Cse I Engineering Mathematics I l1

Smartworld.asia 1 Smartzworld.
com
ENGINEERING MATHEMATICS-I 15MAT11
SYLLABUS
Engineering Mathematics-I
Subject Code: 15MAT11 IA Marks: 20
Hours/Week: 04 Exam. Hours: 03
Total Hours: 50 Exam. Marks: 80
Course Objectives
To enable students to apply knowledge of Mathematics in various
engineering fields by making hem to learn the following:
• nth derivatives of product of two functions and polar curves.
• Partial derivatives.
• Vectors calculus.
• Reduction formulae of integration to solve First order
differential equations
• Solution of system of equations and quadratic forms.
Module –1
Differential Calculus -1:
Determination of nth order derivatives of Standard functions - Problems.
Leibnitz‟s theorem (without proof) - problems.
Polar Curves - angle between the radius vector and tangent, angle between
two curves, Pedal equation for polar curves. Derivative of arc length -
Cartesian, Parametric and Polar forms (without proof) - problems.
Curvature and Radius of Curvature – Cartesian, Parametric, Polar and
Pedal forms(without proof) and problems. 10hrs
Module –2
Differential Calculus -2
Taylor‟s and Maclaurin‟s theorems for function of o ne variable(statement
only)- problems. Evaluation of Indeterminate forms.
Partial derivatives – Definition and simple problems, Euler‟s
theorem(without proof) – problems, total derivatives, partial differentiation
of composite functions-problems, Jacobians-definition and problems .
10hrs
VTUlive.com Page 1
Smartworld.asia 2 Smartzworld.com
Module –3
Vector Calculus:
Derivative of vector valued functions, Velocity, Acceleration and related
problems, Scalar and Vector point functions.Definition Gradient,
Divergence, Curl- problems . Solenoidal and Irrotational vector fields.
Vector identities - div ( F A), curl ( F A),curl (grad F ), div (curl A).
10hrs
Module- 4
Integral Calculus:
Reduction formulae ∫ sinnx dx ∫cosnx dx ∫sinnxcosmxdx,, (m and n are
positive integers), evaluation of these integrals with standard limits (0 to л/2)
and problems.
Differential Equations:
Solution of first order and first degree differential equations – Exact,
reducible to exact and Bernoulli‟s differential equations. Applications-
orthogonal trajectories in Cartesian and polar forms. Simple problems on
Newton‟s law of cooling. 10hrs
Module –5
Linear Algebra Rank of a matrix by elementary transformations, solution of
system of linear equations - Gauss- elimination method, Gauss- Jordan
method and Gauss-Seidel method. Rayleigh‟s power method to find the
largest Eigen value and the corresponding Eigen vector. Linear
transformation, diagonalisation of a square matrix, Quadratic forms,
reduction to Canonical form 10hrs
COURSE OUTCOMES
On completion of this course students are able to
Use partial derivatives to calculate rates of change of multivariate
functions
Analyse position, velocity and acceleration in two or three dimensions
using the calculus of vector valued functions
Recognize and solve first order ordinary differential equations, Newton‟s
law of cooling
Use matrices techniques for solving systems of linear equations in the
different areas of linear algebra.
VTUlive.com Page 2
Engineering Mathematics – I
 Module I : Differential Calculus- I…………….3 - 48
 Module II : Differential Calculus- II……………49 -81
 Module III: Vector Calculus………………........82-104
 Module IV : Integral Calculus…………………105-125
 Module V : Linear Algebra ……………………126-165
VTUlive.com Page 3
MODULE I
DIFFERENTIAL CALCULUS-I
CONTENTS:
Successive differentiation …………………………………………..3
 nth derivatives of some standard functions…………………...7
 Leibnitz‟s theorem (without proof)………………………..…16

Polar curves
Angle between Polar curves…………………………………….20
Pedal equation for Polar curves………………………………...24
Derivative of arc length………………………………………….28
Radius of Curvature……………………………………………….34
Expression for radius of curvature in case of Cartesian Curve …35
Expression for radius of curvature in case of Parametric
Curve………………………………………………………………..36
Expression for radius of curvature in case of Polar Curve……...41
Expression for radius of curvature in case of Pedal Curve……...43
VTUlive.com Page 4
SUCCESSIVE DIFFERENTIATION
In this lesson, the idea of differential coefficient of a function and its successive
derivatives will be discussed. Also, the computation of nth derivatives of some
standard functions is presented through typical worked examples.
1. Introduction:- Differential calculus (DC) deals with problem of calculating rates of

change. When we have a formula for the distance that a moving body covers as a
function of time, DC gives us the formulas for calculating the body‟s velocity and
acceleration at any instant.
Definition of derivative of a function y = f(x):-
f (x x) f ( x)
Fig.1. Slope of the line PQ is
x
The derivative of a function y = f(x) is the function f (x) whose value at each x is
defined as
dy
= f (x) = Slope of the line PQ (See Fig.1)
dx
f (x x) f ( x)
= lim -------- (1)
x 0 x
= lim (Average rate change)
x 0
= Instantaneous rate of change of f at x provided the limit exists.
The instantaneous velocity and acceleration of a body (moving along a line) at any instant
x is the derivative of its position co-ordinate y = f(x) w.r.t x, i.e.,
dy
Velocity = = f (x) --------- (2)
dx
And the corresponding acceleration is given by
d2y
Acceleration f ( x) ---------- (3)
dx 2
VTUlive.com Page 5
Successive Differentiation:-
The process of differentiating a given function again and again is called as
Successive differentiation and the results of such differentiation are called
successive derivatives.
The higher order differential coefficients will occur more frequently in spreading
a function all fields of scientific and engineering applications.
Notations:
dy d 2 y d 3 y dny
i. , 2 , 3 ,…….., nth order derivative:
dx dx dx dx n
ii f (x) , f (x) , f (x) ,…..., nth order derivative: f n (x)
iii Dy, D 2 y , D 3 y ,………..., nth order derivative: D n y
iv y , y , y ,……, nth order derivative: y (n )
v. y1 , y 2 , y 3 …, nth order derivative: y n
Successive differentiation – A flow diagram
df
Input function: y f (x) Operation Output function y f (x) (first order
d dx
dx
derivative)
d2 f
Input function y f (x) Operation Output function y f ( x) (second order
d
dx
dx 2
derivative)
d3 f
Input function y f (x) Operation Output function y f ( x) (third order
d
dx
dx 3
derivative)
------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
n 1 n 1 n dn f
Input function y f ( x) Operation Output function y f n (x) (nth order
d
dx
dx n
derivative)
VTUlive.com Page 6
Calculation of nth derivatives of some standard functions

Below, we present a table of nth order derivatives of some standard functions for
ready reference.
Sl. y = f(x) dny
No yn Dn y
dx n
1 emx mnemx
2 a mx n
m n log a a mx
3 ax b
m
i. m m 1 m 2 .... m n 1 a n ax b
m n
for all m .
ii. 0 if m n
iii. n! a n if m n
m!
iv. x m n if m n
m n!
4 1 ( 1) n n ! n
a
ax b (ax b) n 1
5. 1 ( 1) n (m n 1) ! n
m a
ax b (m 1) !(ax b) m n
6. log( ax b) ( 1) n 1 (n 1) ! n
a
(ax b) n
7. sin( ax b) a n sin( ax b n )
2
8. cos(ax b) a n cos(ax b n )
2
9. e ax sin( bx c) r n e ax sin( bx c n ) , r a2 b2 tan 1 ( b a)
10. e ax cos(bx c) r n e ax cos(bx c n ) , r a2 b2 tan 1 ( b a)
We proceed to illustrate the proof of some of the above results, as only the
above functions are able to produce a sequential change from one derivative to
the other. Hence, in general we cannot obtain readymade formula for nth
derivative of functions other than the above.
1. Consider e m x . Let y e m x . Differentiating w.r.t x, we get

y1 me m x . Again differentiating w.r.t x, we get
y 2 m me m x = m 2 e m x
Similarly, we get
y3 = m 3 e m x
y4 = m 4 e m x
…………….
And hence we get
d n mx
yn = m n e m x e mnem x.
dx n
VTUlive.com Page 7

m
2. ax b
m
let y ax b Differentiating w.r.t x,
m 1
y1 = m ax b a . Again differentiating w.r.t x, we get
m 2
y2 = m m 1 ax b a2
Similarly, we get
m 3 3
y3 = m m 1 m 2 ax b a
………………………………….
And hence we get
m n n
yn = m m 1 m 2 ………. m n 1 ax b a for all m.
Case (i) If m n (m-positive integer),then the above expression becomes
n n
yn = n n 1 n 2 ……….3.2.1 ax b a n
i.e. y n n! a n
Case (ii) If m<n,(i.e. if n>m) which means if we further differentiate the above
expression, the
m
right hand site yields zero. Thus D n ax b 0 if m n
m n
Case (iii) If m>n, then y n m m 1 m 2 ...... m n 1 ax b a n becomes
m m 1 m 2 ...... m n 1 m n ! m n
ax b an
m n!
m! m n n
. i.e yn ax b a
m n!
1
3. m
ax b
1 m
Let y m
ax b
ax b
Differentiating w.r.t x
m 1 m 1
y1 m ax b a 1 m ax b a
m 1 1 2 m 2
y2 1 m m 1 ax b a 1 m m 1 ax b a2
3 m 3
Similarly, we get y3 1 m m 1 m 2 ax b a3
4 m 4
y4 1 m m 1 m 2 m 3 ax b a4
……………………………
n m n
yn 1 m m 1 m 2 ..... m n 1 ax b an
This may be rewritten as
n
1 m n 1 m n 2 ..... m 1 m m 1 ! m n
yn ax b an
m 1!
n
1 m n 1!
or yn m n
an
m 1 ! ax b
VTUlive.com Page 8
1
4.
ax b
Putting m 1, in the result

1 ( 1) n (m n 1) ! n
Dn a
(ax b) m (m 1) !(ax b) m n
1 ( 1) n (1 n 1) ! n
we get D n a
(ax b) (1 1) !(ax b)1 n
1 ( 1) n n ! n
or D n a
(ax b) (ax b)1 n
Find the nth derivative of the following examples

(3x 5) 2 (2 3x)
1. (a) log( 9 x 2 1) (b) log (4 x 3)e 5 x 7
(c) log 10
( x 1) 6
Sol: (a) Let y log( 9 x 2 1) log (3x 1)(3x 1)
y log( 3x 1) log( 3x 1) ( log( AB) log A log B )
dn dn
yn n
log( 3x 1) log( 3x 1)
dx dx n
( 1) n 1 (n 1) ! n ( 1) n 1 (n 1) ! n
i.e y n (3) (3)
(3x 1) n (3x 1) n
(b) Let y log (4 x 3)e 5 x 7

log( 4 x 3) log e 5 x 7
log( 4 x 3) (5 x 7) log e e ( log A B B log A )

y log( 4 x 3) (5 x 7) ( log e e 1 )
( 1) n 1 (n 1) ! n
yn ( 4) 0  D(5 x 6) 5
(4 x 3) n
D 2 (5 x 6) 0
n
D (5 x 1) 0 (n 1)
(3x 5) 2 (2 3x)
(c) Let y log 10
( x 1) 6
1 (3x 5) 2 (2 3x) log e X
 log 10 X
log e 10 ( x 1) 6 log e 10
VTUlive.com Page 9
1 1 (3x 5) 2 (2 3x)
log  log A B B log A
log e 10 2 ( x 1) 6
A
 log log A log B
B
1
log( 3x 5) 2 log( 2 3x) log( x 1) 6
2 log e 10
1
y 2 log( 3x 5) log( 2 3x) 6 log( x 1)
2 log e 10
Hence,
1 ( 1) n 1 (n 1) ! n ( 1) n 1 (n 1) ! ( 1) n 1 (n 1) ! n
yn 2. (3) ( 3) n 6. (1)
2 log e 10 (3 x 5) n (2 3 x) n ( x 1) n
2. (a) e 2 x 4
62x 4
(b) cosh 4 x cosh 2 4 x
1 1
(c) e x sinh 3x cosh 2 x (d) (6 x 8) 5
(4 x 5) (5 x 4) 4
Sol: (a) Let y e2x 4

62x 4
e2xe4 62x 64
y e 4 (e 2 x ) 1296(6 2 x )
dn dn
hence yn e 4 n (e 2 x ) 1296 n (6 2 x )
dx dx
4 n 2x
e 2 e 1296 2 (log 6) n 6 2 x
n
(b) Let y cosh 4 x cosh 2 4 x

2
e4x e 4x
e4x e 4x
2 2
1 4x 1 4x 2
e e 4x (e ) (e 4 x ) 2 2(e 4 x )(e 4 x )
2 4
1 4x 1 8x
y e e 4x e e 8x 2
2 4
1 n 4x 1 n 8n
hence, yn 4 e ( 4) n e 4 x 8 e ( 8) n e 8n 0
2 4
x
(c) Let y e sinh 3x cosh 2 x
x e3x e 3x
e2x e 2x
e
2 2
e x 3x 3x
(e e )(e 2 x e 2x
)
4
VTUlive.com Page 10
e x 5x
e e x e x e 5x
4
1 4x
e e 2x 1 e 6x
4
1
y 1 e4x e 2x e 6x
4
1
Hence, yn 0 (4) n e 4 x ( 2) n e 2 x ( 6) n e 6x
4
1 1
(d) Let y 4
(6 x 8) 5
(4 x 5) (5 x 4)
dn 1 dn 1 dn 5
Hence, yn n
6x 8
dx (4 x 5) dx (5 x 4) 4
n
dx n
( 1) n n ! ( 1) n (4 n 1)!
n 1
(4) n 4 n
(5) n 0
(4 x 5) (4 1) !(5 x 4)
( 1) n n ! ( 1) n (3 n) ! n
i.e y n n 1
(4) n (5)
(4 x 5) 3!(5 x 4) n 4
Evaluate
1 1 x2
1. (i) (ii) (iii)
x2 6x 8 1 x x2 x3 2x 2 7x 6
x 2 1 1 x 1 1 x
(iv) (v) tan (vi) tan 1 x (vii) tan
x 1 4x 2
12 x 9 a 1 x
1 1
Sol: (i) Let y 2
. The function can be rewritten as y
x 6x 8 ( x 4)( x 2)
This is proper fraction containing two distinct linear factors in the denominator.
So, it can be split into partial fractions as
1 A B
y Where the constant A and B are found
( x 4)( x 2) ( x 4) ( x 2)
as given below.
1 A( x 2) B( x 4)
( x 4)( x 2) ( x 4)( x 2)
1 A( x 2) B( x 4) -------------(*)
Putting x = 2 in (*), we get the value of B as B 1

2
VTUlive.com Page 11
Similarly putting x = 4 in (*), we get the value of A as A 1

2
1 (1 / 2) ( 1 / 2)
y Hence
( x 4)( x 2) x 4 x 2
1 dn 1 1 dn 1
yn n n
2 dx x 4 2 dx x 2
1 ( 1) n n ! 1 ( 1) n n !
(1) n (1) n
2 ( x 4) n 1 2 ( x 2) n 1
1 1 1
( 1) n n !
2 ( x 4) n 1
( x 2) n 1
1 1 1
(ii) Let y
1 x x2 x3
(1 x) x (1 x) (1 x)(1 x 2 )
2
1 1
ie y
(1 x)(1 x)(1 x) (1 x) 2 (1 x)
Though y is a proper fraction, it contains a repeated linear factor (1 x) 2
in its
denominator. Hence, we write the function as
A B C
y 2
in terms of partial fractions. The constants
(1 x) (1 x) 1 x
A, B, C
are found as follows:
1 A B C
y 2
(1 x) (1 x) (1 x) (1 x) 2 1 x
ie 1 A(1 x)(1 x) B(1 x) C (1 x) 2 -------------(**)

Putting x = 1 in (**), we get B as B 1
2
Putting x = -1 in (**), we get C as C 1
4
Putting x = 0 in (**), we get 1 A B C
A 1 B C 1 1 1 1
2 4 4
A 1
4
(1 / 4) (1 / 2) (1 / 4)
Hence, y 2
(1 x) (1 x) (1 x)
VTUlive.com Page 12
1 ( 1) n n ! n 1 ( 1) n (2 n 1) ! n 1 ( 1) n n ! n
yn (1) (1) (1)
4 (1 x) n 1 2 (2 1) !(1 x) 2 n 4 (1 x) n 1
1 1 1 1 ( 1) n (n 1) !
( 1) n n !
4 (1 x) n 1
(1 x) n 1
2 (1 x)n 2
x2
(iii) Let y (VTU July-05)
2x 2 7x 6
This is an improper function. We make it proper fraction by actual division
and later
spilt that into partial fractions.
1 ( 7 2 x 3)
i.e x 2 (2 x 2 7 x 6)
2 2x 2 7 x 6
1 7 x
2 3
y Resolving this proper fraction into partial fractions,
2 (2 x 3)( x 2)
we get
1 A B
y . Following the above examples for finding A &
2 (2 x 3) ( x 2)
B, we get
1 9
2 ( 4)
y
2 2x 3 x 2
9 ( 1) n n ! ( 1) n n !
Hence, y n 0 n 1
(2) n 4 n 1
(1) n
2 (2 x 3) ( x 2)
( 2) n
9 4
i.e y n ( 1) n n ! 2
(2 x 3) n 1
( x 2) n 1
( x 2) x
(iv) Let y 2
( x 1) 4x 12 x 9
(i) (ii)
Here (i) is improper & (ii) is proper function. So, by actual division (i)
becomes
x 2 1
1 . Hence, y is given by
x 1 x 1
1 1
y 1 [ (2 x 3) 2 4 x 2 12 x 9 ]
x 1 (2 x 3) 2
Resolving the last proper fraction into partial fractions, we get
x A B
2
. Solving we get
(2 x 3) (2 x 3) (2 x 3) 2
VTUlive.com Page 13
A 1 and B 3
2 2
1 1
2
3
2
y 1
1 x (2 x 3) (2 x 3) 2
( 1) n n ! n 1 ( 1) n n ! 3 ( 1) n (n 1) ! n
yn 0 (1) (2) n ( 2)
(1 x) n 2 (2 x 3) n 1 2 (2 x 3)n 2
(v) tan 1 x
a
Let y tan 1 x
a
1 1 a
y1 2 2
1 x a x a2
a
a
yn Dn y D n 1 ( y1 ) Dn 1
2
x a2
a a
Consider 2 2
x a ( x ai )( x ai )
A B
, on resolving into partial fractions.
( x ai ) ( x ai )
1 1
2i 2i , on solving for A & B.
( x ai) ( x ai )
a 1 1
Dn 1 2 2
Dn 1 2i
Dn 1 2i
x a x ai x ai
1 ( 1) n 1 (n 1) ! 1 ( 1) n 1 (n 1) !
-----------(*)
2i ( x ai ) n 2i ( x ai ) n
a
We take transformation x r cos a r sin where r x2 a2 , tan 1
x
x ai r cos i sin re i
i
x ai r cos i sin re
1 1 e in 1 e in
n
,
x ai r e in
n
r n
x ai
n
rn
n 1
1 n 1 ! in in
now(*) is y n e e
2 i rn
n 1 n 1
1 1 n 1!
yn 2 i sin n sin n
2 i rn r n
VTUlive.com Page 14
(vi) Let y tan 1 x .Putting a = 1 in Ex.(v) we get

yn which is same as above with r x2 1 tan 1 1
x
1
cot x or x cot
1 1
r cot 2 1 cos ec n
sin n
r cos ec n
n 1
D n tan 1 x 1 n 1 ! sin n sin n where cot 1 x
1 x 1
(vii) Let y tan
1 x
put x tan tan 1 x
1 tan
y tan 1
1 tan
1 1 tan
tan tan( 4 )  tan
4 1 tan
tan 1 ( x)
4 4
y tan 1 ( x)
4
yn 0 D n (tan 1 x)
1 ( 1) n 1 (n 1) ! 1 ( 1) n 1 (n 1) !
2i ( x ai ) n 2i ( x ai ) n
nth derivative of trigonometric functions:
1. sin( ax b) .
Let y sin( ax b) . Differentiating w.r.t x,
y1 cos(ax b).a As sin( x ) cos x

2
We can write y1 a sin( ax b / 2).
again differentiating w.r.t x, y2 a cos(ax b / 2).a
Again using sin( x ) cos x ,we get y 2 as
2
y2 a sin( ax b /2 / 2).a
2
i.e. y 2 a sin( ax b 2 / 2).
Similarly, we get
y3 a 3 sin( ax b 3 / 2).
y4 a 4 sin( ax b 4 / 2).
yn a n sin( ax b n / 2).
VTUlive.com Page 15
2. e ax sin bx c .
Let y e ax sin bx c .....(1)
Differentiating using product rule ,we get
y1 e ax cos bx c b sin bx c ae ax
ax
i.e. y1 e a sin bx c b cos bx c . For computation of higher order
derivatives
it is convenient to express the constants „a‟ and „b‟ in terms of the
constants r and
defined by a r cos & b r sin ,so that
r a b 2 and
2
tan 1 b .thus,
a
y1 can be rewritten as
y1 e ax r cos sin bx c r sin cos bx c
ax
or y1 e r{sin bx c cos cos bx c cos }
ax
i.e. y1 re sin bx c ...........(2)
Comparing expressions (1) and (2), we write y 2 as
y 2 r 2 e ax sin bx c 2
y3 r 3 e ax sin bx c 3
Continuing in this way, we get
y 4 r 4 e ax sin bx c 4
y5 r 5 e ax sin bx c 5
…………………………….
yn r n e ax sin bx c n
D n e ax sin bx c r n e ax sin bx c n , where
r a2 b2 & tan 1 b
a
Solve the following:

1. (i) sin 2 x cos 3 x (ii) sin 3 cos 3 x (iii) cos x cos 2 x cos 3x
(iv) sin x sin 2 x sin 3x (v) e 3 x cos 2 x (vi) e 2 x sin 2 x cos 3 x
The following formulae are useful in solving some of the above problems.
1 cos 2 x 1 cos 2 x
(i) sin 2 x (ii) cos 2 x
2 2
(iii) sin 3x 3 sin x 4 sin 3 x (iv) cos 3x 4 cos 3 x 3 cos x
(v) 2 sin A cos B sin A B sin A B

(vi) 2 cos A sin B sin A B sin A B
(vii) 2 cos A cos B cos A B cos A B
VTUlive.com Page 16
(viii) 2 sin A sin B cos A B cos A B

1 cos 2 x
1
Sol: (i) Let y sin 2 x cos 3 x cos 3 x 3 cos x
2 4
1 1 n
2 cos 2 x n 3 cos 3x n 3 cos x n
n
yn 0
2 2 4 2 2
3
sin 2 x sin 3 2 x 1 sin 6 x 3 sin 2 x
(ii)Let y = sin 3 x cos 3 x
2 8 8 4
1
3 sin 2 x sin 6 x
32
1 n n
yn 3.2 n sin 2 x 6 n sin 6 x
32 2 2
(iii) )Let y = cos 3x cos x cos 2 x
1 1
= cos 4 x cos 2 x cos 2 x cos 4 x cos 2 x cos 2 2 x
2 2
1 1 1 cos 4 x
= cos 6 x cos 2 x
2 2 2
1 cos 2 x 1
cos 6 x 1 cos 4 x
4 4 4
n n
2 n cos 2 x 4 n cos 4 x
1 n n 2 2
yn 6 cos 6 x
4 2 4 4
(iv) )Let y = sin 3x sin x sn2 x
1
sin 2 x sin 4 x sin 2 x
2
1
sin 2 2 x sin 4 x sin 2 x
2
1 1 cos 4 x 1
= sin 2 x sin 6 x
2 2 2
1 cos 4 x 1
sin 2 x sin 6 x
4 4
1 n n n n
yn 4 cos 4 x 2 n sin 2 x 6 n sin 6 x
4 2 2 2
(v) Let y e 3 x cos 2 x

yn re 3 x cos 2 x n
2
where r 32 22 13 & tan 1
VTUlive.com Page 17
(vi) Let y = e 2 x sin 2 x cos 3 x

1 cos 2 x 1
We know that sin 2 x cos 3 x cos 3x 3 cos x
2 4
1 cos 2 x e2x
y = e 2 x sin 2 x cos 3 x e2x cos 3x 3 cos x
2 4
1 2x 1 2x
y e e 2 x cos 2 x e cos 3x 3e 2 x cos x
2 4
Hence,
1 n 2x 1 n 2x
yn 2 e r1n e 2 x cos 2 x n 1 r2 e cos 3x n 2 3r3n e 2 x cos x n 3
2 4
where r1 22 22 8 ; r2 22 32 13 ; r3 2 2 12 5
1 2 1 3 1 1
1 tan ; 2 tan ; 3 tan ;
2 2 2
Leibnitz’s Theorem
Leibnitz‟s theorem is useful in the calculation of nth derivatives of product of two

functions.
Statement of the theorem:

If u and v are functions of x, then
D (uv) D n uv nC1 D n 1uDv n C 2 D n 2 uD 2 v .... n C r D n r uD r v ...uD n v ,
n
d n nn 1 n!
where D , C1 n , n C 2 ,........,n C r
dx 2 r! n r !
Examples
1. If x sin t , y sin pt prove that
1 x 2 yn 2 2n 1 xyn 1 p 2 n 2 yn 0
Solution: Note that the function y f (x) is given in the parametric form with a
parameter t.
So, we consider
dy dy dt p cos pt
(p – constant)
dx dx dt cos t
2
dy p 2 cos 2 pt p 2 (1 sin 2 pt ) p 2 (1 y 2 )
or
dx cos 2 t 1 sin 2 t 1 x2
or 1 x 2 y12 p 2 1 y 2
So that 1 x 2 y12 p 2 1 y 2 Differentiating w.r.t. x,
2 2 2
1 x 2 y1 y 2 y1 2 x p 2 yy1 0
VTUlive.com Page 18
1 x 2 y 2 xy1 p 2 y 0 --------------- (1) [ 2y1 , throughout]

Equation (1) has second order derivative y 2 in it. We differentiate (1), n times,
term wise,
using Leibnitz‟s theorem as follows.
D n 1 x 2 y 2 xy1 p 2 y 0
i.e D n (1 x 2 ) y 2 D n xy1 Dn p2 y 0 ---------- (2)
(a) (b) (c)

Consider the term (a):
D n 1 x 2 y 2 . Taking u y 2 and v (1 x 2 ) and applying Leibnitz‟s theorem
we get
D n uv D n uv nC1 D n 1uDv nC2 D n 2 D 2 v nC3 D n 3uD 3 v ...
i.e
D n y2 (1 x 2 ) D n ( y2 ).(1 x 2 ) nC1 D n 1 ( y2 ).D(1 x 2 ) nC2 D n 2 ( y2 ) D 2 (1 x 2 ) nC3 D n 3 ( y2 ) D 3 (1 x 2 )
n(n 1) n(n 1)(n 2)

y(n) 2 x 2 ) ny ( n 1) 2 .( 2 x) y(n 2) 2 .( 2) . y(n 3) 2 .(0) ...
2! 3!
D n 1 x 2 y2 1 x 2 yn 2 2nxyn 1 n(n 1) yn ----------- (3)
Consider the term (b):
D n xy1 . Taking u y1 and v x and applying Leibnitz‟s theorem,
we get
D n y1 ( x) D n ( y1 ).( x) n C1 D n 1 y1 .D( x) n C 2 D n 2 ( y1 ).D 2 ( x) ....
n(n 1)
y ( n ) 1 .x ny ( n 1) 1 y ( n 2) 2 (0) ....
2!
D n xy1 xyn 1 ny n ---------- (4)
Consider the term (c):
D n ( p 2 y) p 2 D n ( y) p 2 y n --------- (5)
Substituting these values (3), (4) and (5) in Eq (2) we get
1 x 2 y n 2 2nxyn 1 n(n 1) yn xyn 1 ny n p 2 yn 0
2 2 2
ie 1 x yn 2 (2n 1) xyn 1 n yn ny n ny n p yn 0
1 x 2 yn 2 (2n 1) xyn 1 p2 n 2 yn 0 as desired.
1
2. If sin y 2 log( x 1) or y sin 2 log( x 1) or y sin log( x 1) 2 or
2
y sin log( x 2 2 x 1) , show that x 1 y n 2 2n 1 x 1 y n 1 n 2 4 yn 0
(VTU Jan-03)
Sol: Out of the above four versions, we consider the function as
sin 1 ( y ) 2 log( x 1)
Differentiating w.r.t x, we get
VTUlive.com Page 19
1 2
( y1 ) ie ( x 1) y1 2 1 y2
1 y 2 x 1
Squaring on both sides
2
x 1 y12 4(1 y 2 )
Again differentiating w.r.t x,
2
x 1 2 y1 y2 y12 2( x 1) 4( 2 yy1 )
2
or x 1 y2 ( x 1) y1 4 y ( 2 y1 )
2
or x 1 y 2 ( x 1) y1 4 y 0 -----------*
Differentiating * w.r.t x, n-times, using Leibnitz‟s theorem,
n(n 1) n 2
D n y 2 ( x 1) 2 nD n 1 ( y 2 )2( x 1) D ( y 2 )(2) D n ( g1 )( x 1) nD n 1 y1 (1) 4D n y 0
2!
On simplification, we get
2
x 1 y n 2 2n 1 x 1 y n 1 n 2 4 y n 0
3. If x tan(log y) , then find the value of

1 x 2 yn 1 2nx 1 y n n(n 1) yn 1 (VTU July-04)
Sol: Consider x tan(log y)
1
i.e. tan 1 x log y or y e tan x
Differentiating w.r.t x,
1 1 y
y1 e tan x . 2
1 x 1 x2
1 x 2 y1 y ie 1 x 2 y1 y 0 -----------*
We differentiate * n-times using Leibnitz‟s theorem,
We get
D n 1 x 2 y1 D n ( y) 0
ie.
D ( y1 )(1 x 2 ) nC1 D n 1 ( y1 ) D(1 x 2 ) n C 2 D n 2 ( y1 ) D 2 (1 x 2 ) ....
n
Dn y 0
n(n 1)
ie y n 1 (1 x 2 ) ny n (2 x) y n 1 (2) 0 .... yn 0
2!
1 x 2 yn 1 2nx 1 y n n(n 1) y n 1 0
1 1
m m
4. If y m y m 2 x , or y x x2 1 or y x x2 1
Show that x 2 1 yn 2 (2n 1) xyn 1 n 2 m 2 yn 0 (VTU Feb-02)
1 1 1 1
Sol: Consider y m
y m
2x y m
1
2x
ym
1 2 1 1
y m
2x y m
1 0 Which is quadratic equation in y m
VTUlive.com Page 20
1 ( 2 x) ( 2 x) 2 4(1)(1) 2x 4x 2 4
y m
2(1) 2
2x 2 x 2 1 1
x x2 1 y m
x x2 1
2
m
y x x2 1
m m
so, we can consider y x x2 1 or y x x2 1
m
Let us take y x x2 1
m 1 1
y1 mx x2 1 1 ( 2 x)
2 x2 1
m 1 x2 1 x
y1 mx x2 1
x2 1
or
x 2 1 y1 my . On squaring
x 2 1 y12 m2 y 2 .
Again differentiating w.r.t x,
x 2 1 2 y1 y 2 y12 (2 x) m 2 (2 yy1 )
or
x 2 1 y2 xy1 m 2 y ( 2 y1 )
or
x 2 1 y2 xy1 m2 y 0 ------------(*)
Differentiating (*) n- times using Leibnitz‟s theorem and simplifying, we get

x 2 1 yn 2 (2n 1) xyn 1 n 2 m 2 yn 0
POLAR CURVES
Angle between Polar Curves:
Introduction:- We are familiar with Cartesian coordinate system for specifying a point
in the xy – plane. Another useful system for similar purpose is Polar coordinate system,
and the curves specified by these coordinates are referred to as polar curves.
A polar curve by name “three-leaved rose” is displayed below:
VTUlive.com Page 21
ө=
2
3
ө= ө=
4 4
ө=π ө=0
3
ө=
2
Any point P can be located on a plane with co-ordinates r ,

called polar co-ordinates of P where r = radius vector OP,(with pole „O‟)
= projection of OP on the
initial axis OA.(See Fig.)
The equation r f is known as a polar curve.
Polar coordinates r , can be related with Cartesian coordinates x, y through
the relations
Fig.1. Polar coordinate system
x r cos & y r sin .
Theorem 1: Angle between the radius vector and the tangent:

Y T
d
i.e., With usual notation prove that tan r L
dr φ
P(r, ө)
Proof:- Let “ ” be the angle between the radius vector OPL φ
and the tangent TPT 1 at the point `P` on the polar r
ψ
Ө A
curve r f . (See fig.2) O T
r = f(ө)
From Fig.2, Fig.2. Angle between radius
vector and the tangent
1
tan tan 1
tan tan
1 tan tan 1
dy tan tan
i.e. .................(1)
dx 1 tan tan
VTUlive.com Page 22
On the other hand, we have x r cos ; y r sin differentiating these,

w.r.t ,
dx dr dy dr
r sin cos & r cos sin
d d d d
dr
dy r cos sin
dy d d dr
dividing the Nr & Dr by cos
dx dx dr d
d r sin cos
d
dy rd tan
dr
dx rd dr tan 1
dy tan rd
i.e. dr ………………….(2)
dx 1 tan rd
dr
Comparing equations (1) and (2)
we get tan rd
dr
1 dr
Note that cot
rd
A Note on Angle of intersection of two polar curves:-
If 1 and 2 are the angles between the common radius vector and the tangents
at the point of intersection of two curves r f1 and r f 2 then the
angle intersection of the curves is given by 1 2
Theorem 2: The length “p” of perpendicular from pole to the tangent in a polar curve
1 1 1 dr 2
i.e.(i) p r sin or (ii) 2 2
p r r4 d
Proof:- In the Fig.3, note that ON = p, the length of the perpendicular from the pole to
the tangent at p on r f .from the right angled triangle OPN,
ON
sin ON OP sin
OP
φ
i.e. p r sin ..............(i) P(r, ө)
1 1 1
r φ Ψ
Consider cos ec O Ө
p r sin r
r = f (ө)
1 1 1
2 2
cos ec 2 1 cot 2 P
p r r2
1 1 1 dr
2 N
1 Fig.3 Length of the perpendicular
p2 r2 rd
from the pole to the tangent
VTUlive.com Page 23
2
1 1 1 dr
............(ii)
p2 r2 r4 d
2
1 1 2 du
Note:-If u , we get 2 u
r p d
In this session, we solve few problems on angle of intersection of polar curves and pedal
equations.
Examples:-
Find the acute angle between the following polar curves
1. r a 1 cos and r b 1 cos (VTU-July-2003)
2 r sin cos and r 2 sin (VTU-July-2004)

3. r 16 sec 2 and r 25 cos ec 2
2 2
4. r a log and r a (VTU-July-2005)
log
a a
5. r and r 2
1 1
Sol:
1. Consider Consider
r a 1 cos r b 1 cos
Diff w.r.t Diff w.r.t
dr dr
a sin b sin
d d
d a 1 cos d b 1 cos
r r
dr a sin dr b sin
2 cos 2 2 sin 2
tan 2 tan 1 2
1
2 sin cos 2 sin cos
2 2 2 2
cot tan
2 2
i.e tan 21 2
tan 1 2 2
tan 1 tan
2 1 2
Angle between the curves

1 2
2 2 2 2
Hence, the given curves intersect orthogonally.
r sin cos r 2 sin
VTUlive.com Page 24
dr dr
cos sin 2 cos
d d
d sin cos d 2 sin
r r
dr cos sin dr 2 cos
tan 1
tan 1 (÷ Nr & Dr cos ) tan 2 tan
1 tan
tan 1
i.e tan 1 tan
1 tan 4 2
1 4
Angle between the curves = 1 2 4 4
r 16 sec 2 r 25 cos ec 2
2 2
dr dr
32 sec 2 tan .1 50 cos ec 2 cot .1
d 2 2 2 d 2 2 2
16 sec tan 25 cos ec 2 cot
2 2 2 2
2
d 16 sec d 25 cos ec 2
r 2 r 2
2 2
dr 16 sec tan dr 25 cos ec cot
2 2 2 2
tan cot tan tan tan tan
1 2 2 2 2 2 2
1 2 2 2 2
Angle of intersection of the curves = 1 2 2 2 2
r a log r a
log
dr a dr
.1
2
a log
d d
2
d d a log
r a log r
dr a dr log a
tan 1 log ..........(i) tan 2 log ..........(ii)
We know that
VTUlive.com Page 25
tan 1 tan 2
tan 1 2
1 tan 1 tan 2
log log
1 log log
2 log
i.e tan 1 2 2
............(iii)
1 log
From the data: a log r a log
2
1 or log 1
log
As is acute, we take by =1 e NOTE
Substituting e in (iii), we get
2e log e 2e
tan 1 2 2
 log ee 1
1 e log e 1 e2
2e
1 2 tan 1
1 e2
a a
r as r
1 1 2
1 1 1 1 2 a
1 1
r a a r
1 dr 1 1 dr
a
2 2 2
r2 d a r d
1 dr r 2r 1 dr
rd a 2 a rd
d a 2 d a
r i.e r
dr r dr 2r
2 2
a a 1
tan 1 tan 2
a 2 a
1
1 2
tan 1 1 tan 2 1
2
Now, we have
a a 2
r 2
a 1 a1
1 1
3 3
or 1 1 or 1
tan 1 2 & tan 2 1
VTUlive.com Page 26
tan 1 tan 2
Consider tan 1 2
1 tan 1 tan 2
2 1
3 3
1 2 1
1
1 2 tan 3
Pedal equations (p-r equations):- Any equation containing only p & r is

known as pedal equation of a polar curve.
Working rules to find pedal equations:-
(i) Eliminate r and from the Eqs.: (i) r f & p r sin

2
1 1 1 dr
(ii) Eliminate only from the Eqs.: (i) r f &
p2 r2 r4 d
Find the pedal equations for the polar curves:-
2a
1. 1 cos
r
2. r e c cot
3. r m a m sin m b m cos m (VTU-Jan-2005)
4. l r 1 e cos
Sol:
2a
1. Consider 1 cos ……….(i)
r
Diff. w.r.t
dr
2a 1 2 sin
r d
1 dr r sin
rd 2a
d 2a 1
r
dr r sin
1 cos 2 sin 2
tan 2 tan
sin 2 sin cos 2
2 2
tan tan
2 2
Using the value of is p r sin , we get
p r sin r sin .............(ii)
2 2
Eliminating “ ” between (i) and (ii)
VTUlive.com Page 27
1 cos r 2 2a
p2 r 2 sin 2 r2 [See eg: - (i)]
2 2 2 r
p2 ar.
This eqn. is only in terms of p and r and hence it is the pedal equation of the polar
curve.
2. Consider r e cot
Diff. w.r.t
dr
e cot cot r cot r e cot
d
We use the equation
2
1 1 1 dr
p2 r2 r4 d
1 1 2
r cot
r2 r4
1 1 1 1
cot 2 1 cot 2 cos ec 2
r2 r4 r2 r2
1 1
cos ec 2
p2 r 2
p2 r2 or r 2 p 2 cosec 2 is the required pedal equation

cosec 2
m m m
3.Consider r a sin m b cos m
Diff. w.r.t
dr
mr m 1 a m m cos m bm ( m sin m )
d
m
r dr
a m cos m b m sin m
r d
1 dr a m cos m b m sin m
r d a m sin m b m cos m
a m cos m b m sin m
cot
a m sin m b m cos m
1 1
Consider p r sin , cos ec
p r
1 1
cos ec 2
p2 r 2
1
1 cot 2
r2
VTUlive.com Page 28

2
1 a m cos m bm sin m
1
r2 a m sin m bm cos m
2 2
1 a m sin m bm cos m a m cos m bm sin m
2
r2 a m sin m bm cos m
1 1 a 2m b2m
p2 r2 r 2m
r2 m 1
p2 is the required p-r equation
a 2m b2 m
4. Consider l r 1 cos
Diff w.r.t
1 dr l 1 dr
l e sin e sin
2
r d r rd
l cot e sin
r
cot r e sin
l
1 1
We have 2 1 cot 2 (see eg: 3 above)
p r2
1 1 l2 e 2 r 2 sin 2
Now
p2 r2 l2
1 2 2
2
1 e r 2 sin 2
r l
l l r
1 e cos ecos
r r
2
l r l r
cos sin 2 1 cos 2 1
re re
2
l r
l2 e2 r 2 1
1 1 re
p2 r2 l 2
1 e2 1 2
On simplification
p2 e2 lr
VTUlive.com Page 29
DERIVATIVES OF ARC LENGTH:

Consider a curve C in the XY plane. Let A be a fixed point on it. Let P and Q be
two neighboring positions of a variable point on the curve C. If „s‟ is the distance of P
from A measured along the curve then „s‟ is called the arc length of P. Let the tangent to
C at P make an angle with X-axis. Then (s, ) are called the intrinsic co-ordinates of
the point P. Let the arc length AQ be s + s. Then the distance between P and Q
measured along the curve C is s. If the actual distance between P and Q is C. Then
s= C in the limit Q P along C.
y
Q
s
s
P(s, )
A
x
0
s
i.e. Lt 1
Q P C
Cartesian Form:
Q( x x, y y)
C s
P ( x, y )
VTUlive.com Page 30
Let y f ( x) be the Cartesian equation of the curve C and let

P( x, y ) and Q( x x, y y ) be any two neighboring points on it as in fig.
Let the arc length PQ s and the chord length PQ C . Using distance between two
points formula we have PQ2 = ( C)2 =( x)2 +( y)2

2 2 2
C y C y
1 or 1
x x x x
2
s s C s y
1
x C x C x
s
We note that x 0 as Q P along C, also that when Q P, 1
C
When Q P i.e. when x 0, from (1) we get
2
ds dy
1 (1)
dx dx
Similarly we may also write
2
s s C s x
1
y C y C y
and hence when Q P this leads to

2
ds dx
1 (2)
dy dy
Parametric Form: Suppose x x(t ) and y y (t ) is the parametric form of the curve C.
Then from (1)
2
dy 2 2
ds dt 1 dx dy
1
dx dx dx dt dt
dt dt
2 2
ds ds dx dx dy
(3)
dt dx dt dt dt
Note: Since is the angle between the tangent at P and the X-axis,
VTUlive.com Page 31
dy
we have tan
dx
ds 2
1 y 1 tan 2 sec
dx
Similarly
ds 1 1
1 1 1 cot 2 co sec
dy 2 2
y tan
dx dy
i.e. cos and sin
ds ds
2 2
dx dy 2 2 2
1 ds dx dy
ds ds
We can use the following figure to observe the above geometrical connections
among dx, dy, ds and .
dy
ds
dx
VTUlive.com Page 32
Polar Curves:
Suppose r f ( ) is the polar equation of the curve C and P(r , ) and Q(r r, )
be two neighboring points on it as in figure:
C
Q( r r, )
N
s
P(r, )
O x
Consider PN OQ.
PN PN
In the right-angled triangle OPN, We have sin PN r sin r
OP r
since Sin = when is very small.
ON ON
From the figure we see that, cos ON r cos r (1) r
OP r
 cos 1 when 0
NQ OQ ON (r r) r r
From  PNQ, PQ 2
PN 2 NQ 2 i.e, ( C ) 2 (r )2 ( r )2
2 2
C r S S C S 2 r
r2  r
C C
S
We note that when Q P along the curve, 0 also 1
C
2
dS 2 dr
when Q P, r (4)
d d
2
C
Similarly, ( C )2 (r )2 ( r )2 1 r2
r r
VTUlive.com Page 33
2
S S C S
and  1 r2
r C r C r
2
dS 2 d
when Q P, we get 1 r (5)
dr dr
Note:
d
We know that tan r
dr
2
ds dr
r2 r 2 r 2cot 2 r 1 cot 2 rco sec
d d
Similarly
2
ds d
1 r2 1 tan2 sec
dr dr
dr d 1
cos and sin
ds ds r
The following figure shows the geometrical connections among ds, dr, d and
ds rd
dr
Thus we have :
2 2 2 2
ds dy ds dx ds dx dy
1 , 1 ,
dx dx dy dy dt dt dt
VTUlive.com Page 34
2 2
ds d ds dr
1 r2 and r2
dr dr d d
ds ds
Example 1: and for the curve x 2/3 y 2/3 a 2/3
dx dy
-1 1
2 -1/3 2 -1/3 x3 y 3
x 2/3 y 2/3 a 2/3 x y y' 0 y' -1
3 3 x
y3
2
ds dy y 2/3
Hence 1 1
dx dx x 2/3
1/3
x 2/3 y 2/3 a 2/3 a
x 2/3 x 2/3 x
Similarly
2
ds dx x 2/3 x 2/3 y 2/3
1
dy dy y 2/3 y 2/3
1/3
a 2/3 a
y 2/3 y
ds a2
Example 2: Find for the curve y a log
dx a 2 -x 2
dy 2x 2ax
y a log a 2 a log a 2 x2 a
dx a x2
2
a x2
2
2
ds dy 4a 2 x 2
1 1
dx dx a2 x2
2
a2 x2 4a 2 x 2 a2 x2
V T U l i
2 2 2 e 2 2 . c o m
a x a x
a2 x2
a2 x2
ds
Example 3: If x ae t sint, y ae t cost, find
dt
dx
x aet sint aet sint aet cost
dt
Page 35
dy
y aet cost aet cost ae t sint
dt
2 2
ds dx dy 2 2
a 2e2t cos t sin t a 2e2t cos t sin t
dt dt dt
2 2
aet 2 cos 2t sin 2t a 2 et  a b a b 2 a 2 b2
t ds
Example 4: If x a cos t log tan ,y a sin t, find
2 dt
dx sec 2 t 1
a sin t 2 a sin t
dt 2 tan t t t
2 2sin cos
2 2
1 1 sin2t a cos 2t
a sin t a a cost cot t
sin t sin t sin t
dy
a cos t
dt
2
ds dx dy
dt dt dt
a 2 cos 2t cot 2t a 2cos 2t
a 2 cos 2t cot 2t 1
a 2cos 2t co sec2 t a 2cot 2t

a cot t
ds
Example 5: If x a cos3 t, y sin 3t, find
dt
dx dy
3 a cos 2t sin t , 3 a sin2t cos t
dt dt
2 2
ds dx dy
9a 2 cos 4t sin 2t 9a 2 sin 4t cos 2t
dt dt dt
9a 2cos 2t sin 2t cos 2t sin 2t 3 a sin t cos t
VTUlive.com Page 36
ds
Example 6: If r 2 a 2 cos 2 , Show that r is constant
d
dr dr a2
r2 a 2cos 2 2r 2a 2 sin2 sin2
d d r
2
ds dr a4 12 4
r2 r2 2
sin2 2 r a 4 sin2 2
d d r r
ds
r r 4 a 4 sin2 2 a 4cos 2 2 a 4 sin2 2
d
ds
a 2 cos 2 sin2 2 a2 constant r is constant for r 2 a 2cos2
d
r k 2 r2 ds
Example 7: For the curve cos-1 , Show that r is constant.
k r dr
2r
r k 2 r (1)
d 1 1 2 k 2
r 2
1 r2 k2 r2
dr r2 k r2 k2 r2 r2 k2 r2
1
k2
1 k2 r2 k2 k2 r2
k2 r2 r2 k2 r2 r2 k2 r2 r
ds d
1 r2
dr dr
2
k2 r2 r2 k2 r2 k
1 r 2
r r r
ds
Hence r k (constant)
dr VTUlive.com
ds r ds r2
Example 8: For a polar curve r f show that ,
dr r2 p2 d p
dr d 1
We know that cos and sin
ds ds r
dr p2 r2 p2
cos 1 sin2 1 p rsin
ds r2 r
Page 37
ds r
dr r 2
p2
ds r r r2
Also
d sin p p
r
CURVATURE:
Consider a curve C in XY-plane and let P, Q be any two neighboring points on it.
Let arc AP=s and arc PQ= s. Let the tangents drawn to the curve at P, Q respectively
make angles and + with X-axis i.e., the angle between the tangents at P and Q is
. While moving from P to Q through a distance„ s‟, the tangent has turned through the
angle „ ‟. This is called the bending of the arc PQ. Geometrically, a change in
represents the bending of the curve C and the ratio represents the ratio of bending of
s
C between the point P & Q and the arc length between them.
y
Q
s
P
o x
d
Rate of bending of Curve at P is Lt
ds Q P s
This rate of bending is called the curvature of the curve C at the point P and is denoted by
d
(kappa). Thus We note that the curvature of a straight line is zero since there
ds
exist no bending i.e. =0, and that the curvature of a circle is a constant and it is not equal
to zero since a circle bends uniformly at every point on it
VTUlive.com Page 38
1
If 0, then is called the radius of curvature and is denoted by (rho - Greek letter).
1 ds
d
Radius of curvature in Cartesian form :
Suppose y = f(x) is the Cartesian equation of the curve considered in figure.
y
c
x
0
dy d2 y d d ds
we have y tan y sec 2 1 tan2
dx dx 2 dx ds dx
2
ds dy
But we know that 1
dx dx
3
2 2
dy
2 2
1
d2y dy d dy ds dx
1 1
dx 2 dx ds dx d d2y
dx 2
3
2 2
ds 1 y
d y
This is the expression for radius of curvature in Cartesian form.
VTUlive.com Page 39

3
2 2
dx
1
dy
NOTE: We note that when y‟= , we find using the formula
d 2x
dy 2
Example 9: Find the radius of curvature of the curve x3+y3 = 2a3 at the point (a, a).
x2
x3 y3 2a 3 3x 2 3 y 2 y 0 y hence at a, a , y 1
y2
y2 2x x2 2 y y 2a3 2a3 4
y , hence at a, a , y
y4 a4 a
3 3
2 2 2 2
1 y 1 1 a a
i.e., 2 2
y 4 4 2
a
Example 10: Find the radius of curvature for x y a at the point where it meets
the line y=x.

a
On the line y x, x x a i.e 2 x a or x
4
a a
i.e., We need to find at ,
4 4
1 1 y a a
x y a y 0 i.e y , hence at , ,y 1
2 x 2 y x 4 4
1
x y y
2 y 2 x
Also, y
x
a 1 a 1
( 1)
4 a 4 a 1 1
2 2 ( )
a a 4 4 2 2 ( 1) 4
at , , y
4 4 a a a a
4 4 4
VTUlive.com Page 40

3 3
2 2 2 2
1 y 1 1 a a
2 2
y 4 4 2
a
Example 11: Show that the radius of curvature for the curve y 4 Sin x - Sin 2x
at x is 5 5
2 4
y 4 sin x - sin 2x y 4 cos x 2 cos 2 x
when x ,y 4cos 2cos 0 2( 1) 2

2 2
Also, y -4 sin x 4 sin 2x and when x ,y -4 sin 4 sin 4

2 2
3
2 2 3
1 y 1 22 2
5 5
y 4 4
Example 12: Find the radius of curvature for xy2 = a 3 - x 3 at (a, 0).
xy 2 a3 x3 y 2 2 xy y 3x 2
3x 2 y 2
y and at (a, 0), y
2 xy
dx 2 xy dx
In such cases we write 2 2
and at (a, 0), 0
dy 3x y dy
dx dx
2
3x 2 y 2 y 2x 2 xy 6 x 2y
dx 2 xy dx dy dy
Also 2
dy 3x y 22
dy 2 3x 2 y2
d2 x 3a 2 0 0 2a 0 6a 3 2
At a, 0 , 2
dy2 3a 2 0 9a 4 3a
3
2 2
dx
V T 1U l i v e 3 . c o m
dy 1 o2 2
3a
or
d 2x 2 2
dy 2 3a
Page 41
1. Find the radius of curvature of the curve

x a log(sect tant), y asect
x a log(sect tant)
dx a a sec t (seet tant)
sec t tan t sec 2 t
dt sec t tan t (seet tant)
dx
a sec t
dt
Also y a sec t gives
dy
a sec t tan t
dt
dy dy dt a sec t tan t
Now , y1
dx dt dx a sec t
y1 tan t
Differentiating w.r.t x we get
dt
y2 sec 2 t
dx
sec t
y2
a
3
1 y12 2
we have
y2
3
a 1 tan 2 t 2
sec t
a sec 2 t
VTUlive.com Page 42
2.
VTUlive.com Page 43
VTUlive.com Page 44
VTUlive.com Page 45
1.
VTUlive.com Page 46
2.
3.
VTUlive.com Page 47
VTUlive.com Page 48

Cse I Engineering Mathematics I l1

Uploaded by

Document Information

Original Title

Copyright

Available Formats

Share this document

Share or Embed Document

Sharing Options

Did you find this document useful?

Is this content inappropriate?

Copyright:

Available Formats

Cse I Engineering Mathematics I l1

Uploaded by

Copyright:

Available Formats

Smartworld.asia 1 Smartzworld.

ENGINEERING MATHEMATICS-I 15MAT11

ENGINEERING MATHEMATICS-I 15MAT11

ENGINEERING MATHEMATICS-I 15MAT11

 Module I : Differential Calculus- I…………….3 - 48

 Module II : Differential Calculus- II……………49 -81

 Module III: Vector Calculus………………........82-104

 Module IV : Integral Calculus…………………105-125

 Module V : Linear Algebra ……………………126-165

ENGINEERING MATHEMATICS-I 15MAT11

 nth derivatives of some standard functions…………………...7

 Leibnitz‟s theorem (without proof)………………………..…16

Angle between Polar curves…………………………………….20

Pedal equation for Polar curves………………………………...24

Derivative of arc length………………………………………….28

Expression for radius of curvature in case of Cartesian Curve …35

Expression for radius of curvature in case of Parametric

Expression for radius of curvature in case of Polar Curve……...41

Expression for radius of curvature in case of Pedal Curve……...43

ENGINEERING MATHEMATICS-I 15MAT11

1. Introduction:- Differential calculus (DC) deals with problem of calculating rates of

= Instantaneous rate of change of f at x provided the limit exists.

ENGINEERING MATHEMATICS-I 15MAT11

ENGINEERING MATHEMATICS-I 15MAT11

Calculation of nth derivatives of some standard functions

1. Consider e m x . Let y e m x . Differentiating w.r.t x, we get

ENGINEERING MATHEMATICS-I 15MAT11

ENGINEERING MATHEMATICS-I 15MAT11

Putting m 1, in the result

Find the nth derivative of the following examples

(b) Let y log (4 x 3)e 5 x 7

log( 4 x 3) (5 x 7) log e e ( log A B B log A )

ENGINEERING MATHEMATICS-I 15MAT11

Sol: (a) Let y e2x 4

(b) Let y cosh 4 x cosh 2 4 x

ENGINEERING MATHEMATICS-I 15MAT11

Putting x = 2 in (*), we get the value of B as B 1

ENGINEERING MATHEMATICS-I 15MAT11

Similarly putting x = 4 in (*), we get the value of A as A 1

ie 1 A(1 x)(1 x) B(1 x) C (1 x) 2 -------------(**)

ENGINEERING MATHEMATICS-I 15MAT11

ENGINEERING MATHEMATICS-I 15MAT11

ENGINEERING MATHEMATICS-I 15MAT11

(vi) Let y tan 1 x .Putting a = 1 in Ex.(v) we get

nth derivative of trigonometric functions:

y1 cos(ax b).a As sin( x ) cos x

ENGINEERING MATHEMATICS-I 15MAT11

Solve the following:

(v) 2 sin A cos B sin A B sin A B

ENGINEERING MATHEMATICS-I 15MAT11

(viii) 2 sin A sin B cos A B cos A B

(v) Let y e 3 x cos 2 x

ENGINEERING MATHEMATICS-I 15MAT11

(vi) Let y = e 2 x sin 2 x cos 3 x

Leibnitz‟s theorem is useful in the calculation of nth derivatives of product of two

Statement of the theorem:

ENGINEERING MATHEMATICS-I 15MAT11

1 x 2 y 2 xy1 p 2 y 0 --------------- (1) [ 2y1 , throughout]

(a) (b) (c)

n(n 1) n(n 1)(n 2)

ENGINEERING MATHEMATICS-I 15MAT11

3. If x tan(log y) , then find the value of

ENGINEERING MATHEMATICS-I 15MAT11