SANTIAGO M. REYNA Quantitative Hydrogeology Groundwater Hydrology Jor Engineers Ghislain de Marsily “Transat by Gunilla de Marty cu ithe RA ws ‘wa ‘ng the Kan Psy Rg Vl)‘iether {Sun 0-12-2095 toe) ape) Contents Price Foes an Copenh Tews = {ee [Schott ofthe Hdl Ce if Reena Cher? Ro Poy an Ps Si Rn SRnoa Chapter 3 Basic Concepts in Hydraics ‘M.S uation o Pit esa 1 Conant Pron Mei AR, Hpi nd Poser ed er Se guns neeZo Chapter § Integration ofthe Elementary Equations, the Difsion Equation, and Consolidation {3 Ditton enna cnt Aa 2 eet lar Water Fo Me, 453, Genel ten ban Cota Nace Tip compre Sat 33. Obebamon egos Chapter 6 Aquier Systems 6. Agee Typ 435 Googe alin to Does (Chapter ‘Transent Solutions ofthe Difsion Equation, Pumping Tess, and Measurements of Aguile Properice {t,he Slane Ral Corns 3 Lette ada Conte Ss 1, Aiton ston Stoo ow oat Wel 35: her (Oneamenion) Stam oe Doe ution AS nSin Pt temenso ome (Chapter 9. Multiphase Flow of immiscible Fluids 2 Spel Cue own eat Mose 53. mete Spemting erm Sa lie Peon Petes Chapter 10, Flow of Missibe Fads: Dispersion, Retention, and Heat Transr 103, Henne oe Ma Chapter 11 Geosatisic and Stocbastie Approach in Hydrogeology 114, Tete tion Ke 113. apie nein Cave Denon te Vasogam Hig, Aeron smer Kroea Ha how Addon Renae shut Keene Ta Bano Keo Ho, Coke 11, St a ee eos (Chapter 12. Numerical Solutions of the Flow and Transport Equations 124, Sesion a4 Numa Tei aCe 13d. Fine Elements TE Sg Lage ier Sens TES, Soup tamper nan Appendix 1 Formulas fr Estimating ‘he Potential Evapotranspiration [Appendix 2 Commonly Used Phsial Quantities Bibliography “oForeword ‘Undeesanding the fictorsthat con the fw of mater through soils and ‘rocks has edt the development of one ofthe most important ld in the {anh sciences groundwater hydrology. Ove he yar an impresive body ft theory and practice hasbeen developed Tt was recognized very eal that, lthough the base concept of Suid mechanics must til hol the naar of “derground flow ahs must be understood in order o develop meaningtul Solutions to groundwater problems. This is nt an easy task because the ‘Somplenitis of the geologe process cause many variations in natural ow stems Early treatises onthe subject of groundwater hydrology usually started withthe simplest low systems stropicand homogeneous porous medi. Uhiswas, twas pose to develop anlyiesolutionsthrough he application Dfrigorous methematicl methods, These have provided valuable insights So what o expect the Bld, bt as the groundwater bydologss gained experience, became clea that thes solutions were often inadequate ‘Groundwater stems are not often very homogeneous over distances of | any practical signiieance In the case ofan ager ina porous mediom {Gabdatone or imestone) variably ofthe Dow properties in bot the hor- ‘Sut and vera directions isa result ofthe vaganesof sedimentation. And ‘here another problem that the groundwater hydrologist has hd ofc Dacontnute of one kind or another ae commonly present in rock 3% tems, Those may ceate boundans that mit te fw regime or produce {Unusual ow conditions internal to the system. The presence of fractures oF james in the fork mass an have a profound eect onthe Now regime. The ‘Boundwatehydolopst has ths been fred to develop methods ofanay2- Ing ud flow in oc systems with very complex geome. "Phe spatial varity ofthe flow repme du to the eoogi rocesses at work bas led to another problem tht most be rented in the fd of hy deo- ology The flow held wil usualy extend for igaifcat distances ousile {he arca whese detailed record of hydraulic properties hasbeen developed‘trough dilng and esting Ths, the ow regime willbe sdeauatly known Jone prof the eal How sytem and le aad less wel known sistance. extend to more remote egons Tn general, the spatial variability of the controling parameters of a ‘sroundwvater system (aquifer thickness, hydrauichead, permeability, ans ‘nisvy storage, etc) snot purely random: ican afen be shown tat some ind ofeorelation exissin the spatial dstbation of thse parameters The ‘problem then sto develo through the methods of geostatistics an sppropr $e expression for the spatial correlations that exist Kriging can be ed 83. ‘meth for optimizing the estimation ofa repionalized arte iy a hye raul property that dstibuted i space and measired st a network of points When the uncertainties associated wih these etimates ar 00 hh, the problem should be considered asa stochaste rater hans deterministic process. iochastc partial dierent equations can then be usd. analyze the problem, “The widespread polluion of groundwater with various chemicals and toxic wastes has necessiated the study of chemical transport Solues are Aisa and advected during this proces, andthe diaved (or sospede) Species may or may not react with the rock matrix though which the ‘roundvater solutions fo. Consideabie variation inthe microscopic and Imacrosopic velocities within the complex How pats ofthe Toek mass ‘esulsin dispersion ofthe dsaved species. isnot surpsing that numerical solutions o groundwater problems are often necessary to solve the complex problems tha can be encountered it ‘he id tremendous effort has been expended in developing accurate ‘numerical methods of handling both the Rw and transport equations Sometimes the semianalytical approach i used when i spose to st ‘blainasaution nthe Laplace transform domain and then apply numeri ‘methods of inversion to obtain the final soliton, Numerical methods have tren developed using ether nite diferences or fnite elements More re 9 the Mid isd to Be nonweting. Tis i the eae ofthe ai hee The ‘xm ¢yc080 ical the Adhesion tension, Inthe fds on ether side ofthe at-water interac the prescient the same This iferenos i pesue calle the capillary premre, Po Pas Powe Ie rite mean rade ofthe intefacecuvatre, where’ and arth principal curvature ad (Fig 2.13)-Then the Laplace ‘uation gies the eapiay pressure, “This pressure may te very high the curvatures are smal, Tn acai ube, neal tension causes he water to rie and to form meniscus above theleyelof the tank. The eight of ths aa fnction ofthe Fad of the tobe and measures the capillary presse across the at-wer Interac in the tbe 4g 2 Aten tt cae50 Pat a Pade Resin Pr in nporos media th spe of henertses very comple bt herein capilry pss rence in prose beteon ter phase and ‘fter has As the i han, i coninooon ral at ope pres the water pw at a oegtv ress which may reach eer {ets One then speaks ot positive conor tension Forinstance, the wing Poin of cata plans escheat teson ofthe ore of 15 bare Sndatdatmaspre prewore ithe tlence ser. A the sir water interac enson of feo of O76 Nim °C. thi ps9 mean urate ada fe watt men in he unstaraed media O01 yom, iris the dension ofthe adhesive water ae. "otic aso the ns content ofa porte mediom coreponds xt isto of the tad ws hr eh wpe aes ‘Shnuous the peste at guia pest be wnorm sa pen lation ‘Rong athe ar pte ai soins tye smospher reste alte cpiary pene anthers be norm at that vation Om ‘Sera ts inerce as thf ona unique cote rai Te ‘outers conten wre thas mut chings, ands mo the expla) presure Hence copay prise fnctonof theme content ot {Ee degre of stration, Ausiming that he i presmre r, ul 0 Fst pesurein the water ess te dopo sattration by dein he te in) ee the mass per uit Yolume of the water, gs the aceleration due to [rind pong pn cntineters For example, we find curves sich in oa i a 214 Yuna co oi Fhe ge ain ln Ti mY ia om Chi yy Ham (ro ea 97 ey prion ib pte Bye sea Pur Mei Ba ‘Syn by Ea Soe Pig Ce) 22. PS Rai PMs 31 However, this capilary prestore shows hysteresis with the satration sccording to wheter he soils red ou or wet Ina he shape assumed Dy the inertace a gion station Is ot these if we sak vy so or tuna wet on: Hud "bubbles" remain imprisoned, he contact angle of te interices ae not exacy the same, thete ate phenomena of ison or ‘ompresion ee. Thus we observe to sitions ia Fig 215. There whole Sees of itermaiary vce soc asthe one drawn between the two enclosing Finally, itmast be sid shat if sulin log tne is allowed to elas in the end the trapped air i dissolved by the dilating water and the "epresenttve pont moves frome ons curve twa the other (@) Mostureconem profiles, Table 21 sommarzes the mai intervals ‘hat have bee defied i the soil-water-air continuum, Al these oes ae ts found on ol profesuch a the one in Chapter This ita a Fip2i6 ‘Above he level he water able thereat zone with 100% stration or nary that, which scaled The epilry rng, where the water pest inert that ofthe atmosphere. This isthe equivalent ofthe capiary ie in tubes deed, teres to bea certain eapllary prese thresold ps) focairat atmospheric pesure sed water 'o each a eli though the ‘trace However, thre may be tapped ai inside thie zone (whence saturation of ess than 10% 85-90%) ‘Above this zone, the capllary prewate incense and the saturation eceses unt it eaches th eum sateraton andthe role tte ‘Onthe ground surface we have shown dred-ow sland wet soi both of hchareina tansietstate- fa theca of thewet sok thepraviaiona water ‘intrated and descnds ang the profile Inthe dred-out sol he dying fut ofthe ground surface cases an sncendngcirvlton, which we shall Study together wih the ezclation in anatrated media in Chap 9, [Net tothe saturation prof in Fig. 2.16 we have show the presre profile According tthe aw ofhyosati, «profile in elit shouldT ‘ind oe ene Sng ft o__satater St e216 fda rion so oma 23, Poy Mammen 33 «exhibit incr variation ofthe pressre withthe elevation By defnon the pressre zero (Le equal to the atmospheic psu) a the wate able Below tthe pressure grows tneary withthe depth; above tears with theclevaion and besomesa sueon Thisx evident we conse tht ong 28 the water phase continuous, two pointe at hydra aqllvam a 2 ‘etal distance AZ trom each otber havea peste dleens ofp AZ. A ‘epreseoative pont tate to the let of te line of promo eqiibiam ‘ow that an ascending ow i gceuring. and vice vers "Not that the eiteace ofthe ze AB, whet the stration is approx- imately constant although the pressure vats, elated to the shape othe ‘icion-mostre coment eres shown it Fig 215. On these ip, the Suction i marked on logarithmic seal, Bslow a certain saturation, the profes are almost era ym pressure vartation by factor of 10 oly ‘Shuss aveey sal variation of the stration, Inpactice a media is arly ever in hydrostatic euilbivm and thereat pressure profile early almays deviates fom the equim Hoe, Ba the ‘ietation ofthis deviation actully gies the Now direction singe inertia Mets are naib ‘These high negative pressures ss than absolute er) to which the water in an unsaturated medium may be subjected should not spies they measur, in reali, asta of eneay of he wate thes ie, the quay of tery ended to extracts moll tat is bound to the sol byeetosate foros, 23. Porosity Measurements 2, Direc Method on Samples “These methods ae rather sophisticated and shoud ews in speci Inborntory. (0) Theta volume ofthe saple measured ier bys dimesios fin particular the dimensions of score sample of unconsolidated aken before the stacture is deswoyed, or by the vole of guid daplaes afer ts ‘fas has boen made inpermenble (2) One ean measure the volume ofthe said phase by immersing iin & vetting guid Gaturaion in vacuo, with boling wit oF with CO; bsoquentydsalved im wate, t) and determining the Buoyancy fore by ‘ig. Ths, we obtain the porosity of thenterconnetd oils The simple tas tobe crushed if one wants oid the porosity fall he void nloding the unsonnetd os, 10) One can also meavare dist the volume ofthe connected pores by ingting mercury thigh present the rock whlecestingyacutmin te34 a ity an PS Rem Pe Me sample to expel the iri contains by weighing the sample when tis dry and when it saturated with wate, et 2.32, Indirect Methods Situ (a) Resity of the si With the exception of ays, the minerals ‘commonly found inthe ground ae sulatrs and electri irultes in the found inthe guid pase. The rsstviy it therefore dependent on the oto. A formation factor Fis defined by resstvity of rk ~ Saat he water enntaine a tbe ook Using F, geophysics suggest thease of Archie's empirical formula for finding the tral porosity cot xd where m is the cementing acor, whch varies rom 13 for unconsolidated Tock (02 for hinestomes The formala maybe eoteted if thee are Koon ‘Guantics of ly partis inthe rock, The porosity obtained by measuring thas two vestiges cla othe ot porosity. These formules reeset Intron lst lop in exploratory borings. (b) Neuron loging. ‘The ground is bombarded with fast mentions, ‘sully fom sours containing smercium, then one counts the numb of Slow neutrons produced by the daceation of the Tas eutros on the Ign stom which ae mainly present inthe water phase Tn this way. candeermin the porosity of sturated medi andespecialy the moisture content of unsaturated media. Tt however, preferable © Evatt pt om pe of yin ordered heaton of the hydrogen atoms tat are not relat to the porosity, Water that is fonsient port of the minerals, ca, el, wil cootam these alone of byarogee. (6) Density mvsrementganme-garma method). The ground is bom tuded wah gamma rye, We neti the part of the radiation which snot sorbed at a fixed tape fom tbe source This quaniy inversely ‘oporinat othe mass per wait volume ofthe medium penetrated by the ndtion In urn, thiemast per unit vlumeis inked othe porosity through the expresion p= ope tho}, ‘where ytd 9 ar, repetnely, the ass per ont volume of he rock at hind the water andthe soi grains of which is made up. 22, reasy Manre—35 Taree ny wa fen “poeiy Str OSbe queda 283e" Tea ae Syn (Sonic stot). This quanti isaked oa number of parameters and specially to the porosity bythe quantity of ld coaained se the rock However, the method is seldom sed 2233, Some Poraty Values We hve dein a certain mmber of phys quantities: total porosity 0: specie yield or drainage porosity of ap unsaturated sol 0, and its mplement, the capillary enon capacity: and Kinematic porosity of ‘Sturted medion 0, and is complemen the strated reteation capac. ‘Them conspteae not away eu fo ditingish and evant Table 22 isan example, sing results obtained By King (8 quoted by Geae, 1967) on the frainage of omopenous well-sorted sands. The dileeace that exists between the calupted total porosity and the sum of speci yield end ‘ipl retention stems from errors made n earring nd aeultng the total porosity. Thus we obvere thatthe spite yl depend, in reali. o8 thelonath of ime darng whic he rock alowed to da Ifthe obo find out what quantity of water may beextracted fom a rock by draiaage, We must ir to determine the speedo anage posit. the obj so find out how much water ows through a saturated roc, for example fora ‘aleltion of low velocity, we have to look forthe kinematic pros Final i weareimerested in the total quantity of water contained ina porous ‘mein —for example, in problems concerning the compressibilty of the {id phasor the posible dition of he ons n solution athe Mud pase ‘ne mst ook forthe oa porosity Termust be admited thay in practice, one often speaks of porosity without specing which one: Drainage ad Kinematic posts as defied above are ‘en lumped tether under the term este porosity. This i unfortnat, ‘The accompanying table gies afew oder of magite for interstitial porosity leaving aside Fracture porosity362 Ra ety an PS Ree Pros a ee ‘Asa eer rate smaller the isin rook the peter the dees efsine porosity an th ins the etn capac, asad 39 Fig. 217 Honeer, ths mast be sind th extn for determin the fotos asa function of te gs se (For stan hardly lens 0 eimcrpcaton of Kings expesinents) | T “ eee | td FO estore — i j 2 | {4 Hel. Hala ddd fl 117 Pasty component soe ian (Aer aay 9. | 24 Mure Was Pa ite Gome 37 2.4, Measurements of the Water Presse fn the Grotad (One inst dings between the pressure inthe strated pat of the around, where the prestressed the wnstwrated Pur whee the reset aati, RAL Measurement in the Saturated Median (@)_Piesomcter. Ifthe mediums ay permeable hoe issimply dled Jin the ground andi fitted wth a psforaed tube if the ides of the hoe are iy to collapse. The water eel nthe tbe ives the elevation of the water {abl ore srfao the pint wheethepesure zero ot counting the mosphere pressare) Unde the ee sua, the presse eres inet ‘sh depth the system ie hydrostatic (©) Pressre gauge. If the medium has low permeability (ay or ay sand for instance) tube with porous poi (iter tal) iinet it the ‘sround(ep,by hammering, Thsis schematically lusratedin Fig 218 Ais Injected using foot pump or botde troughs smal plasitube tthe sure, andthe pres monitored. The uber membrane opened, wn the it ressre i equal that ofthe wate, which eauns a retro of rt the Surface, Thisis visible the return tubes mera ins las of watt lctreprsure transducers can ao be wed 242, Measirementin the Unsaturated Metin ‘Tomeasre the suctio inthe unsaturated medium, one wes a porous cap made oferamis, isrted vertically or horizontally, from a well or ech) This called tensioner Fig 2.19)e288 Tensioner ‘Through the porous ceramic cup, the water inside attains a prssure cauibsum withthe water nthe sonny ofthe water phase through the umaturated sol and the exp, which a porous medium ike any othe) ‘Thos the suction i measured with @ manometer. Howeve, this devie is Timed toa suction of around 80-900 elibus beyond that, water tars to bein theca the ordinary temperature andthe tesioneter"isconness.” Each tendometr is also define by its air entry pressure (or threshold fessre Awe have explained forthe porous medium, the porous eamic Enpalwaye remain 10 arated and not can ene into te tensometer {Tbe suction kept below the tresold value eerally between and 10 tare for fine crams). “Togel ew | br, wehavetowesindret methods suc as bloksfplaser fied with trodes and bused inthe ground. The water they contain wi thenscach pressure egibum with ha ofthese By quanttativeanaysis tthe relationship of prssure-mosturecontent-resstity of the plaster tock we can then estate the socton inthe sol However, this relation may ‘ey th ane bose of solutes contned nthe water ofthe sol ‘Not that in oder to make these mearoromens the laboratory (on real sol samples or psc boks) ofthe scion mosturecouent relationship, ‘Geatmoophere posure ale ariel ina presuraod closed eit ‘even! i suc (lierence in the water ir pressure) fom causing the ter to bol Chapter 3 Basic Concepts in Hydraulics 3 Geel Bens Fa Mca 52. Ganon ute Peres ata SST eae Wy ad Eon tame 222 Sip the Noon Sus Tm 3 Sesion a Nav ko eese fe ‘1. General Equations of Fad Mechanics 1m his cape we ar mil conse wid absinthe Form of he continuity equation in porourmeti Tis austin sinly sts ta in Idle volume the aration er nit tino te Ad as contain ul othe scenic nm ofthe mas x ring the sora othe ens in question This coneouemty, the bse pisces lace ab ‘pressed by Lavoie “nobing ot nothing ete” “Toundestundthedecopmenttthisoquin header methaesome te gro ec meth ite read ning of Section 321, thn Seton 123 snd 33, tele gion to tienen caper cn Tn fi mahanies and themodyamis, we ko th saving ny om robin os Newnan Bad mene deeming si nw The mass per unit volume p (mass length), the pressure p (ass length time’) the temperate and a, a the components of the velocity fal + Newton iia tp a wh pe tt oy pend he tat sutra aa hein eo mss rt ty a ‘oun aig nt nw ale4) 5 nate Conep in yts ‘Altes unknowns are incon of time andthe pois in space We shall use Eulerian coordinates (ie, a Bxed point of reference in the laboratory o in) and try t express hese six unknowns as fonctions of the spacetime vals x! and To do this, we hae: (0) The equation of continuity, which expresses the mas conservation apn 4% -0 aun tbe ina lenny vole tha hein apace tau es paves df= fa Laan crn, toloing te mova of te mater lot he re ko dun tons Wich pent th ai pnipeo wodn fm for vos fs of wk te Maly eco ue emul Son 8 (48) 2 cava) — petal = of (+8) Zrevny— pwr ao s 612) where isthe coefficient of volume viscosity, negligible when compared with Umass ength time") the coofient of dynamic vcs mass eng Lie=! [vith = witincratie inca ngth ne), W the Laplace tire operator. oe) F the component of ody oes acting ata ‘distance per unit mas, ay ength tie") “Thee are these Navier-Stokes equations, one for cach eireton xin spac. “Thin then giver us four eqations Tn general tbe wo remaining equations ai, on the one hand, the hes equation ondoctive and convective beat transport ty the fd), and onthe ater tbe equation of state ofthe Hod [Drie is mass per uit volume p at a functon ofthe pressure and the {emperture In porous medivm iti fen posible to ipl the problem by obverving that the bigh depo of dvson i the porous medium and its Enormous heat capacity fern ows ha ae a practi, mostly other ‘The unknown, whichis the tempers, then appersand weoaly need ope further equation (0) The equation of stato the Hui, which we take as p= peter 13) ‘nee isthe compressibility oalien ofthe id mas length time*) “The case where the lempertare varies inthe medium wl be examined in Chapter 10 "We shall now examine Now these lnws maybe transposed to the porous ediom 2 Comin yin one ‘32, Continty Equation a Porous Medi 32.1, Mean Filtration Vloiy ‘and Equations of Macrscope Cnty Let us start by setting out our objetive. Let be the eli velit ia «ach af the poretof th porous medium also caled mirosopie veloc) Lat ‘be themass pr anit volume at thissealeandothe pois porosity ~ tina pote, =O n gai At his scale, the ordinary equation of continuity Steady mensonod hold forthe nero the pores. We then deine the macroscopic quantities or “average” inthe porous ‘medium, which, for the time being, we shal ell (a>, woud be very dierent from the Focal p even inthe ese where pis {rma the pore The problem stems from he ct hat, intheconvolton, Poul be weighed by the porosity aswel Therefor itis preferable fo dee the mean porosity Sst a ina gain @ ina pore furore on rhe temezonp np dey nh erwmea (a p= const then (p> = p with this defnition) Finally we cold keep the same definition fo the fileation velocity asin 1g (3.211) However this defiaition implies that the fds acompressible Indeed if sno, there m0 sia spniiance in adding or tking the ‘erage of the velocten Mass th only magaitudehatcanbeadded upc, ‘which satis an equation of coi. =n wens in ryan as em ae fine ht taht sly ch 2. Conta EtninaeweNn 4S ‘Thus, wesll define the tation velocity (fom themase fx pan the verge mas pe unit volume Ce fondyfarrmremiene — gaia 1 pis constant, this deiition coincies with Eq. 8.2.1) ‘Although pinot continuous in pace. he product of pais as long asthe porous mediom i immobile. Therefor, we can alo perme the signe of Smmacion and aifirenuatioa, and waite tbe equation of macroscopic conn sof frmerae]=0 aivtcoyeen} =0 forma cor from Eq.2121 Case where the fad compres, the low a fiction of time, andthe ‘mea laste. Weshal kp the sans dations abovelor Go), <9), ou o> = fot mana win = {ieee ee perl onde faesaneroninn woolen ‘Weshall ue the complete miroscopic equation of continuity andintgrate ‘tin space wil a weighing function me own "Thisintegrli inden aero, because by dfn, the trm in brackets mest ‘be zero in the pores andthe definition of p and win the gras rel in het ting zero inthe rasa wel The fc thatthe spat derivatives are not died on th iteace 2, between the pores andthe grain doe not nuence the ealelation ofthe itera ofthe volume, bocause 5, ta st of measure ‘Although the nal reat i simple the aaation ici, hecase this tie the igus af diferenition and intepration do nt simpy commit ° mea465 made Cmca ‘The problems caused by thefact that themediom iscomprssd the mass per ut volume af the water varies, but te poreus medium tse subjected to those presures becomes deformed. Thotefore, the porosity vais and the Tuttle Boundary S, moves ata vlolty that we shall cll ,- Tse selocies ae, of couse, Yery small and, more offen than aot, nedile However, hee weareendcavoing to igrous establish the busicequatons “The consquence ofthis movement stat nthe 9 nor puis oatnuous space One can then show tht the suimation sod the difeetistion only ‘Sommute if ferentiation & defined according tothe theory af distbutons {End notin the ural enn ce Marl, 967, and Schwartz 1961} However we rl not ue this speach ere Feeh mome ‘With refering to itribation theory, me sal se Leb’ ae forthe Aivativ of antral fo evaluat or integral From the definon ofp), ‘Let us asume that m has hounded support, and let D be the dom, ‘ener in xin which mis not isthe exeral erface of D scaled, nil the rans, we can even imi the ineration tothe domain D, ocupied by the ud and ited by the external surfce © and by the fud-soid Imre, which we all Z,. We now take the derivative of the above ‘xpesion with spect t time Seoveone§{f._ oem] Bromo» [foe rte tee sat te tn 52 Conta Fauci 47 ASD, vais in time the porous modu i deformed continously and “Leini ulegives ustwo tems inthe ileseatiaon the time dependence of rand the variation n time ofthe ineration value ‘The ist one isis [ftv +enee which is exactly the one we wanted to estimate at the beginning of tis Magn ‘Second tm canbe evaluated by noting thatthe volume swept by @ surface clement de belonging othe uid -slid nero, during ime die ‘Sven by the salar product, ~aemde whore, the loco he interfce and isthe norma inst thisieterace ‘ized toward the fi. The variation ofthe volume D, per wit taney ‘heztore the integral of this erm on the srace Ete extenal suas of D,isimmobiey =f get deat expt ‘Observe hat this term appears only hea p snot continuous over if ‘p were equal tozero.on, her, the ntegral would appear. Thus we cn 7 i Now fh em faim neta, en ln mrs se he a this interface i nly zero a a relative veloc, in raion 16 the nterfice ‘elocy ie, fr points on ree feces moat aa thor ata 2p in phn isthe normals in toa and "Shetty Trane egret ie e rman eon atic.485 tse Cinta ‘Thus wisdlscontinuous oncach side of, making ncesary to troduce one more erm on, We shall eae spatial exvative of (pa), We Integrate at abov,ina bounded volume Dandlet, be the domain oped bythe id in Dis the Mid soid tetce From the dfntion of the cation velocity in Ba, 82.12% «v= fr coe ents a | pul miciin’ as pu=0 in (~D,) we [pera Similar since the interace 2 i a ae of ease eo, the fact ha he sratient is ot defined on it of no importance for the calcalation ofthe Sater I we transform the St erm with Osrograds form, thes al “hn where ms the component in he direstion of the normal ine to, isnt From tho slid toward the Hui Note hatte tera ited to and ot ia" — onan" | xe =o 2 Cony nin oars 49 tothe external surface of Dy, because if Dis sulin are, then msm there 'Wecan ow goback tothe ntl variable x through the change of variables So oe [er meraen aceon fm mia Ex ffm ies fell, “The fact that D is bounded does not infsnce the demonstration, which emai gener TE we eaoup the two tems ofthe equation of contnty, we get amcor dtc9001+ | po.—aamean0 ‘baton; wehave shown that =~ a: here remains oly storcorettionen=0 ania her ot er en (yl re ioe so ara ae ees SSecuemaieanmenecenen Sant ere anaes ame wiaae Stereos 22, Simpliction of the Notation: Source Term In order to avid cumbersome expressions, we shall nw dispense with the sien ©) for p-and.o and denote the itation velocity U=

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• Principles: Life and Work

  

  From Everand

  Principles: Life and Work

  Ray Dalio

  Rating: 4 out of 5 stars

  4/5 (609)
• The Glass Castle: A Memoir

  

  From Everand

  The Glass Castle: A Memoir

  Jeannette Walls

  Rating: 4.5 out of 5 stars

  4.5/5 (1717)
• Grit: The Power of Passion and Perseverance

  

  From Everand

  Grit: The Power of Passion and Perseverance

  Angela Duckworth

  Rating: 4 out of 5 stars

  4/5 (590)
• Sing, Unburied, Sing: A Novel

  

  From Everand

  Sing, Unburied, Sing: A Novel

  Jesmyn Ward

  Rating: 4 out of 5 stars

  4/5 (1104)
• Hidden Figures: The American Dream and the Untold Story of the Black Women Mathematicians Who Helped Win the Space Race

  

  From Everand

  Hidden Figures: The American Dream and the Untold Story of the Black Women Mathematicians Who Helped Win the Space Race

  Margot Lee Shetterly

  Rating: 4 out of 5 stars

  4/5 (898)
• Shoe Dog: A Memoir by the Creator of Nike

  

  From Everand

  Shoe Dog: A Memoir by the Creator of Nike

  Phil Knight

  Rating: 4.5 out of 5 stars

  4.5/5 (540)
• The Perks of Being a Wallflower

  

  From Everand

  The Perks of Being a Wallflower

  Stephen Chbosky

  Rating: 4.5 out of 5 stars

  4.5/5 (2104)
• The Hard Thing About Hard Things: Building a Business When There Are No Easy Answers

  

  From Everand

  The Hard Thing About Hard Things: Building a Business When There Are No Easy Answers

  Ben Horowitz

  Rating: 4.5 out of 5 stars

  4.5/5 (349)
• Bad Feminist: Essays

  

  From Everand

  Bad Feminist: Essays

  Roxane Gay

  Rating: 4 out of 5 stars

  4/5 (1018)
• Elon Musk: Tesla, SpaceX, and the Quest for a Fantastic Future

  

  From Everand

  Elon Musk: Tesla, SpaceX, and the Quest for a Fantastic Future

  Ashlee Vance

  Rating: 4.5 out of 5 stars

  4.5/5 (474)
• Her Body and Other Parties: Stories

  

  From Everand

  Her Body and Other Parties: Stories

  Carmen Maria Machado

  Rating: 4 out of 5 stars

  4/5 (822)
• The Outsider: A Novel

  

  From Everand

  The Outsider: A Novel

  Stephen King

  Rating: 4 out of 5 stars

  4/5 (1867)
• The Sympathizer: A Novel (Pulitzer Prize for Fiction)

  

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  The Sympathizer: A Novel (Pulitzer Prize for Fiction)

  Viet Thanh Nguyen

  Rating: 4.5 out of 5 stars

  4.5/5 (122)
• The Emperor of All Maladies: A Biography of Cancer

  

  From Everand

  The Emperor of All Maladies: A Biography of Cancer

  Siddhartha Mukherjee

  Rating: 4.5 out of 5 stars

  4.5/5 (271)
• Angela's Ashes: A Memoir

  

  From Everand

  Angela's Ashes: A Memoir

  Frank McCourt

  Rating: 4.5 out of 5 stars

  4.5/5 (441)
• Brooklyn: A Novel

  

  From Everand

  Brooklyn: A Novel

  Colm Tóibín

  Rating: 3.5 out of 5 stars

  3.5/5 (1947)
• The Little Book of Hygge: Danish Secrets to Happy Living

  

  From Everand

  The Little Book of Hygge: Danish Secrets to Happy Living

  Meik Wiking

  Rating: 3.5 out of 5 stars

  3.5/5 (401)
• A Man Called Ove: A Novel

  

  From Everand

  A Man Called Ove: A Novel

  Fredrik Backman

  Rating: 4.5 out of 5 stars

  4.5/5 (4771)
• The World Is Flat 3.0: A Brief History of the Twenty-first Century

  

  From Everand

  The World Is Flat 3.0: A Brief History of the Twenty-first Century

  Thomas L. Friedman

  Rating: 3.5 out of 5 stars

  3.5/5 (2259)
• Steve Jobs

  

  From Everand

  Steve Jobs

  Walter Isaacson

  Rating: 4.5 out of 5 stars

  4.5/5 (808)
• The Yellow House: A Memoir (2019 National Book Award Winner)

  

  From Everand

  The Yellow House: A Memoir (2019 National Book Award Winner)

  Sarah M. Broom

  Rating: 4 out of 5 stars

  4/5 (98)
• Devil in the Grove: Thurgood Marshall, the Groveland Boys, and the Dawn of a New America

  

  From Everand

  Devil in the Grove: Thurgood Marshall, the Groveland Boys, and the Dawn of a New America

  Gilbert King

  Rating: 4.5 out of 5 stars

  4.5/5 (266)
• The Art of Racing in the Rain: A Novel

  

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  The Art of Racing in the Rain: A Novel

  Garth Stein

  Rating: 4 out of 5 stars

  4/5 (4208)
• A Tree Grows in Brooklyn

  

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  A Tree Grows in Brooklyn

  Betty Smith

  Rating: 4.5 out of 5 stars

  4.5/5 (1929)
• Yes Please

  

  From Everand

  Yes Please

  Amy Poehler

  Rating: 4 out of 5 stars

  4/5 (1903)
• A Heartbreaking Work Of Staggering Genius: A Memoir Based on a True Story

  

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  A Heartbreaking Work Of Staggering Genius: A Memoir Based on a True Story

  Dave Eggers

  Rating: 3.5 out of 5 stars

  3.5/5 (231)
• Team of Rivals: The Political Genius of Abraham Lincoln

  

  From Everand

  Team of Rivals: The Political Genius of Abraham Lincoln

  Doris Kearns Goodwin

  Rating: 4.5 out of 5 stars

  4.5/5 (234)
• The Woman in Cabin 10

  

  From Everand

  The Woman in Cabin 10

  Ruth Ware

  Rating: 3.5 out of 5 stars

  3.5/5 (2522)
• Fear: Trump in the White House

  

  From Everand

  Fear: Trump in the White House

  Bob Woodward

  Rating: 3.5 out of 5 stars

  3.5/5 (738)
• Wolf Hall: A Novel

  

  From Everand

  Wolf Hall: A Novel

  Hilary Mantel

  Rating: 4 out of 5 stars

  4/5 (3811)
• John Adams

  

  From Everand

  John Adams

  David McCullough

  Rating: 4.5 out of 5 stars

  4.5/5 (2409)
• On Fire: The (Burning) Case for a Green New Deal

  

  From Everand

  On Fire: The (Burning) Case for a Green New Deal

  Naomi Klein

  Rating: 4 out of 5 stars

  4/5 (74)
• The Light Between Oceans: A Novel

  

  From Everand

  The Light Between Oceans: A Novel

  M.L. Stedman

  Rating: 4.5 out of 5 stars

  4.5/5 (789)
• Manhattan Beach: A Novel

  

  From Everand

  Manhattan Beach: A Novel

  Jennifer Egan

  Rating: 3.5 out of 5 stars

  3.5/5 (792)
• The Constant Gardener: A Novel

  

  From Everand

  The Constant Gardener: A Novel

  John le Carré

  Rating: 3.5 out of 5 stars

  3.5/5 (104)
• The Unwinding: An Inner History of the New America

  

  From Everand

  The Unwinding: An Inner History of the New America

  George Packer

  Rating: 4 out of 5 stars

  4/5 (45)
• Rise of ISIS: A Threat We Can't Ignore

  

  From Everand

  Rise of ISIS: A Threat We Can't Ignore

  Jay Sekulow

  Rating: 3.5 out of 5 stars

  3.5/5 (137)
• Little Women

  

  From Everand

  Little Women

  Louisa May Alcott

  Rating: 4 out of 5 stars

  4/5 (104)
• 2019_ClAire_TB20-IntroToNSZD-NatSourceZoneDeplet-AtLNAPL.Sites

  

  Document7 pages

  2019_ClAire_TB20-IntroToNSZD-NatSourceZoneDeplet-AtLNAPL.Sites

  Kenneth Ugalde

  No ratings yet
• 2011 IWM&LFS ExposedGeomembraneLinedPondsLekageControl

  

  Document10 pages

  2011 IWM&LFS ExposedGeomembraneLinedPondsLekageControl

  Kenneth Ugalde

  No ratings yet
• An I2C Network Protocol For Environmental Monitoring

  

  Document97 pages

  An I2C Network Protocol For Environmental Monitoring

  Kenneth Ugalde

  No ratings yet
• Development of A Critical Air Flow Venturi For Air Sampling

  

  Document9 pages

  Development of A Critical Air Flow Venturi For Air Sampling

  Kenneth Ugalde

  No ratings yet
• Vertical Permeability Estimation in Heterolithic Tidal Deltaic Sandstones

  

  Document8 pages

  Vertical Permeability Estimation in Heterolithic Tidal Deltaic Sandstones

  Kenneth Ugalde

  No ratings yet
• Temporal and Spatial Pore Water Pressure Distribution Surrounding A Vertical Landfill Leachate Recirculation Well

  

  Document15 pages

  Temporal and Spatial Pore Water Pressure Distribution Surrounding A Vertical Landfill Leachate Recirculation Well

  Kenneth Ugalde

  No ratings yet
• M74988-El Haj Assadfinal

  

  Document9 pages

  M74988-El Haj Assadfinal

  Kenneth Ugalde

  No ratings yet
• Air Pollution Characteristics of Gas Turbine Engines

  

  Document9 pages

  Air Pollution Characteristics of Gas Turbine Engines

  Kenneth Ugalde

  No ratings yet
• Vertical and Horizontal Permeability Variation Within A Sandstone Reservoir Based On Minipermeameter Measurements

  

  Document10 pages

  Vertical and Horizontal Permeability Variation Within A Sandstone Reservoir Based On Minipermeameter Measurements

  Kenneth Ugalde

  No ratings yet
• 2011 Carson TheEnvironmKuznetsCurve SeekingEmpiricalRegularity&TheoreticStructure

  

  Document21 pages

  2011 Carson TheEnvironmKuznetsCurve SeekingEmpiricalRegularity&TheoreticStructure

  Kenneth Ugalde

  No ratings yet
• Algorithm To Compute The Significance of T Statistic

  

  Document3 pages

  Algorithm To Compute The Significance of T Statistic

  Kenneth Ugalde

  No ratings yet
• Algorithm - Significance of Chi-Square Statistic

  

  Document3 pages

  Algorithm - Significance of Chi-Square Statistic

  Kenneth Ugalde

  No ratings yet
• Gebhardt+Gebhardt-Bayesian Methods in Geostatistics

  

  Document2 pages

  Gebhardt+Gebhardt-Bayesian Methods in Geostatistics

  Kenneth Ugalde

  No ratings yet
• Mechanics of Materials: O. Buzzi, S. Fityus, Y. Sasaki, S. Sloan

  

  Document10 pages

  Mechanics of Materials: O. Buzzi, S. Fityus, Y. Sasaki, S. Sloan

  Kenneth Ugalde

  No ratings yet
• 9.16 The Groundwater Geochemistry of Waste Disposal Facilities

  

  Document34 pages

  9.16 The Groundwater Geochemistry of Waste Disposal Facilities

  Kenneth Ugalde

  No ratings yet
• 2013 IntuitiveSamplingTheory-Part2 M.Dunn

  

  Document5 pages

  2013 IntuitiveSamplingTheory-Part2 M.Dunn

  Kenneth Ugalde

  No ratings yet
• (Ebook) Aerosol Pollution Impact On Precipitation. A Scientific Review by Zev Levin

  

  Document399 pages

  (Ebook) Aerosol Pollution Impact On Precipitation. A Scientific Review by Zev Levin

  Kenneth Ugalde

  No ratings yet
• The Remediation of Hazardous Wastes From Oil Well Drilling: Stephen M. Testa

  

  Document56 pages

  The Remediation of Hazardous Wastes From Oil Well Drilling: Stephen M. Testa

  Kenneth Ugalde

  No ratings yet