contents

1.Acknowledgement
2.Introduction
3.Aim
4.Theory
5.Requirements
6.Tests for different samples
7. Comparative table
8.Result
9.Conclusion
10. Precautions
11.Bibliography
 INTRODUCTION
There’s a wide variety of toothpastes and
related products available today in the market
for oral hygiene. However, for a common
man, differentiation on the basis of quality is
really difficult with all the fancy
advertisements and offers. A toothpaste
contains a mildly abrasive substance such as
calcium carbonate and a detergent or soap,
some sweetening agent other than sugar and
flavouring oils to make it pleasant to taste and
smell. Some toothpastes contain fluorides
which make the enamel surface of the tooth
more resistant to bacterial activity and act
against microorganisms as a metabolic poison.
Generally, any standard toothpaste contains
calcium carbonate, sodium monofluoride
phosphate, sodium lauryl sulphate, zinc
sulphate, alum, some flavouring oils are also
added. This project basically deals with the
detection of various ions in toothpaste that
determine its quality, and thus, a comparison
between the prominent toothpaste brands.
 AIM
TO DETECT THE PRESENCE OF
DIFFERENT ANIONS AND CATIONS
IN DIFFERENT BRANDS OF
TOOTHPASTE AND DETERMINE ITs
QUALITY.
 Theory
In qualitative analysis, the given
compound is analyzed for the radicals, that
is, cations and anions that it contains. The
common procedure of testing on unknown
salt is to make its solution and then test
this solution for the ions present in it. Then
Preliminary tests such as colour, odour,
dry heating, flame test etc. are performed.
These tests are common for all samples
under salt analysis. Further, there are
separate procedures for detecting cations
and anions.
IDENTIFICATION OF ACID
RADICAL (ANION)
After the preliminary tests are over with, to
identify the anion, three indicatory tests are
carried out. They can be divided in to three
categories each with separate group reagent.
Therefore, anion may be identified by
performing the following tests in the order
given. Dilute H2SO4 test Concentrated
H2SO4 test Independent Group (SO4 2- , PO4
3- ) After an anion is indicated, confirmatory
tests are carried out, corresponding to the
anion.
 IDENTIFICATION OF
BASIC RADICALS
(CATION)
To identify the cations, we have been
using the flame test (a preliminary test) for
indication. Whichever cation is indicated,
it is confirmed on the basis of
corresponding tests.
 Requirements
Toothpaste(s):
Colgate, Colgate max fresh

Chemicals:
Hydrochloric acid, dilute Sulphuric acid,
concentrated Sulphuric acid, Barium chloride,
Ammonium chloride, Ammonium hydroxide,
Ammonium carbonate, Acetic acid, Nitric
acid, silver nitrate, Calcium chloride,
Pottasium Ferrocyanide, H2S gas. Test tubes,
Beakers, Flasks, flame, spatula etc.
 Tests for different samples
COLGATE
Test for anion
Slno Experiment Observation Interfernce
1. Preliminary
tests
Colour White and
green
Odour Minty smell
Dry heating Colourless, CO32- may be
test odourless gas Present
Flame test Reddish flame Ca2+ may be
Present
2. Dil H2SO4 test Colourless, CO32- may be
to the sample, Odourless gas. Present.
Added some
drops Of Dil
H2SO4

3. Confirmatory test

To the sample a white ppt CO32-

Added BaCl2 confirmed
Solution
4. Independent tests

For SO42-

To the sample White ppt SO42-

added BaCl2 confirmed

TEST FOR CATION

S.no Experiment Observation Inference
5. Group 0 Group 0
NaOH test No change absent
6. Group I No change Group I
sample+ dil. absent
HCl
7. Group II No change Group II
sample+dil.HCl absent
+
solid Na2S
8. Group III No change GroupIII
sample+ solid absent
NH4Cl. Boil,
cool+NH4OH
excess

9. Group IV No change Group IV

sample+ solid Absent
NH4Cl. Boil,
cool+NH4OH
excess + solid
Na2S

10. Group V White ppt Group V

sample+ solid Present
NH4Cl+
NH4OH
sample+ K2CrO4 No change Ba2+ absent
soln
sample+ No change Sr2+
 absent
ammonium
sulphate, warm
sample+ White ppt Ca2+ present
ammonium
oxalate soln
11. Group VI White V group
Disodium crystalline ppt present
hydrogen
phosphate test-
sample+
NH4Cl+NH4OH
+ disodium
hydrogen
phosphate.
Scratch inside of
test tube with
glass rod

Ions present: CO32-,Ca2+,SO42-,PO43-,Mg2+

 Colgate max fresh
S.NO EXPERIMENT OBSERVATION INFERENCE
1. Preliminary test
colour blue black
odour Menthol smell
Dry heating Suffocating SO32- may be
smell present
2. Dil.H2SO4 test Colourless, SO32-
Sample+ dil pungent smell, present
sulphuric acid turned acidified
K2CrO7 sol
green
3. Confirmatory
test
To the sample A white ppt SO32-
add BaCl2 confirmed
solution
4. Conc H2SO4 test No change Conc H2SO4
Sample+ drops group absent
of Conc H2SO4

Test For Cation

S.NO EXPERIMENT OBSERVATION INFERENCE
5. NaOH test No change Group 0
absent
6. Group I No change Group I
Sample + dil HCl absent
7. Group II No change Group II
Sample+dil absent
HCl+solid Na2S
8. Group III A brown ppt Group III
Sample+NH4OH+ Present,
NH4Cl excess Fe3+
detected
Dissolve the ppt Prussian blue Fe3+
in dil colour confirmed
HCl+K4Fe(CN)6
9. Group IV No change Group IV
sample+ solid absent
NH4Cl. Boil,
cool+NH4OH
excess + solid
Na2S

10. Group V A white ppt Group V

sample+ solid present
NH4Cl+
NH4OH
A) sample+ K2CrO4 No change Ba2+ absent
soln
B) Sample + No change Sr2+ absent
ammonium
 sulphate, warm
C) Sp + ammonium White ppt Ca2+ present
oxalate soln
13. Group VI No change Group VI
Sample+ excess absent
of NaOH soln

Ions present: Ca2+,SO32-, Fe3+

THANK YOU
Comparative Inference
Table

Toothpaste Ca2+ SO32- Fe3+ Mg2+ SO42- CO32- PO42-

Colgate yes No No Yes Yes Yes Yes
Colgate Yes Yes Yes No No No No
max fresh

On the basis the comparative inference

table, we see that COLGATE is the best
of toothpastes as it contains a majority
of the essential constituents (anions and
cations) of a toothpaste.
 Precautions
1. Handle the chemicals carefully.
2. Use test tube holder to hold the test
tube.
3. Never add water to conc. Acids.
4. Never touch any chemical with hands
directly.
5. Use a dropper for concentrated Acids.
6. Don’t smell the vapours from too close.
 Bibliography
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Toothpaste
Reference document
Respective toothpastes
salt analysis chart