation
4. Sequence Representation
Basic (Elementary) Discrete-Time Signals
1. Unit Impulse (Unit Sample) Sequence
4. Exponential Sequence
5. Sinusoidal Sequence
5. Time Scaling
# PROBLEM 1
Given the sequence 𝑥 𝑛 = 1, 2. −1, 3, 5, 4, 0, −2, 3 . 𝐹𝑖𝑛𝑑 𝑖 𝑥 −𝑛 + 3 𝑖𝑖 𝑥(−2𝑛 − 2)
THE DIRECT Z-TRANSFORM
Advantages of Z-Transform (over Fourier Transform)
• Notation is convenient
The Z-Transform of a discrete-time signal 𝑥(𝑛) is defined as the power series (or
infinite sum)
∞
𝑿 𝒁 = 𝒙 𝒏 𝒁−𝒏
𝒏=−∞
Where, Z is a complex variable
Z-Transform and ROC for Finite Duration Sequences
• Right- Hand Sequence
ROC is entire Z-plane except Z=0
• Left Hand Sequence
ROC is entire Z-Plane except Z = ∞
• Two Sided Sequence
ROC is entire Z-Plane except Z = 0 and Z = ∞
Z-Transform & ROC of Infinite Duration Sequence
PROBLEM #2
Determine the Z-Transform of the following signals
(i) 𝑥 𝑛 = 𝑎𝑛 𝑢 𝑛 , (ii) 𝑥 𝑛 = −𝑎𝑛 𝑢 −𝑛 − 1 (iii) 𝑥 𝑛 = 𝑎𝑛 𝑢 𝑛 + 𝑏 𝑛 𝑢(−𝑛 − 1)
Properties of ROC of the Z-Transform
Cntd…..
➢ Property 5: If 𝑥 𝑛 is right sided then the ROC extends outward from the
outermost finite pole in X(Z) to (possibly including) Z=∞.
➢ Property 6: If 𝑥 𝑛 is left sided then the ROC extends inward from the
innermost finite non-zero pole in X(Z) to (possibly including) Z=0.
➢ Property 7: If 𝑥 𝑛 is two sided then the ROC will consist of a ring in the
Z-plane bounded on the interior and exterior by a pole.
4. Convolution Method
1. Long Division Method
PROBLEM #13
𝑍
Find the inverse Z-Transform of using power series expansion method if
𝑍−𝑎
(a) 𝑅𝑂𝐶: 𝑍 > 𝑎, (b) ROC: 𝑍 < 𝑎
PROBLEM #14
Determine the inverse Z-Transform of
(a) 𝑋 𝑧 = log 𝑒 1 + 𝑎𝑍 −1 ; 𝑅𝑂𝐶: 𝑍 > 𝑎
1
(b) 𝑋 𝑍 = log 𝑒 −1 ; 𝑅𝑂𝐶: 𝑍 < 𝑎
1−𝑎 𝑍
PROBLEM #15
Using long division method, determine the inverse Z-Transform of
1
(a) 𝑋 𝑍 = −1 −2 ; 𝑅𝑂𝐶: 𝑍 > 1
1−1.5𝑍 +0.5𝑍
1
(b) 𝑋𝐼 𝑍 = ; 𝑅𝑂𝐶: 𝑍 < 0.5
1−1.5𝑍 −1 +0.5𝑍 −2
2. Partial Fraction Expansion Method
PROBLEM #16
𝑍 −1
Find the Inverse Z-Transform of 𝑋 𝑍 = ; 𝑅𝑂𝐶: 𝑍 > 1 using Partial
3−4𝑍 −1 +𝑍 −2
Fraction Expansion method.
PROBLEM #17
𝑍
Find the inverse Z-Transform of 𝑋 𝑍 = , 𝑅𝑂𝐶: 𝑍 < 1 using Partial
𝑍+1 2 𝑍+2
Fraction expansion method.
PROBLEM #18
1−𝑍 −1 +𝑍 −2
Find all possible inverse Z-transforms of 𝑋 𝑍 = 1 using
1−2𝑍 −1 1−2𝑍 −1 1−𝑍 −1
partial fraction expansion method.
PROBLEM #19
Determine the Causal Signal 𝑥 𝑛 whose Z-Transform is given by
1+𝑍 −1
𝑋 𝑍 =
1−𝑍 −1 +0.5𝑍 −2
3. Residue Method
= 𝑍 − 𝑍𝑖 𝑋 𝑍 𝑍 𝑛−1 |𝑍=𝑍𝑖
𝑖
PROBLEM 20:
1+2𝑍 −1
𝑋 𝑍 = ; 𝑅𝑂𝐶: 𝑍 > 3. Find 𝑥(𝑛) using Contour Integration method.
1+4𝑍 −1 +3𝑍 −2
THE ONE-SIDED Z-TRANSFORM &
PROPERTIES
Definition:
The One-Sided (or) Unilateral Z-Transform of a signal 𝑥(𝑛) is defined by,
∞
𝑿+ 𝒁 = 𝒙(𝒏) 𝒁−𝒏
𝒏=𝟎
PROBLEM #23
Determine the one-sided Z-Transform of the signals, (a) 𝑥1 𝑛 = {1, 2, 5, 7, 0, 1}
(b) 𝑥2 𝑛 = {1, 2, 5, 7, 0, 1}, (c) 𝑥3 𝑛 = {2, 4, 5, 7, 0, 1}
PROPERTIES :-
1. Shifting Property:
Case1: Time Delay
𝑍+
If 𝑥 𝑛 𝑋+ 𝑍
𝑍+
then 𝑥 𝑛 − 𝑘 𝑍 −𝑘 𝑋 + 𝑍 + σ𝑘𝑛=1 𝑥 −𝑛 𝑍 𝑛 , 𝑘 > 0
In case 𝑥 𝑛 𝑖𝑠 𝐶𝑎𝑢𝑠𝑎𝑙, 𝑡ℎ𝑒𝑛
𝑍+
𝑥(𝑛 − 𝑘) 𝑍 −𝑘 𝑋 + (𝑍)
Proof:
Case2: Time Delay
𝑍+
If 𝑥 𝑛 𝑋+ 𝑍
𝑍+
then 𝑥 𝑛+𝑘 𝑍 𝑘 𝑋 + 𝑍 − σ𝑘−1
𝑛=0 𝑥 𝑛 𝑍
−𝑛 , 𝑘 > 0
Proof:
PROBLEM #24
Determine the One-Sided Z-Transform of (a) 𝑥 𝑛 = 𝑎𝑛 , (b) 𝑥1 𝑛 = 𝑥 𝑛 − 2 ,
(c) 𝑥2 𝑛 = 𝑥(𝑛 + 2)
2. Final Value Theorem:
𝑍+
If 𝑥 𝑛 𝑋+ 𝑍
then lim 𝑥 𝑛 = lim (𝑍 − 1)𝑋 + (𝑍)
𝑛→∞ 𝑍→1
The limit in above equation exists if the ROC of 𝑍 − 1 𝑋 + 𝑍 includes the unit circle.
Proof:
ANALYSIS OF LINEAR SHIFT INVARIANT
SYSTEM
Solution of Difference Equation Using Z-Transform :-
PROBLEM #25
Determine the Step response of the system 𝑦 𝑛 = 𝑎𝑦(𝑛 − 1) + 𝑥 𝑛 , −1 < 𝑎 < 1
When the initial condition is y(-1)=1.
PROBLEM #26
(a)Determine the free response of the system described by the following difference
equation with initial conditions 𝑦 −1 = 1 𝑎𝑛𝑑 𝑦 −2 = 0.
5 1
𝑦 𝑛 − 𝑦 𝑛 − 1 + 𝑦 𝑛 − 2 = 𝑥(𝑛)
6 6
1 𝑛
(b) Determine the forced response for an input 𝑥 𝑛 = 𝑢(𝑛)
4
PROBLEM #27
Find the impulse response and frequency response of the system described by the
following difference equation.
3 1
𝑦 𝑛 − 𝑦 𝑛 − 1 + 𝑦 𝑛 − 2 = 𝑥 𝑛 − 𝑥(𝑛 − 1)
16 2
Causality & Stability :-