PHYSICS BY NATIONAL BOOK

FOUNDATION
CHAPTER NO. 10 (SIMPLE HARMONIC MOTION & WAVES)
Answer 1: A bouncing tennis ball on the floor.

When a tennis ball is hit on the floor, it starts vibration up and down. Its motion is vibratory not
simple harmonic because there is no mean position in this vibration which is important
condition of simple harmonic motion.

Answer 2: At extreme position velocity is zero because the metallic bob of pendulum is at rest
but restoring force (net force) is maximum and according to Newton’s 2 nd law of motion
acceleration will be also maximum because net force and acceleration are directly proportional
to each other.

Answer 3: Acceleration of mass spring system will become half if its mass is doubled because
acceleration and mass are inversely proportional to each other according to
𝑘
a ∝ −𝑚 𝑥

Answer 4: As

T = 2∏ √𝑙/𝑔
𝑙
Put 𝑙 = 2 then

T’ = 2∏ √𝑙/2/𝑔
1
T’ = (2∏√𝑙/𝑔)
√2

1
T’ = T
√2

So, time period of pendulum will decrease by the factor of √2

Answer 5: There will be no effect on the time period of pendulum if steel bob is replaced by
wooden bob as time period is independent of mass.

T = 2∏ √𝑙/𝑔
Answer 6: Greater mass means greater inertia so springs with greater masses will take more
time to complete a cycle. And springs with a greater spring constant (stiffer springs) have a
smaller period; masses attached to these springs take less time to complete a cycle means will
vibrate faster.

Answer 7: Height of Karachi is about 500 m whereas height of Murree is 2291 m. Therefore, g
has smaller value in Murree than Karachi. As T is inversely proportional to g, therefore, the time
period of the same pendulum will increase in Murree.

Answer 8: The speed of the wave will not change because it is not dependent on the frequency
of the wave. Only here wavelength of the wave will increase. The frequency of the marker will
also increase to f = 4.5 Hz, because of the wave of water surface also has the same frequency.

Answer 9: Water waves refract at the boundary of shallow water and deep water in ripple tank
due to change in different depths and densities.

Answer 10: Waves diffracted the most if size of slit is small and vice versa.

CHAPTER NO. 11 (SOUND) NATIONAL BOOK FOUNDATIONS

Question 1: Sound travels faster in solids as compared to liquids and gases because molecules
in solids are very close to each other so molecules shift sound energy more quickly by vibration.

Question 2: We can distinguish between two sounds of same loudness and pitch due to quality
of sound. For example, we can distinguish between sounds of guitar, flute, piano and drum
having same loudness and pitch due to quality of sound.

Question 3: Vibrating mobile phone on wooden table produce louder sound as compared to
holding in hand because wooden surface reflects sound while hand is soft and porous so
absorbs sound.

Question 4: Sound travel slowly in air due to intermolecular spaces so we hear stroke sound
slightly later.

Question 5:

As L – Lo = 10 log I/ Io dB

Put I = 2Io in above then we get

(L – Lo)’ = 10 log 2Io/Io dB

= 10 log 2 dB
 = 10 (0.3010)

= 3 dB

So sound level increases by 3 dB if intensity is doubled as compared to the intensity of faintest

audible sound.

Question 6:

a. Intensity of sound will be doubled if two singers are singing together simultaneously
with intensity level 60 dB of each in a hall.
b. Decibel is unit of intensity level. Whose value depends upon the natural log of
intensities of a sound to the intensity of ordinary conversation so intensity level of
sound will not be doubled.

Question 7: If pitch of sound is increased then

a. Frequency also increases

b. Speed of sound remains same
c. Intensity of sound remains same
d. Loudness remains same
e. Wavelength decreases

Question 8: When a pendulum vibrates, we can not listen sound because its frequency is less
then 20 Hz which out of audible frequency range.

Question 9: Sound waves can diffract from corners and edges due to longer wavelengths but
light can not diffract due to shorter wavelengths so sounds of students in corridor can be heard
but they cannot be seen in the classroom.

Question 10: Curtains are soft materials so absorb sound due to which loudness of sound is
reduced.

Question 11: Soft and porous materials like sofa, carpet and curtain should be added to reduce
echo in a large room.

CHAPTER NO. 12 (GEOMETRICAL OPTICS)

Question 1: Front side of spoon acts like concave mirror which form real and inverted image if
object is behind focus while back of spoon acts as convex mirror which form virtual and erect
image.
Question 2: Concave mirror is used for make-up purpose because it creates erect and
magnified (larger) image when a girl stands in the focus of mirror.

Question 3: Convex mirror is installed at blind turns of mountains because it broadens

(enhances) the view by reducing the size of images on other side of road.

Question 4: Convex mirror is used to see rare view of vehicles because it broadens (enhances)
the view and reduces the size of images of vehicles so maximum traffic can be viewed.

Question 5: When the rays passing through the water to air then the reflected ray bent away
from the normal. We know that, the refractive index of water is greater than that of air. So, A
person legs appear to be short while walking in the pool due to refraction.

Question 6: Diamonds sparkle brightly because all the light is reflected from the polished
surfaces of diamond.

Question 7: White light is made up of seven bands of colors each having different wavelengths.
Upon passing through a medium, each of the colors travels at different speeds and hence has
different angles of refraction leading to the splitting of the light i.e., dispersion.

Question 8: Magnifying glass burns the paper placed under it because it is basically a
converging lens it converges light rays at one point due to which heat increases at that point.

Question 9: Because he had problem (farsightedness) in his eye lens so he can see clearly
through spectacles you don't have any problem in your eye lens so you see inverted image.

Question 10: When an object is placed in the focus of the converging lens then it acts as
diverging lens and form virtual, erect and magnified image.

CHAPTER NO. 13 (ELECTROSTATICS)

Question 1: When plastic ruler is rubbed with hairs and brought near the stream of water it is
deflected because plastic ruler gets charged due to friction with hairs while water coming from
tap also get the same charge due to friction with tap so due to repulsive force stream of water
is deflected.

Question 2: Both spheres will have different masses. Sphere with positive charge will have
slightly less mass due to removal of electrons while sphere with negative charge will have
slightly greater mass due to addition of electrons.

Question 3: The reason behind the attraction of dust particles is the presence of charged
particles in paint that is applied to the car. The process of attraction takes place between the
charged particles present in the paint and the particles of dust. Thus, the dust particles are stick
to the paint of the car.

Question 4: Both rods will attract the paper pieces.

Explanation: This is because that the paper is neutral, so it has positive and negative charges
both equal. So, when positive charged rod is brought near to paper then then it will attract
negative charges (electrons) of the paper while negative charged rod is brought near paper
then due to positive charges of paper it will also attract.

Question 5: There is 10N force between two-point charges. Now the charge on the bodies is
doubled and their mutual distance is reduced to half then force between them will increases to
16 times that becomes 160 N

Question 6: Smaller charged body will apply same 2000 N force on 20 kg charged body because
electrostatic force is directly proportional to product of magnitude of charges so both charges
will apply same force. This is in accordance with Newton’s 3rd law of motion. This force is
independent of masses.

Question 7: During lightening there is developed strong electric field between ground and
clouds so long steel pole may act as lightening conductor and due to its greater length, it may
have chances to catch electrical energy to ground the charge so holding this pole may cause
danger during lightening weather condition.

Question 8: We have capacitance, C=Q/V, where Q= charge on capacitor, V= potential

difference across the plates, when the potential difference V is increased, charge on capacitors
also increases such that the ratio Q/V, remains constant i.e., capacitance remains constant.

Question 9: When two capacitors of different plate areas are connected with the same
battery, they will gain different amounts of charge. The amount of charge that a capacitor can
store is directly proportional to its capacitance, which is determined by its geometry, including
the area of its plates.

Question 10:

C1 = 250nC/4

C2 = 62.5nC

Therefore, we need to connect a capacitor of 62.5nC in series with the existing device of
250nC to get an equivalent capacitance of 50nC.
CHAPTER NO. 14 (CURRENT ELECTRICITY)
Question 1: No, current can not flow through a circuit without potential difference. When the
potential difference is zero, electric current stops flowing. It means that two ends have the
same potential. The flow of charges between two points is determined by the electric potential
difference between them.

Question 2: Copper wire must have smaller diameter as compared to Aluminum wire.
Explanation: This is because Copper has lower resistivity i.e., 0.0178μΩm as compared to
Aluminum which has 0.0285μΩm. As the length of both the wires is same, therefore, the
diameter of copper wire will be smaller as compared to Aluminum wire.

Question 3: A closed switch is equivalent to short circuit; hence it has the resistance of zero. An
open switch is equivalent to open circuit; hence it has the resistance of infinity.

Question 4: Current only flow through the circuit when there is potential difference. There is
only high potential but not low potential (incomplete circuit) so current will not flow through
the body of bird and it remains safe but when it tries to fly and it’s wing touches the other
transmission line then circuit gets completed and current flows through it causes its body burn
within seconds.

Question 5: Minimum resistance is obtained when all five resistors are connected in parallel
combination.1/ Re = 1/R1 + 1/R2 + 1/R3 + 1/ R4 + 1/R5

Question 6: The maximum resistance is NR and the minimum resistance is R/N So

The ratio of maximum to minimum resistance = NR/R/N = N2

Question 7: Mathematical solution

Question 8: It is advisable not to deal electrical appliances when you are wet because the
resistance of human body decreases to 1000 ohm from 100000 ohm in wet condition and
maximum current can pass through the body rather than in dry condition which cause to death.

Question 9: It is dangerous to touch live wire while standing on earth bare footed because live
wire contains potential 220v and we are good conductor of electricity so this potential can flow
though our body to ground because earth acts as low potential (circuit is complete).

Question 10: Head lamps of car are connected in parallel combination so if any of lamp is burnt,
second lamp still gives light because in parallel combination all the connected resisters receive
full voltage from the power source if one fluctuates rest keep on working.

Question 11: as power dissipation in resistor is

Power = current x voltage

P=IV

Watts = Ampere x voltage